Joints, Surfaces, Components & Testing

Joint and Surface Treatments

• A shoulder miter joint has a raised surface to limit motion between joined parts.
• Satin paint finish has a moderate, satiny luster that is midway between high gloss and eggshell.
• A primer is a basecoat applied to improve adhesion of subsequent coats of paint or varnish.
• Glazed coat is a thin coat of transparent color is applied to enhance the color of a painted surface.

Structural Components and Testing

• Figured wired glass is a shutter-proof opaque glass used to construct a door with glass for natural light.
• Common nails are used for general construction. They are designed with a slender shank, a flat head, and a diamond point.
• Grade beam is a concrete beam placed directly on the ground and provides foundation for the superstructure.
• A cantilever beam projects beyond one or both of its supports.
• Test conduction records (slump, compression test, etc.) must be preserved for at least 2 years after project completion for inspection.

Framing and Coatings

• Balloon framing uses one-piece structural studs from foundation to roof.
• A special coating system with a high-gloss shine that is maintenance-free. It preserves the natural wood qualities. It is used to finish and topcoat wood flooring. This is a polyurethane floor coating
• Contraction joints permit expected movements between adjacent parts of a structure due to expected movements
• A set screw prevents relative movement. It is often without a head, is threaded through a hole in one part tightly upon or into another.
• Scarf joints are wood end joints cut at equal angles diagonally.

Fasteners and Concrete Additions

• Spikes are large heavy nails used for fastening heavy timbers.
• Accelerators speed up the initial set of concrete and can increase the rate of early-strength development.
• A paint defect is called peeling, which indicates imperfect adhesion to the surface, with the film stripping off in pieces due to application on damp or greasy surface.
• Stripping involves removing concrete forms from the cured concrete.

Openings and Loads

• Lintels are horizontal pieces of wood, stone, steel, or concrete. It is placed across the top of door or window openings to bear the weight of the walls above.
• Stucco floor finish transforms plain concrete into a decorative textured surface using color pigments and imprinting a pattern while concrete is plastic.
• Live load refers to the occupancy load, which either partially or fully in place or may not be present at all.

Walls, Columns, and Roof Angles

• Bearing walls support vertical loads in addition to its weight without a space frame.
• Columns with structural steel encased in at least 7cm of concrete reinforced with wire mesh are combined columns.
• The internal angle formed by two roof slopes of a roof is a valley.
• A 90-degree bend standard hook for concrete reinforcement is constructed using a 90 degree bend plus 12 times the bar diameter (12db) extension at free end of bar. A 180-degree bend standard hook follows the same pattern.

Slabs, Coatings, and Underground Work

• One-way slabs are supported by two parallel beams.
• Paint is a liquid substance providing a protective or decorative surface coating, consisting of pigment and binder which are treated to form a resistant film
• A caisson is an underwater watertight chamber used for construction work.
• Bolts: Threaded metal pins or rods, usually having a head at one end, designed to be inserted through holes in assembled parts and secured by a mating nut.
• Expansion bolts: Anchor bolts with split casing that expands mechanically in pre-drilled hole.

Adhesives and Materials

• Epoxy resin is a strong adhesive that can secure both porous and nonporous materials, but it may dissolve some plastics.
• Brick, has been used in construction since 9,000 BCE in Middle Eastern settlements.
• Asintada is a vernacular term used for ensuring alignment in construction.
• Toughness, the ability of a material to absorb energy before rupturing, is represented by the area under the stress-strain curve.
• Thermal expansion is an increase in length, area, or volume of a material caused by a rise in temperature.

Tension and Deformation

• Tension is the state of being pulled apart, resulting in elongation.
• Strain is the deformation of a body under the action of an applied force. It is a dimensionless quantity, equal to the ratio of the change in size or shape to the original size or shape of a stressed element.
• Growth Rings are concentric layers of wood produced during a single year's growth of a temperate tree.
• Yard lumber is softwood lumber intended for general building purposes, including boards, dimension lumber, and timbers.
• Timber is wood suitable for building material with 5" or more in the least dimension

Softwoods, Knots, and Weathering

• Wood shrinkage perpendicular to the grain is called radial shrinkage.
• Flat grain is wood grain resulting from plain-sawing. It has annual rings typically forming an angle of less than 45 degrees with the broad faces of a piece.
• A tight knot remains firmly in place because of growth or position.
• Front shake refers to wood splits inwards, resulting from very harsh weather conditions.
• Creosote is an oily liquid of aromatic hydrocarbons obtained by the distillation of cool tar. It is used as a wood preservative for marine installations or for severe exposures to wood-destroying fungi and insects

Wood Treatments

• Non-pressured treated wood is wood coated, dipped, or impregnated with a preservative under atmospheric pressure.
• Plywood is a wood panel product made by bonding veneers together under heat and pressure, usually with the grain at right angles to each other and symmetrical about the center ply.
• Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) is engineered material made by bonding veneers together under heat and pressure, using a waterproof adhesive;
• Fiberboard is a building material made of wood or other plant fibers compressed with binder into rigid sheets.
• Common term that you use for exterior plywood that is C-grade veneers or better, bonded with fully waterproof glueline, for permanent exposure to weather or moisture is marine plywood.

Stone and Rock

• Dimension stone refers to quarried and squared stone 2' (610mm) or more in length and width and of specified thickness, used commonly for wall panels, cornices, copings, lintels and flooring.
• Crushed stone is a type of stone used as aggregate in concrete products.
• Granite is a hard, dense, durable building material, virtually impermeable to water, resistant to impact damage and stable within industrial environments.
• Slate is a dense, fine grained metamorphic rock formed by the compression of various sediments, as clay or shale, having good cleavage along parallel planes.
• Limestone is a type of sedimentary rock formed chiefly by the accumulation of organic remains. It is used as a building stone and in the manufacture of lime

Materials Deterioration, Cladding, and Metals

• Atmospheric pollution is one of the causes of stone deterioration where stones are attacked by acid in the atmosphere.
• Rainscreen stone cladding is a type of stone cladding where the stone is just of 8 - 10 mm thick only and is typically bonded to 19 mm lightweight concrete.
• Bronze is not a pure ferrous metal.
• Mild steel rusts quickly if in frequent contact with water.
• Stainless Steel contains minimum of 12% chromium. Highly resistant to corrosion

Metals, Coating, and Concrete

• Coke is solid residue of coal left after destructive distillation, used as fuel.
• Wrought iron is relatively soft iron that is readily forged and welded, having a fibrous structure containing approximately 0.20% carbon and a small amount of uniformly distributed slag.
• Galvanized iron is coated with zinc to prevent rust via a "hot dipping" process.
• Aluminum should be isolated from alkaline materials like wet concrete, mortar, and plaster

Metals

• Copper should not be used with aluminum, steel, stainless steel, and zinc because it will cause corrosion.
• Brass consists essentially of copper and zinc.
• Titanium is corrosion resistant. It is resistance to acids and alkalis, also industrial and marine environments.

Safety and Steel

• Lead is toxic as dust or vapor form, but it is good in sound isolation and radiation shielding.
• Mild steel is used in reinforced concrete construction.
• Glass blocks jointed with mortars gives 1 hour of fire resistance with respect to integrity.
• Security glass, laminated glass having exceptional tensile & impact strength, consists of multiple plies of glass bonded under heat & pressure to interlayers of polyvinyl butyral resin.
• Wire glass is flat or patterned glass with square or diamond wire mesh to prevent shattering in the event of breakage or excessive heat.

Glass

• Insulating glass consists of two or more sheets of glass separated by hermetically-sealed airspaces.
• Spandrel glass is opaque, to conceal structural elements in curtain wall construction. It's created, for example, by fusing a ceramic frit to tempered or heat-strengthened glass.
• Glass pavers can be cast as single-layer blocks or shells, and as hollow blocks where insulation is needed. The may also be used to create architectural features such as naturally illuminated domes or archways
• Self-cleaning glass has an invisible hard coating 15mm thick, which incorporates two special features.
• Photocatalytic Action: The surface incorporating titanium dioxide is photocatalytic, absorbing ultraviolet light, which with oxygen from the air, breaks down or loosens any organic dirt on the surface
• Antibacterial glass kills the majority of bacteria which fall onto its surface. The action is due to the presence of silver ions in the surface layer of glass.
• One-way observation glass Is used where unobserved surveillance is required. In order to maintain privacy, the observer must be at an illumination level no greater than one seventh that of the observed area and wear dark clothing.
• Dry glazing involves setting of glass in a window frame with a compression gasket instead of glazing tape or a liquid sealant.

Cement

• Normal Portland cement is used in general construction.
• High early strength Portland cement is very finely ground and has an increased (C3A) tricalcium silicate content, and gains strength faster than normal Portland cement. Use when an early removal of formwork is desired, or in cold-weather construction to reduce the time required for protection from low-temperature.

Finishes and Aggregates

• Coarse aggregate aggregate consists of crushed stone, gravel, or blast-furnace slag having a particle size larger than 1/4 in.
• Best concrete type for suspended slabs, beams and columns is Class A.
• Slump test for concrete mix on site checks workability.
• Post-tensioning: Tendons placed in sheaths or ducts within the formwork are stressed against hardened concrete and locked with special anchor grips.
• Transit-mixed concrete is dry-batched at a plant and mixed in a truck mixer en route.
• Broom finish is striated, made by stroking a broom or stiff brush over freshly troweled concrete.

Concrete Finishes

• A bush hammered finish is obtained by fracturing the concrete or stone surface with a power-driven hammer having a rectangular head with a corrugated, serrated, or toothed face.
• Spalling occurs when the chipping or scaling of a hardened concrete or masonry surface is caused by freeze-thaw cycles or the application of deicing salts.
• Setting shrinkage is a reduction in the volume of concrete before its final set, caused by hydration of the cement paste. An edger (trowel) uses a long, curved lip for rounding the edges of a fresh concrete slab as it begins to set.
• Textured finishes use a float, brush, comb, or other tool to create a range of standard textured patterns.

Other Finishes and Materials

• Dry-dash is, where a 10mm coat of cement (1 part), lime (1 part), and sand (5 parts) is applied to the wall. While still wet, calcined flint, spar or shingle is thrown onto the surface and tamped in with a wooden float
• Polycarbonate, a tough, transparent thermoplastic that is characterized by its high-impact strength. It is used for lighting fixtures, safety glazing, and hardware
• Polytetrafluoroethylene is a type of plastic to manufacture Burj Al Arab Hotel Dubai
• Easily available from masonry product suppliers, cementitious waterproofing, for example, are materials that are easy to mix and apply.
• Epoxy resin adhesives are cold-curing, produce high-strength, and durable bonds used to join to timber, metal, glass, concrete, ceramics and rigid plastics.

Structural Joints and Frames

• A scarf joint is a lengthening joint made by overlapping the tapered, notched, or halved ends of two members. It is held in place with bolts, straps, keys, or fish plates, to resist tension or compression.
• Walk-Thru frame/H frame/main frame, Step frame/mason frame/ladder frame is parts of a H-Frame.
• Excavators are large construction equipment can be driven by trucks or wheels, but trucks are more standard. Earth augers rotate to lift earth upward from the ground as bit bores down, useful for boring holes for construction.

Bulldozers

• Consider one of the strongest and most reliable heavy equipment, the bulldozer is used in the construction industry.
• Earth-moving equipment needed on almost every large job site, the dump truck offers limited functions but perform the all-important task of moving and dumping many types of heavy material
• Material lifts: Equipment can move materials up to great heights. Easy to operate and more stable, they are recommended for multi-story commercial or residential buildings.

Demolition and Materials

• Wrecking ball demolition: One of the oldest, most common methods for concrete and other masonry structures.
• Strip-out option: Used to recover the maximum amount of reusable, recyclable material safety and cost-effectively.
• Embittelement: A tough and strong but tends to be embrittled and become powdery on prolonged exposure to sunlight.
• Polyurethane is a solvent-based vinyl resin adhesive.

Prefabricated Structures

• Key parts include: Roof purlin, eave strut, rigid frame rafter, rigid frame column, sidewall girt, base angle, corner column, door header, door jamb and end wall girt, end wall rafter.
• Typical window parts include: Master frame, sash, glazing bead, operator & handel , Linkage set, link arm torque bar, weather stripping & torque bar holder.

Estimating Materials

• Estimating the number of CHB, cement, sand, and gravel needed depends on factors (such as column and wall) that will be known for specific layout; to measure the amount of plywood needed to install a plain ceiling will depend on area size to be covered.
• Factors to consider when naming the Masonry Bonding includes: king closer, flemish cross bond, flemish diagonal bond, garden wall bond, running bond, common bond, stack bond & queen closer