Podcast
Questions and Answers
What type of movement involves forward-bending at the waist or neck?
What type of movement involves forward-bending at the waist or neck?
Which forearm movement turns the palm to face either posteriorly or downward?
Which forearm movement turns the palm to face either posteriorly or downward?
When tilting the hand toward the thumb, what type of movement is being performed?
When tilting the hand toward the thumb, what type of movement is being performed?
Which movement involves raising a body part vertically in the frontal plane?
Which movement involves raising a body part vertically in the frontal plane?
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What does lateral excursion refer to?
What does lateral excursion refer to?
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Which type of finger movement involves crossing fingers or crossing ankles?
Which type of finger movement involves crossing fingers or crossing ankles?
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Which movement allows the palm of the hand to face upwards?
Which movement allows the palm of the hand to face upwards?
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Which type of finger movement involves the spreading and closing of the fingers?
Which type of finger movement involves the spreading and closing of the fingers?
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What movement allows the forearm to rotate so that the palm faces downwards?
What movement allows the forearm to rotate so that the palm faces downwards?
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Which thumb movement involves pulling the thumb away from the palm?
Which thumb movement involves pulling the thumb away from the palm?
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What type of joint movement allows the forearm to bend towards the body?
What type of joint movement allows the forearm to bend towards the body?
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Which thumb movement involves bringing the thumb towards the palm?
Which thumb movement involves bringing the thumb towards the palm?
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What type of joint movement allows the forearm to straighten and move away from the body?
What type of joint movement allows the forearm to straighten and move away from the body?
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Which thumb movement involves bending the thumb towards the palm?
Which thumb movement involves bending the thumb towards the palm?
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What type of joint movement allows the forearm to rotate so that the palm faces upwards?
What type of joint movement allows the forearm to rotate so that the palm faces upwards?
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Which thumb movement involves moving the thumb away from the palm?
Which thumb movement involves moving the thumb away from the palm?
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Which movement describes the action of bringing the fingers together?
Which movement describes the action of bringing the fingers together?
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What describes the movement where the thumb is directed towards the palm?
What describes the movement where the thumb is directed towards the palm?
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Palmar abduction involves moving the thumb in which direction?
Palmar abduction involves moving the thumb in which direction?
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Which term describes the combination of plantar flexion, inversion, and adduction of the foot?
Which term describes the combination of plantar flexion, inversion, and adduction of the foot?
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What term is used for the movement in which the soles of the feet are turned laterally?
What term is used for the movement in which the soles of the feet are turned laterally?
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What type of movement involves moving the thumb to touch the tip of a finger?
What type of movement involves moving the thumb to touch the tip of a finger?
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Which term defines elevating the toes as done during swinging the foot forward to take a step?
Which term defines elevating the toes as done during swinging the foot forward to take a step?
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In radial abduction, how is the thumb positioned concerning the index finger?
In radial abduction, how is the thumb positioned concerning the index finger?
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Study Notes
Here are the study notes for the text:
Bone Tissue
- Osseous tissue is composed of:
- 1/3 organic matter (synthesized by osteoblasts)
- 2/3 inorganic matter (85% hydroxyapatite, 10% calcium carbonate, and other minerals)
- Functions:
- Supports body weight
- Provides a framework for muscles to attach
- Protects internal organs
Bone Structure
- Compact bone:
- Dense, compact tissue
- Found in shafts of long bones
- Composed of concentric lamellae (bone layers) surrounding a central canal (Haversian canal)
- Spongy bone:
- Light, porous tissue
- Found in ends of long bones and interior of flat bones
- Composed of trabeculae (thin plates of bone) and endosteum (tissue lining the bone cavity)
Bone Development and Remodeling
- Ossification (bone formation):
- Intramembranous ossification (formation of flat bones)
- Endochondral ossification (formation of long bones)
- Bone remodeling:
- Process of bone resorption and deposition
- Involves osteoclasts (break down bone) and osteoblasts (deposit bone)
Calcium and Phosphate Regulation
- Calcium:
- Essential for muscle contraction, nerve function, and bone health
- Regulated by parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitriol (active form of vitamin D)
- Phosphate:
- Important for energy metabolism and bone health
- Regulated by PTH, calcitriol, and other hormones
Bone Disorders
- Osteoporosis:
- Loss of bone density, leading to brittle bones
- Affects spongy bone more than compact bone
- Risk factors: age, sex, hormone deficiency, and lack of exercise
- Rickets:
- Deficiency of vitamin D and calcium in children
- Leads to soft, deformable bones
- Osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bone disease):
- Genetic disorder affecting collagen production
- Leads to weak, brittle bones
Skeletal System Functions
- Supports the body
- Allows for movement
- Protects internal organs
- Produces blood cells (in bone marrow)
- Stores minerals (such as calcium and phosphate)
Axial Skeleton
- Forms the central supporting axis of the body
- Composed of:
- Skull (22 bones)
- Vertebral column (33 bones)
- Ribcage (28 bones)
- Sternum (3 bones)
Appendicular Skeleton
- Composed of:
- Upper limb (64 bones)
- Pelvis (4 bones)
- Lower limb (64 bones)
Joints
- Classified into three types:
- Fibrous joints (e.g., skull sutures)
- Cartilaginous joints (e.g., pubic symphysis)
- Synovial joints (e.g., shoulder, elbow, knee)
- Functions:
- Allow for movement
- Support the body
- Protect internal organs
Synovial Joints
- Characterized by:
- Articular cartilage (covers the ends of bones)
- Joint cavity (space between bones)
- Synovial fluid (lubricates the joint)
- Joint capsule (connective tissue surrounding the joint)
- Types of synovial joints:
- Ball-and-socket joints (e.g., shoulder, hip)
- Condylar joints (e.g., knee, elbow)
- Saddle joints (e.g., thumb, sternoclavicular joint)
- Plane joints (e.g., wrist, ankle)
- Hinge joints (e.g., elbow, knee)
- Pivot joints (e.g., atlantoaxial joint, radioulnar joint)
Let me know if you need anything else!### Joint Movements
- Hyperextension: extension of a joint beyond the zero position
- Abduction: movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body
- Hyperabduction: raising arm over back or front of head
- Adduction: movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline
- Hyperadduction: crossing fingers, crossing ankles
- Elevation: movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane
- Depression: movement that lowers a body part in the same plane
- Protraction: anterior movement of a body part in the transverse (horizontal) plane
- Retraction: posterior movement
- Circumduction: one end of an appendage remains stationary while the other end makes a circular motion
- Rotation: movement in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis
- Medial (internal) rotation: turns the bone inward
- Lateral (external) rotation: turns the bone outward
- Supination: forearm movement that turns palm to face anteriorly or upward
- Pronation: forearm movement that turns palm to face either posteriorly or downward
Joint Types and Characteristics
- Temporomandibular (jaw) joint (TMJ):
- Articulation of the condyle of the mandible with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
- Combines elements of condylar, hinge, and plane joints
- Synovial cavity divided into superior and inferior chambers by an articular disc
- Glenohumeral (humeroscapular) joint:
- Most freely mobile joint in the body
- Shallow glenoid cavity and loose shoulder joint capsule sacrifice stability for freedom of movement
- Glenoid labrum: fibrocartilage ring that deepens glenoid cavity
- Elbow joint:
- Humeroulnar joint: trochlea of the humerus joins trochlear notch of the ulna
- Humeroradial joint: capitulum of humerus meets head of radius
- Both articulations enclosed in one joint capsule
- Coxal (hip) joint:
- Head of femur inserts into acetabulum of hip bone
- Bears weight, has deeper sockets, more stable than shoulder
- Acetabular labrum: horseshoe-shaped ring of fibrocartilage that deepens socket
- Tibiofemoral (knee) joint:
- Largest and most complex diarthrosis of the body
- Primarily a hinge joint
- Joint capsule encloses only the lateral and posterior aspects of the knee
- Talocrural (ankle) joint:
- Includes two articulations: medial joint between tibia and talus, lateral joint between fibula and talus
- Both articulations enclosed by one joint capsule
Joint Disorders and Injuries
- Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome:
- May affect as many as 75 million Americans
- Signs and symptoms: clicking sounds in the jaw, imitation of jaw movement, pain radiating from jaw down the neck, shoulders, and back
- Cause: combination of psychological tension and malocclusion (misalignment of teeth)
- Treatment: psychological management, physical therapy, analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs, corrective dental appliances to align teeth properly
- Glenohumeral joint dislocation:
- Downward displacement of the humerus is the most common shoulder dislocation
- Rotator cuff protects the joint in all directions but inferiorly
- Joint protected from above by coracoid process, acromion, and clavicle
- Tibiofemoral joint injuries:
- Most common injuries are to the menisci and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
- Arthroscopy: procedure in which interior of joint is viewed with a pencil-thin arthroscope inserted through a small incision
- Arthroscopic ACL repair: about 9 months for healing to be complete
Arthritis and Related Conditions
- Arthritis:
- Broad term for pain and inflammation of joints
- Most common crippling disease in the United States
- Rheumatologists: physicians who treat arthritis and other joint disorders
- Osteoarthritis (OA):
- Most common form of arthritis
- "Wear-and-tear arthritis"
- Results from years of joint wear
- Articular cartilage softens and degenerates
- Accompanied by crackling sounds called crepitus
- Bone spurs develop on exposed bone tissue causing pain
- Rheumatoid arthritis (RA):
- Autoimmune attack against the joint tissues
- Misguided antibodies (rheumatoid factor) attack synovial membrane, enzymes in synovial fluid degrade the articular cartilage, joint begins to ossify
- Ankylosis: solidly fused, immobilized joint
- Remissions occur, steroids and aspirin control inflammation
Bone Development
- Epiphyseal plate:
- Cartilage transitions to bone
- Functions as growth zone where bone elongates
- Has typical hyaline cartilage in the middle with transition zones on each side where cartilage is replaced by bone
- Metaphysis is zone of transition facing the marrow cavity
- This is interstitial growth — growth from within
- Bone elongation is a result of cartilage growth within the epiphyseal plate
- Epiphyses close when cartilage is gone — epiphyseal line of spongy bone marks site of former epiphyseal plate
- Lengthwise growth is finished
- Occurs at different ages in different bones
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Description
Test your knowledge on joint movements with questions about hyperextension, abduction, adduction, elevation, depression, and protraction. Learn about different types of movements and their definitions.
