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Questions and Answers
What type of joint allows for no movement?
Which type of joint is characterized by a range of movements but allows for little movement compared to freely movable joints?
What is the primary function of fat pads in the joints?
Which joint type allows for movement in all directions?
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What is the role of ligaments in joint structure?
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Which type of joint is specifically designed for back and forth movement in a single plane?
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What type of joint is formed by an oval articular surface resting within a depression?
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Which structure can limit a joint's range of motion and provide mechanical support?
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Where is the cuboid located in relation to the calcaneus and metatarsals?
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Which bones articulate with the cuneiforms?
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How many cuneiform bones are there, and what are their names?
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What is the position of the cuneiforms relative to the navicular bone?
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Which metatarsals do the cuneiforms articulate with?
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What is the primary role of GABA in the nervous system?
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Which neurotransmitter is the most abundant in the nervous system?
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What function does oxytocin perform in the brain?
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What is the relationship between glutamate and learning?
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Which statement about GABA is true?
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How does oxytocin influence behavior?
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What impact does glutamate have on the brain's function?
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Which of these is NOT a function of GABA?
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What is the primary function of the upper fibers of the trapezius muscle?
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Which muscle is responsible for laterally rotating the arm?
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What is the innervation of the latissimus dorsi muscle?
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Which muscle originates from the transverse processes of the C1-C4 vertebrae?
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What movement does the teres major muscle primarily facilitate?
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Which muscle assists the deltoid in the abduction of the arm from 15-90 degrees?
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What is the origin of the rhomboid major muscle?
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Which of the following muscles is responsible for medially rotating the arm?
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What purpose does the sacrococcygeal symphysis serve?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the pelvic girdle?
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The pubic symphysis is located between which bones?
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What does the pelvic girdle primarily transfer weight from?
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Which bones articulate at the sacroiliac joints?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes a function of the pelvic girdle?
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What is a key function of the muscles and ligaments attached to the pelvic girdle?
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Which joint is located between the pubic bones?
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Study Notes
Joint Classification and Functions
- Synarthrosis (immovable): Bones are close together, sometimes interlocking. These joints prevent movement, crucial for stability.
- Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable): Allows more movement than synarthroses but is stronger than freely movable joints. Connected by collagen fibers or cartilage.
- Diarthrosis (freely movable): Also known as synovial joints, they permit free movement, like at the shoulder.
Accessory Structures
- Fat Pads: Adipose tissue covered by a synovial membrane. They protect articular cartilage and act as joint packing material.
- Ligaments: Dense connective tissue bands attaching bones to each other. They support, strengthen, and reinforce synovial joints.
- Tendons: Collagen bands connecting skeletal muscle to bone. They limit joint range of motion and provide mechanical support.
- Bursae: Fluid-filled sacs cushioning adjacent structures and reducing friction.
Types of Synovial Joints
- Gliding: Flat articular surfaces, allowing only gliding movements.
- Condylar: Oval articular surface within a depression, allowing all angular motions in two planes.
- Hinge: Joint surfaces arranged for back-and-forth movement in a single plane.
- Saddle: Each articular surface is concave along one axis and convex along the other, permitting angular movement and circumduction but preventing rotation.
- Pivot: Axis of a convex articular surface is parallel to the bone's longitudinal axis.
- Ball and Socket: Round end of one bone rests in a cup-shaped depression of another bone. Allowing freedom of movement in all directions.
Muscles of the Shoulder
Superficial Muscles
-
Trapezius: Flat, triangular muscle. The most superficial muscle of the back.
- Origin: Skull, nuchal ligament, and spinous processes.
- Insertion: Clavicle, acromion.
- Function: Elevates the scapula and rotates during arm abduction.
- Innervation: Accessory nerve.
-
Latissimus Dorsi: Deep and lateral to the trapezius.
- Origin: Spinous processes of T7-T12, iliac crest.
- Insertion: Intertubercular groove of the humerus.
- Function: Extends, adducts, and medially rotates the upper limb.
- Innervation: Thoracodorsal nerve.
Deep/Internal Muscles of the Shoulder
-
Levator Scapulae: Small, strap-like muscle.
- Origin: Transverse processes of C1-C4 vertebrae.
- Insertion: Medial border of scapula.
- Function: Elevates the scapula.
-
Rhomboid Minor:
- Origin: Spinous processes of C7-T1 vertebrae.
- Insertion: Medial border of the scapula.
- Function: Retracts and rotates the scapula.
-
Rhomboid Major:
- Origin: Spinous processes of T2-T5 vertebrae.
- Insertion: Medial border of the scapula.
- Function: Retracts and rotates the scapula.
Muscles of the Shoulder: Rotator Cuff & Other
-
Rotator Cuff Muscles:
- Supraspinatus
- Infraspinatus
- Subscapularis
- Teres Minor
- Teres Major
- Deltoid
-
Supraspinatus:
- Origin: Supraspinous fossa of the scapula.
- Insertion: Greater tubercle of the humerus.
- Innervation: Suprascapular nerve.
- Function: Abducts the arm (0-15 degrees) and assists the deltoid (15-90 degrees).
-
Infraspinatus:
- Origin: Infraspinous fossa of the scapula.
- Insertion: Greater tubercle of the humerus.
- Innervation: Suprascapular nerve.
- Function: Laterally rotates the arm.
-
Subscapularis:
- Origin: Subscapular fossa.
- Insertion: Lesser tubercle of the humerus.
- Function: Medially rotates the arm.
-
Teres Minor:
- Origin: Lateral border of the scapula.
- Insertion: Greater tubercle of the humerus.
- Function: Laterally rotates the arm.
-
Teres Major:
- Origin: Inferior angle of the scapula.
- Insertion: Medial lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus.
- Function: Adducts and extends at the shoulder, and medially rotates the arm.
-
Deltoid:
- Origin: Lateral third of the clavicle, acromion, and spine of the scapula.
- Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity on the humerus.
- Function: Abducts the arm (15-90 degrees) and assists in flexion, extension, and rotation.
- Innervation: Axillary nerve.
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Description
Explore the various types of joints in the human body, including synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis. This quiz dives into their structures and functions, as well as the roles of accessory structures like ligaments and tendons. Test your understanding of how these components work together to support movement and stability.
