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Questions and Answers
What term refers to a point of contact between bones?
Which of the following joints is classified as synarthrotic?
What type of joint allows for the greatest range of movement?
What is the primary connective tissue in a synchondrosis joint?
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Which of the following best describes a syndesmosis joint?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the synovial membrane?
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Which type of joint is formed by the fusion of two separate bones?
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What type of joint is a pubic symphysis classified as?
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Which of the following joints allows for little or no movement?
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What condition is related to the destruction of the periodontal ligament?
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Which ligaments are located outside the fibrous capsule of the knee joint?
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What is the primary function of synovial fluid in joints?
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Which type of movement is characterized by a bending motion that decreases the angle between two body parts?
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Which of the following joints is classified as a ball and socket joint?
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What does the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) primarily prevent?
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Where are bursas primarily located in relation to joints?
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Which of the following describes the characteristics of articular cartilage?
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What is the role of tendon sheaths in the body?
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What type of joint movement involves moving a body part away from the midline?
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Which ligament in the knee is a broad, flat structure that connects the medial condyle of the femur to the medial condyle of the tibia?
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What percentage of serious knee injuries involves an ACL tear or stretch?
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Which ligament originates on the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia?
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What shape is the medial meniscus compared to the lateral meniscus?
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Which type of arthritis is characterized as a wear and tear condition that typically affects large joints?
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Which type of arthritis involves an autoimmune response that can lead to joint fusion?
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The lateral meniscus is more likely to be injured in sports due to which common type of knee impact?
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Gouty arthritis is primarily caused by the accumulation of which substance in joints?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the medial meniscus?
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Study Notes
Joints and Articulations
- Joints, also known as articulations, are points of contact between bones, cartilage and bone, or teeth and bone.
- The study of joints is called arthrology.
- Joints are classified functionally based on the amount of movement permitted:
- Diarthrosis: Freely movable.
- Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable.
- Synarthrosis: Little or no movement.
- Joints are also classified structurally based on the connective tissue that binds them together and/or the presence of a joint cavity:
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Bony joints (synostosis): Two bones once separate fuse by osseous tissue.
- Examples: Frontal and mandibular bones in infants, cranial sutures in elderly, and the attachment of the first rib and sternum with old age.
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Fibrous joints: No joint cavity; bones held together by dense fibrous connective tissue.
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Sutures: Thin dense fibrous connective tissue unites skull bones.
- Serrate sutures: Wavy, interlocking edges.
- Lap (squamous) sutures: Overlapping beveled edges.
- Plane (butt) sutures: Straight nonoverlapping edges.
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Syndesmosis: More fibrous connective tissue than a suture, forming an interosseus membrane or ligament.
- Examples: Distal articulation between tibia and fibula, interosseus membrane between radius and ulna, and interosseus membrane between tibia and fibula.
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Gomphosis: Specialized syndesmosis where pegs (teeth) fit into sockets (alveoli).
- Periodontal ligament holds teeth in sockets.
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Sutures: Thin dense fibrous connective tissue unites skull bones.
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Cartilaginous joints: No joint cavity; bones connected by cartilage.
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Synchondrosis: Hyaline cartilage connects bones.
- Examples: Epiphyseal plate and first rib to the sternum.
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Symphysis: Fibrocartilage connects bones.
- Examples: Pubic symphysis and intervertebral disc.
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Synchondrosis: Hyaline cartilage connects bones.
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Synovial joints: Space between articulating bones; freely movable; diarthrotic.
- Synovial cavity: Space between articulating bones.
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Articular capsule: Two layers:
- Outer layer (fibrous capsule): Dense irregular connective tissue continuous with fibrous layer of periosteum.
- Inner layer (synovial membrane): Loose connective tissue with elastic fibers that secretes synovial fluid.
- Synovial fluid: Lubricates joint, nourishes articular cartilage, and contains phagocytic cells to remove debris.
- Articular cartilage: Hyaline cartilage covers ends of bone but doesn't bind them together.
- Bursa: Sacs lined with synovial membrane that reduce friction between body parts.
- Tendon sheaths: Synovial membrane wrapped around a tendon.
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Bony joints (synostosis): Two bones once separate fuse by osseous tissue.
Types of Synovial Joints
- Planar: Intercarpal and intertarsal, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, sternocostal, and vertebrocostal joints.
- Hinge: Knee, elbow, ankle, and interphalangeal joints.
- Pivot: Atlanto-axial and radioulnar joints.
- Condyloid: Wrist and metacarpophalangeal (2-5) joints
- Saddle: Carpometacarpal in the thumb.
- Ball and socket: Shoulder and hip joints.
Types of Movements at Synovial Joints
- Gliding: Planar joints.
- Flexion and extension: Bending and straightening.
- Lateral flexion: Intervertebral joints.
- Hyperextension: Extension beyond anatomical position.
- Abduction and adduction: Movement away from and towards the midline, respectively.
- Circumduction: Circular movement.
- Rotation: Lateral and medial.
- Elevation and depression: Lifting and lowering.
- Protraction and retraction: Moving forward and backward.
- Inversion and eversion: Moving sole of foot medially and laterally.
- Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion: Bending foot upward and downward.
- Supination and pronation: Turning palm upward and downward.
- Opposition: Touching thumb to other fingers.
Knee Joint
- Largest and most complex synovial joint.
- Ligaments strengthen the joint:
- Patellar ligament: Continuation of the quadriceps femoris tendon, inserts into tibial tuberosity.
- Oblique popliteal ligament: Connects lateral condyle of femur to the medial margin of the head of tibia.
- Tibial collateral (medial collateral) ligament: Broad, flat ligament connecting the medial condyle of femur to the medial condyle of tibia.
- Fibular collateral (lateral collateral) ligament: Rounded ligament on the lateral surface of the joint, extending from the lateral condyle of the femur to the lateral side of the fibula.
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Intra-articular ligaments: Ligaments within the joint that prevent displacement of articulating surfaces, known as cruciate ligaments.
- Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL): Originates anterior to the intercondylar eminence of the tibia and extends posterior and laterally to the medial side of the lateral condyle of the femur. Prevents hyperextension of the knee.
- Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL): Originates on the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia and extends anteriorly and medially to the medial surface of the medial condyle of the femur.
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Medial and lateral menisci (fibrocartilage): Wedge-shaped fibrocartilage that attaches to the condyles of the tibia to deepen the condyles for articulation with the femur.
- Medial meniscus: C-shaped, anchors to the tibial collateral ligament, less mobile, and more frequently ruptured in knee injuries.
- Lateral meniscus: More circular.
Arthritis
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Inflammation of joints.
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Rheumatoid arthritis: Autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of the synovial membrane and can progress to joint fusion.
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Osteoarthritis: "Wear and tear" arthritis that affects articular cartilage and is more common than rheumatoid.
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Gouty arthritis: Accumulation of sodium urate in cartilage at joints due to uric acid buildup.
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Answer the following questions:
- Joint b/w the first costal cartilage and sternum is__________ and rest of the rest of the costal cartilages and sternum connection is ____________.
- Joint found only in skull is called___________
- Tooth in socket____________
- Bones united by fibrocartilage______________
- Synovial fluid rich in______________
- Epiphysis and diaphysis connected by (in children) ______________
- Which joint has wide range of motion hip or shoulder?
- Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of the knee prevents ___________of the knee
- Bending your head back until it hurts is an example of ________.
- Holding your arm up is ____________ of your arm, know adduction, abduction, circumduction, heyperextension, supination and pronation.
- What are menisci (articular discs)?
- What is moving a limb away from the midline of the body along the frontal plane called?
13. Explain briefly what is rheumatoid arthritis
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Description
Test your knowledge on joints and articulations, the crucial points of contact in the skeletal system. This quiz covers the functional and structural classifications of joints as well as their unique characteristics. Delve into arthrology and discover the different types of joints and their movements.
