Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of joints are connected by interosseous ligaments and allow limited movement?
What type of joints are connected by interosseous ligaments and allow limited movement?
Which of the following joints allow no movement?
Which of the following joints allow no movement?
What type of joint is characterized by being united by hyaline cartilage?
What type of joint is characterized by being united by hyaline cartilage?
Which statement accurately describes cartilaginous joints?
Which statement accurately describes cartilaginous joints?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of tissue covers the surface of the bones in synovial joints?
What type of tissue covers the surface of the bones in synovial joints?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following accurately describes secondary cartilaginous joints?
Which of the following accurately describes secondary cartilaginous joints?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of joint is formed between a tooth and the mandible or maxilla?
Which type of joint is formed between a tooth and the mandible or maxilla?
Signup and view all the answers
How are synovial joints classified?
How are synovial joints classified?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following options describes a uniaxial synovial joint?
Which of the following options describes a uniaxial synovial joint?
Signup and view all the answers
What surrounds the joint cavity in synovial joints?
What surrounds the joint cavity in synovial joints?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of joint allows for all movements?
Which type of joint allows for all movements?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of muscle is characterized as involuntary and capable of rhythmic contractions?
What type of muscle is characterized as involuntary and capable of rhythmic contractions?
Signup and view all the answers
Which movements are allowed by the wrist joint?
Which movements are allowed by the wrist joint?
Signup and view all the answers
Which factor does NOT support joints?
Which factor does NOT support joints?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of muscle is primarily responsible for voluntary movements of the limbs?
Which type of muscle is primarily responsible for voluntary movements of the limbs?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary role of a prime mover in muscle actions?
What is the primary role of a prime mover in muscle actions?
Signup and view all the answers
Which division of the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord?
Which division of the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord?
Signup and view all the answers
How many pairs of spinal nerves are formed from the spinal cord?
How many pairs of spinal nerves are formed from the spinal cord?
Signup and view all the answers
Which system controls the skeletal muscles?
Which system controls the skeletal muscles?
Signup and view all the answers
Which part of the brain is NOT one of its three primary components?
Which part of the brain is NOT one of its three primary components?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of muscle fibers provides a wide range of movement but less force?
Which type of muscle fibers provides a wide range of movement but less force?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the term used to describe the proximal attachment of a muscle?
What is the term used to describe the proximal attachment of a muscle?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of muscle fiber arrangement features fibers converging from a wide attachment to a narrow tendon?
Which type of muscle fiber arrangement features fibers converging from a wide attachment to a narrow tendon?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of muscle fiber arrangement is characterized by fibers running on both sides of a tendon?
Which type of muscle fiber arrangement is characterized by fibers running on both sides of a tendon?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the flat fibrous sheet that connects muscles called?
What is the flat fibrous sheet that connects muscles called?
Signup and view all the answers
Which classification of muscle fibers is associated with a muscle's ability to generate more force at the cost of a reduced range of movement?
Which classification of muscle fibers is associated with a muscle's ability to generate more force at the cost of a reduced range of movement?
Signup and view all the answers
Which muscle example is associated with the fusiform shape?
Which muscle example is associated with the fusiform shape?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of muscle fibers is described as forming a complete circle?
Which type of muscle fibers is described as forming a complete circle?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Joints
- Joints are where two or more bones, or a bone and cartilage, meet.
- Three main types of joints: fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial.
Fibrous Joints
- Bones connected by fibrous tissue.
- Three classifications: Suture, Syndesmosis, and Gomphosis.
- Sutures: Found in the skull, allow little movement.
- Syndesmosis: Joined by interosseous ligament, allows very little movement. Example: inferior tibiofibular joint.
- Gomphosis: Joint between a tooth and the mandible or maxilla, allows no movement (only pathological movement should occur).
Cartilaginous Joints
- Bones united by cartilage.
- Two types: primary and secondary cartilaginous.
Primary Cartilaginous Joints
- Joined by hyaline cartilage.
- Found in the epiphyseal plate, ribs and costal cartilage.
- Typically ossify over time.
Secondary Cartilaginous Joints
- Covered by hyaline cartilage.
- Joined by fibrocartilage.
- Slightly movable.
- Examples: symphysis pubis, between vertebral bodies, sternum.
Synovial Joints
- Most common type.
- Bones covered by hyaline cartilage.
- Bones separated by joint cavity.
- Cavity is surrounded by a fibrous capsule.
- Capsule lined by synovial membrane.
- Capsule supported by ligaments.
- Can also contain ligaments, cartilage, and tendons.
Classification of Synovial Joints
- Classified by number of axes: uniaxial, biaxial, multi-axial (polyaxial).
Uniaxial Synovial Joints
- Hinge: Allows flexion and extension. Example: elbow joint.
- Pivot: Allows rotation around a vertical axis. Examples: Superior radioulnar joint, Atlantoaxial joint.
Biaxial Synovial Joints
- Ellipsoid: Allows flexion, extension, adduction, and abduction (no rotation). Examples: Wrist joint.
- Saddle: Allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and slight rotation. Example: Carpometacarpal joint of thumb.
Polyaxial Synovial Joints
- Ball and socket: Allows all movements. Examples: Shoulder joint, hip joint
Factors Supporting Joints
- Shape of articulating bones
- Supporting ligaments
- Tone of surrounding muscles
Muscles
- Three main muscle types: Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac.
- Skeletal muscles: voluntary, rapid contractions, make up the majority of muscles in the limbs.
- Smooth muscles: involuntary, found in organs like GI tract, urinary bladder, uterus, and blood vessels.
- Cardiac muscles: involuntary, capable of rhythmic contractions, controlled by the autonomic nervous system and hormones.
Classification of Skeletal Muscles by Shape and Line of Pull
- Parallel fibers: wide range of movement, less force.
- Quadrilateral: Example: Quadratus lumborum
- Fusiform: Example: Biceps
- Strap: Example: Sartorius
- Strap-like with tendinous intersection: Example: Rectus abdominus
- Oblique fibers: less range of movement, more force.
- Pennate:
- Unipennate: Examples: Flexor pollicis longus, Dorsal interossei.
- Bipennate: Example: Rectus femoris.
- Multipennate: Examples: Deltoid.
- Triangular: Fibers converge from a wide attachment to a narrow tendon. Example: Temporalis
- Cruciate fibers: muscle fibers in two planes running in different directions. Example: Sternomastoid.
- Circular fibers: muscle fibers in a complete circle. Example: Orbicularis oculi.
Attachment of Skeletal Muscles
- Proximal attachment is called the origin.
- Distal attachment is called the insertion.
- Muscles can act from either their origin or insertion depending on the needed movement.
Actions of Muscles
- Prime mover: initiates movement.
- Antagonist: opposes movement.
- Synergist: prevents unwanted movements.
Nervous System
- Two main parts: Central nervous system (CNS) and Peripheral nervous system (PNS).
- CNS: Includes the brain and spinal cord.
- PNS: Includes the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and autonomic nervous system (ANS).
- Somatic Nervous System (SNS): Part of the PNS, carries sensation and controls skeletal muscles.
- ANS: Part of the PNS, controls smooth muscles, heart, and glands.
- ANS is subdivided into sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
The Brain
- Composed of: Cerebrum, brain stem, cerebellum.
The Spinal Cord
- Divided into 31 segments, giving rise to 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
- Cervical segments: 8
- Thoracic segments: 12
- Lumbar segments: 5
- Sacral segments: 5
- Coccygeal segments : 1
Peripheral Nervous System
- Includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz explores the different types of joints in the human body, including fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. Learn about their structures, classifications, and movements associated with each type. Test your knowledge on the specifics of each joint category.
