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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

  • Moral development stages
  • Psychoanalytical perspectives
  • Sociocultural influences
  • Children's cognitive growth (correct)

How do children adjust their schemata when learning new information?

  • They assimilate or accommodate the new information. (correct)
  • They discard their previous knowledge.
  • They ignore the new information.
  • They apply adult reasoning.

What is assimilation in the context of Piaget's cognitive development theory?

  • Applying new experiences to existing schemata (correct)
  • Changing schemata to incorporate new information
  • Rejecting all new information
  • Creating entirely new schemata from scratch

What happens during the accommodation process, according to Piaget?

<p>Children modify their schemata based on new information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes schemata, as outlined by Piaget?

<p>Mental models used to categorize information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the discontinuity approach to development that Piaget advocates?

<p>Development marked by abrupt changes between stages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What misconception might children have based on their early schemata, as illustrated by Abdul's story?

<p>All furry, four-legged creatures are categorized similarly. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive process describes the understanding of multiple concepts under one schema?

<p>Generalization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Abdul do when he learns that the animal he sees is a sheep and not a dog?

<p>He accommodates his schema for dogs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of Piaget's cognitive development is characterized by the understanding of object permanence?

<p>Sensorimotor stage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age range does the concrete operational stage occur according to Piaget?

<p>7-11 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the formal operational stage?

<p>Utilizing abstract reasoning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What developmental issue is associated with the sensorimotor stage?

<p>Stranger anxiety (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which activity demonstrates learning in the sensorimotor stage?

<p>Shaking objects to hear sounds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which stage do children begin to use words and images to represent things?

<p>Preoperational stage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental issue is specifically linked to the preoperational stage?

<p>Egocentrism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the focused pleasure-seeking urges in Freud’s stages of development?

<p>Erogenous zone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts is central to Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory?

<p>Ego identity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many stages of development did Erikson propose in his psychosocial theory?

<p>8 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary psychosocial task during the infancy stage according to Erikson?

<p>Trust versus mistrust (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens if a task in Erikson's theory is not mastered?

<p>Feelings of inadequacy arise (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which stage does Erikson believe that personality development occurs throughout the lifespan?

<p>Throughout the lifespan (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects Freud's view of childhood in personality development?

<p>It is the only time personality is shaped. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key criticism of Freud's psychosexual stages according to modern psychology?

<p>They lack empirical support. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children typically start to use pronouns in their speech?

<p>3 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive milestone is typically reached by the age of 4?

<p>Counts to 10 or higher (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ability is associated with a 2-year-old child?

<p>Puts 2–4 words together in a sentence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which physical milestone is typically observed in children at age 5?

<p>Hops on one foot (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical social behavior for 3-year-old children?

<p>Engages in cooperative play (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children generally begin to distinguish between real and pretend?

<p>5 years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which language ability is expected at age 4?

<p>Recites nursery rhymes from memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive skill is commonly developed by the age of 2?

<p>Sorts shapes and colors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of prenatal care during pregnancy?

<p>It can reduce the risk of complications during pregnancy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the placenta play during pregnancy?

<p>It provides nourishment and oxygen to the fetus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a teratogen?

<p>An environmental agent that causes damage to an embryo or fetus. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is alcohol consumption during pregnancy particularly dangerous?

<p>It is the leading preventable cause of intellectual disabilities in children. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advice might healthcare providers give to someone planning to become pregnant?

<p>Consider discussing diet and exercise routines. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about prenatal influences is correct?

<p>Both genetic and environmental factors can impact fetal development. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What could result from a pregnant person consuming harmful substances?

<p>Long-term detrimental effects on the child's health. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should individuals trying to conceive consider regarding their health?

<p>Folic acid is important for preventing certain birth defects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children typically begin to say their first word for meaning?

<p>12 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary feature of cooing in babies?

<p>One-syllable consonant-vowel combinations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'vocabulary spurt' refer to?

<p>An expansion of vocabulary at a rapid rate of 10-20 new words per week (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does recent research suggest about the vocabulary spurt?

<p>It varies among children and is not experienced by everyone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ability do babies demonstrate before they start speaking?

<p>Gesturing to communicate (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At approximately what age do children start combining words for meaning?

<p>18 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of babbling in infants?

<p>Repeating syllables such as ma-ma or da-da (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do children generally recognize at birth regarding language?

<p>Their mother’s voice and the rhythms of spoken language (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Freud's Psychosexual Stages

Freud proposed that a child's pleasure-seeking urges focus on different parts of the body, known as erogenous zones, during each stage of development. These stages are: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital.

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

Erikson modified Freud's theory to focus on social interactions and their impact on personality development, emphasizing the social nature of development rather than the sexual nature.

Lifespan Development

Erikson believed that personality development occurs throughout a person's entire life, unlike Freud who focused mainly on childhood.

Ego Identity in Psychosocial Theory

Erikson proposed that we develop a sense of self called ego identity by engaging with others.

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Psychosocial Tasks

In Erikson's theory, each stage presents a conflict or task that we need to successfully resolve to develop a healthy personality.

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Motivation for Competence

Feeling competent in certain areas of life is a key motivator in Erikson's theory.

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Trust vs. Mistrust

Erikson's first stage, from birth to 12 months, focuses on the development of trust in others.

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Successful Development in Psychosocial Theory

The outcome of successfully resolving the tasks in each stage of Erikson's theory is a sense of competence and a healthy personality.

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Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory

Jean Piaget's theory that proposes cognitive abilities progress through distinct stages, demonstrating discontinuous development.

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Assimilation

The process of using existing knowledge to understand new information.

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Accommodation

The process of adjusting existing knowledge based on new information.

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Schemata

Mental models or concepts used to categorize and interpret information.

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How do children learn new information?

A schema is a mental model or concept that helps us categorize and interpret information. Children learn new information and adjust their schemata through assimilation and accommodation.

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Assimilation Example

The process of using existing schemas to interpret new information. For example, identifying a new dog as a dog because it fits the existing schema.

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Accommodation Example

The process of adjusting existing schemas based on new information. For example, a child initially calling a sheep a dog because both have four legs and fur, but later adjusting their schema to distinguish between dogs and sheep.

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Discontinuous Development

Piaget's theory of cognitive development focuses on the stages of cognitive growth in children. It suggests that children's thinking and reasoning abilities develop through a series of distinct stages. This discontinuous development indicates a clear shift in how they think as they progress through each stage.

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Schema Accommodation

The process of adjusting existing mental structures (schemas) to accommodate new information or experiences.

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Sensorimotor Stage

The first stage of Piaget's Cognitive Development theory, lasting from birth to 2 years. Infants learn about the world through their senses and motor actions.

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Object Permanence

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight.

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Preoperational Stage

The second stage of Piaget's Cognitive Development theory, lasting from 2 to 6 years old. Children begin using language and symbols to represent things but lack logical reasoning.

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Conservation

The inability to understand that the quantity of something remains the same even when its appearance changes.

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Concrete Operational Stage

The third stage of Piaget's Cognitive Development theory, lasting from 7 to 11 years old. Children begin to think logically about concrete events and can perform basic arithmetic operations.

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Formal Operational Stage

The final stage of Piaget's Cognitive Development theory, beginning around 12 years old. Individuals develop abstract thinking skills and are able to reason hypothetically.

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Teratogen

A substance, like alcohol or drugs, that can harm the developing embryo or fetus during pregnancy.

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Placenta

A complex organ that connects a developing fetus to the mother's uterus, allowing for nourishment, oxygen delivery, and waste removal.

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Prenatal care

Medical care given to pregnant women and their fetuses throughout pregnancy, monitoring health and reducing risks.

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Prenatal development

The period of development before birth, divided into three stages: germinal, embryonic, and fetal.

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Zygote

A fertilized egg that attaches to the wall of the uterus.

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Embryonic stage

The stage of prenatal development from about two weeks to two months, where major organs and body systems develop.

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Fetal stage

The stage of prenatal development from two months until birth, characterized by rapid growth and development of the fetus.

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Germinal stage

The first two weeks of prenatal development, where the fertilized egg divides rapidly and forms a blastocyst.

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Cognitive Development

The ability to think and understand, including learning, problem-solving, and remembering.

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Rapid Cognitive Development

Young children experience a rapid increase in their mental abilities, such as problem-solving, thinking, and remembering.

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Playing Make-Believe

Playing pretend helps children develop their imagination and understanding of different roles.

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Learning New Information

Children are able to learn new things easily, like singing songs and recognizing colors.

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Sorting and Categorizing

Children start solving simple puzzles and understanding patterns, showing growing cognitive skills.

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Following Instructions

Children can follow instructions and remember a sequence of steps.

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Real vs. Pretend

Children are learning to tell the difference between real things and imaginary things.

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Learning to Write

Children are developing their ability to write using basic letters and shapes.

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Understanding Rules in Games

The ability to understand and follow rules in games, which develops in children between the ages of 6 and 11.

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Language Acquisition Order

A consistent pattern observed across cultures in how children learn language structures.

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Biological Predisposition for Language

The ability to learn and understand language, which is thought to be innate and influenced by biological factors.

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Cooing

One-syllable sounds made by infants, usually combining a consonant and a vowel, like 'coo' or 'ba'.

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Babbling

Sounds made by infants, often involving repetition of syllables, like 'ma-ma', 'da-da', or 'ba-ba'.

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First Word

The first meaningful word a baby typically says, which usually occurs around 12 months of age.

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Word Combination

The age at which babies typically begin combining words to convey meaning, usually around 18 months.

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Vocabulary Spurt

A rapid increase in vocabulary that often occurs during early childhood, typically around ages 3 to 4.

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Study Notes

Developmental Psychology

  • Developmental psychologists study how humans change and grow throughout life
  • This includes childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and death
  • Development is viewed as a lifelong process
  • It is studied across three domains: physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development

Physical Development

  • Involves changes in the body and brain
  • Includes senses, motor skills, and health
  • The growth and changes in the body and brain

Cognitive Development

  • Involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity

Psychosocial Development

  • Involves emotions, personality, and social relationships

Normative Approach to Development

  • Examines "normal" development
  • Early 20th century psychologists studied large amounts of children of varying ages to understand typical development milestones.
  • These norms were compiled to serve as average ages for reaching developmental milestones for these domains: physical, cognitive, and psychosocial.

Issues in Developmental Psychology

  • There are many different theoretical approaches to understand how humans change.
  • These approaches try to look at whether development is continuous or discontinuous.
  • Theories also focus on the interaction of nature versus nurture.

Continuous vs. Discontinuous Development

  • Continuous development view development as a gradual and cumulative process of improvement based on prior skills.
  • Discontinuous development proposes that development occurs in distinct stages.

One or Many Courses of Development?

  • There is some evidence for both viewpoints.
  • One course of development suggests a universal course similar across children.
  • The many courses of development view highlights the uniqueness of individuals influenced by specific genetic and environmental factors.

Nature vs. Nurture

  • Nature refers to biology and genetics
  • Nurture refers to the environment and culture
  • Both nature and nurture influence development, and they interact and influence each other in a reciprocal way
  • Specific examples show how cultures can influence particular developmental outcomes.

Psychosexual Theory of Development

  • Sigmund Freud proposed that personality develops in different stages in the early childhood period.
  • Freud viewed development as a discontinuous process.
  • The stages focus on pleasure-seeking behavior.

Psychosocial Theory of Development

  • Erik Erikson proposed a psychosocial theory of development focusing on eight stages stretching across the lifespan.
  • Erikson viewed development as a continuous process, where each stage has a unique psychosocial task that needs to be master to feel competent
  • These psychosocial tasks include trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. despair.

Prenatal Development

  • The stages are germinal (weeks 1-2), embryonic (weeks 3-8), and fetal (weeks 9-40).
  • The placenta is a critical structure for supplying nourishment and oxygen.

Teratogens

  • Teratogens are any agents, chemical, biological, or physical, that can cause damage to the developing embryo or fetus.
  • Examples include alcohol, tobacco, and many prescription drugs.

Cognitive Theory of Development

  • Jean Piaget proposed a cognitive theory of development focusing on stages.
  • He theorized that children develop schemata, or mental models, by assimilating new information into existing schemes or accommodating existing schemes to fit new information
  • The stages of cognitive development include sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

Moral Theory of Development

  • Kohlberg's theory argues for multiple stages of moral reasoning in development.

Infancy Through Childhood

  • Newborn reflexes are inborn automatic responses to stimulation.
  • Newborn babies show preferences for specific stimuli, such as their mothers' voices and faces.

Physical Development

  • Physical development is rapid during infancy, toddlerhood, and childhood.
  • Growth rates vary.
  • There are expected milestones of physical development for example, sitting and walking as children mature.

Adolescence

  • Puberty marks the beginning of adolescence.
  • This period brings a wide range of physical changes and hormonal changes.
  • Cognitive development continues; adolescents' capacity for abstract thought and reasoning develops.

Emerging Adulthood

  • Emerging adulthood is a relatively new period of development.
  • In this stage, individuals may still be exploring their identity, career, and relationships

Adulthood

  • Physical decline starts and speeds up in middle-late adulthood.
  • Cognitive abilities can be fairly stable throughout early adulthood and middle age, but decline in some aspects such as memory may occur in late adulthood

Death and Grief

  • Death is a significant event, viewed and experienced differently in different cultures and time periods
  • The process of grief can be described by five stages, which may not be always sequential or experienced by every person facing death

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Chapter 9: Developmental Psychology PDF

Description

Dive into the foundational concepts of Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory. This quiz explores key terms such as schemata, assimilation, and accommodation, as well as the stages of development identified by Piaget. Test your understanding of how children learn and adjust their thinking as they grow.

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