Johari Window & Intellectual Property

• Study notes derived from content provided

Johari Window

• Individuals may not be aware of how their behavior affects others, for example, a talkative person who is not receptive to feedback. This represents a blind spot.
• Individuals may hide their true feelings or thoughts, often due to a lack of confidence, for example, an interviewer who asks questions but does not disclose much about themselves (hidden area).
• Potential may be unrealized due to poor communication or introversion (unknown area).

Intellectual Property (IP) in Singapore

• Patents, trademarks, registered designs, copyrights, computer programs, trade secrets, and confidential information are types of IP protected.
• Patent protection lasts for 20 years, subject to annual renewal.
• Remedies for patent infringement include stop orders, surrendering or destroying infringing items, and seeking damages.
• Registered designs must be new and capable of industrial application.
• Registered design protection lasts for 5 years, renewable up to 15 years.
• Copyright protects original works.
• Copyright infringement includes unauthorized reproduction, false attribution, and distribution of infringing copies.

Leadership Styles

• Bureaucratic leadership involves strict adherence to procedures.
• Suited for routine tasks, safety training, and cash handling.
• Democratic leadership encourages staff participation in decision-making.
• Democratic leadership is beneficial for complex problems, team-building, and personal growth opportunities.
• The democratic style should not be used when time is limited, decisions need to be made quickly, or when mistakes cannot be afforded.

Procrastination

• Lack of motivation, fear of failure, unclear priorities, perfectionism, and indecision can cause procrastination.
• Setting deadlines, breaking tasks into smaller pieces, and starting with the easiest part of the task can help in overcoming procrastination.

Conflict Resolution

• Workplace conflicts happen due to miscommunication, personality clashes, quality problems, missed deadlines, and increased stress.
• Good communication skills, assertiveness, empathy, and active listening are qualities for conflict resolution.
• Aim for 100% agreement, ensure all voices are heard, and focus on the problem, not the person, in order to achieve consensus.

Negotiation Styles

• The soft negotiator treats the other party as friends, makes concessions, and aims for agreement.
• The hard negotiator treats the other party as adversaries, demands concessions, and aims for victory.

Contracts

• Offer, acceptance, consideration, intention to create legal relations, and capacity to contract are conditions for a valid contract.
• Contracts can be discharged by performance, mutual agreement, or frustration (e.g., unforeseen events making the contract impossible to fulfill).

Human Needs and Motivation

• Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs arranges human needs from basic (physiological) to complex (self-actualization).
• Lower-level needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs can influence behavior.
• Piece-work systems, production bonuses, commissions, suggestion plans, and profit-sharing are financial incentives.

Intercultural Communication

• Linguistic, cultural, perceptual, experiential, nonverbal, physical preferences, and emotional stress are barriers.
• Understanding cultural differences, using clear language, and being aware of nonverbal cues can overcome communication barriers.

Stage Fright

• Butterflies in the stomach, pounding heart, sweaty palms, and trembling hands are symptoms.
• Prepare thoroughly, use positive self-talk, focus on the audience, and take deep breaths before speaking to overcome stage fright.

Channels of Distribution

• Wholesalers negotiate prices, handle storage and transportation, and manage credit control.
• Retailers buy from wholesalers and sell to consumers.
• Retailers are responsible for inventory control and ensuring fast deliveries.

Advertising

• Advertising stimulates demand, suggests new uses for products, reminds consumers, and counteracts competitors’ promotions.
• Sales push products while marketing pulls customers.

Pricing Methods

• Cost-based pricing sets the price based on the cost of goods.
• Customer-based pricing sets the price based on what customers are willing to pay.
• Competitor-based pricing sets the price based on competitors’ prices.

Market segmentation

• Geographic segmentation is by zones or locations.
• Demographic segmentation is by race, religion, income, or occupation.
• Psychographic segmentation is by lifestyle, attitudes, and beliefs (e.g., Baby Boomers, Gen X, Gen Y, Gen Z).
• Behavioral segmentation is based on customer behavior toward products.

Professional Buying Process

• Reception of need, product characteristics, selection of suppliers, selection of order routine, and feedback & evaluation are steps in this process.
• Professional buying is more formal and involves detailed documentation, compared to consumer buying

Marketing Concepts

• Marketing is the delivery of customer satisfaction at a profit (Philip Kotler).
• Unique Selling Point (USP) is what makes a product or service stand out from competitors.

Quality

• Quality is freedom from defects.
• Quality is measured by how well a product or service meets customer expectations.

Exchange, Transactions, and Relationships

• Exchange is obtaining a desired object by offering something in return.
• A transaction is a trade of values between parties, usually involving money.
• Relationships involve building loyalty and long-term connections with customers.