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Questions and Answers
What does the term 'health and well-being' refer to?
Why was animal welfare added to the curricula of veterinary schools?
What is the purpose of improved disease reporting systems at the national and international level?
Which organization is mentioned as modifying its goals and reporting techniques?
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How have developments in information and communication technology impacted disease reporting?
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What is the role of efficient disease reporting in relation to animal products?
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Why is it important to assess the risk of disease in global free trade?
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Who are modifying their goals and reporting techniques according to the text?
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Why do curricula now include health and well-being and animal welfare alongside disease reporting?
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Study Notes
Epidemiology
- Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems.
History of Epidemiology
- Early Egyptian healers combined religious and medical roles as priest-healers, often associated with temples.
- Literary records of similar age, describing veterinary activities, are extant from other parts of the world, such as Indian Sanskrit texts from the Vedic period (1800-1200 BC).
- 1854: John Snow investigated a cholera outbreak, marking the formal beginning of Epidemiology.
- Snow used a dot map to illustrate the cluster of cholera cases around the Broad Street pump and statistics to illustrate the connection between the quality of the water source and cholera cases.
Changing Concepts of Disease Causes
- Demons: Early man attributed disease to supernatural powers, and treatment included placation, exorcism, evasion, and transference.
- Divine Wrath: This theory argued that disease was punishment from a displeased supreme being, and the only effective treatment was placation (sacrifice).
Development of Epidemiology
- 1949-2000: Framingham study, a longitudinal study on risk factors for chronic diseases, including smoking, high cholesterol, high BP, and obesity.
- 1951-2001: British Doctors Study (Dull and Peto Study), an association between smoking and lung cancer among British doctors, leading to the Theory of Multiple Causation and Sufficient Component Cause Model.
Veterinary Medicine
- Five stable periods and revolutions of veterinary medicine:
- First period: Until the first century AD, characterized by the emergence of veterinary specialists and the development of humoral pathology.
- Later periods introduced new techniques, animal welfare, and international disease reporting.
One Health
- One Health involves recognizing the essential link between human, domestic animal, and wildlife health and the threat disease poses to people, their food supplies, and economies.
- One Health is the collaborative effort of multiple disciplines to attain optimal health for people, animals, and the environment.
Disease Reporting
- National and international disease reporting systems are necessary to identify problems, define research and control priorities, and prevent the spread of infectious agents across borders.
- Organizations like the Office Internationale des Epizooties (OIE) modify their goals and reporting techniques to assess the risk of disease and related events associated with global free trade of animals and their products.
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Description
Learn about John Snow, one of the fathers of modern epidemiology, and his significant contributions to the field. Explore how his work in tracing the source of a cholera outbreak in Soho, London, in 1854 marked the formal beginnings of Epidemiology.
