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What is the primary focus of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

  • Moral development stages
  • Psychoanalytical perspectives
  • Sociocultural influences
  • Children's cognitive growth (correct)

    • How do children adjust their schemata when learning new information?

  • They assimilate or accommodate the new information. (correct)
  • They discard their previous knowledge.
  • They ignore the new information.
  • They apply adult reasoning.

    • What is assimilation in the context of Piaget's cognitive development theory?

  • Applying new experiences to existing schemata (correct)
  • Changing schemata to incorporate new information
  • Rejecting all new information
  • Creating entirely new schemata from scratch

    • What happens during the accommodation process, according to Piaget?

    <p>Children modify their schemata based on new information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes schemata, as outlined by Piaget?

    <p>Mental models used to categorize information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the discontinuity approach to development that Piaget advocates?

    <p>Development marked by abrupt changes between stages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What misconception might children have based on their early schemata, as illustrated by Abdul's story?

    <p>All furry, four-legged creatures are categorized similarly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive process describes the understanding of multiple concepts under one schema?

    <p>Generalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Abdul do when he learns that the animal he sees is a sheep and not a dog?

    <p>He accommodates his schema for dogs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of Piaget's cognitive development is characterized by the understanding of object permanence?

    <p>Sensorimotor stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age range does the concrete operational stage occur according to Piaget?

    <p>7-11 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the formal operational stage?

    <p>Utilizing abstract reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What developmental issue is associated with the sensorimotor stage?

    <p>Stranger anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which activity demonstrates learning in the sensorimotor stage?

    <p>Shaking objects to hear sounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage do children begin to use words and images to represent things?

    <p>Preoperational stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which developmental issue is specifically linked to the preoperational stage?

    <p>Egocentrism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the focused pleasure-seeking urges in Freud’s stages of development?

    <p>Erogenous zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following concepts is central to Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory?

    <p>Ego identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many stages of development did Erikson propose in his psychosocial theory?

    <p>8</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary psychosocial task during the infancy stage according to Erikson?

    <p>Trust versus mistrust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if a task in Erikson's theory is not mastered?

    <p>Feelings of inadequacy arise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage does Erikson believe that personality development occurs throughout the lifespan?

    <p>Throughout the lifespan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately reflects Freud's view of childhood in personality development?

    <p>It is the only time personality is shaped.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key criticism of Freud's psychosexual stages according to modern psychology?

    <p>They lack empirical support.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children typically start to use pronouns in their speech?

    <p>3 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive milestone is typically reached by the age of 4?

    <p>Counts to 10 or higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ability is associated with a 2-year-old child?

    <p>Puts 2–4 words together in a sentence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physical milestone is typically observed in children at age 5?

    <p>Hops on one foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical social behavior for 3-year-old children?

    <p>Engages in cooperative play</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children generally begin to distinguish between real and pretend?

    <p>5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which language ability is expected at age 4?

    <p>Recites nursery rhymes from memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive skill is commonly developed by the age of 2?

    <p>Sorts shapes and colors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of prenatal care during pregnancy?

    <p>It can reduce the risk of complications during pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the placenta play during pregnancy?

    <p>It provides nourishment and oxygen to the fetus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a teratogen?

    <p>An environmental agent that causes damage to an embryo or fetus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is alcohol consumption during pregnancy particularly dangerous?

    <p>It is the leading preventable cause of intellectual disabilities in children.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advice might healthcare providers give to someone planning to become pregnant?

    <p>Consider discussing diet and exercise routines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about prenatal influences is correct?

    <p>Both genetic and environmental factors can impact fetal development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could result from a pregnant person consuming harmful substances?

    <p>Long-term detrimental effects on the child's health.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should individuals trying to conceive consider regarding their health?

    <p>Folic acid is important for preventing certain birth defects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children typically begin to say their first word for meaning?

    <p>12 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of cooing in babies?

    <p>One-syllable consonant-vowel combinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the 'vocabulary spurt' refer to?

    <p>An expansion of vocabulary at a rapid rate of 10-20 new words per week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does recent research suggest about the vocabulary spurt?

    <p>It varies among children and is not experienced by everyone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ability do babies demonstrate before they start speaking?

    <p>Gesturing to communicate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At approximately what age do children start combining words for meaning?

    <p>18 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of babbling in infants?

    <p>Repeating syllables such as ma-ma or da-da</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do children generally recognize at birth regarding language?

    <p>Their mother’s voice and the rhythms of spoken language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Developmental Psychology

    • Developmental psychologists study how humans change and grow throughout life
    • This includes childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and death
    • Development is viewed as a lifelong process
    • It is studied across three domains: physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development

    Physical Development

    • Involves changes in the body and brain
    • Includes senses, motor skills, and health
    • The growth and changes in the body and brain

    Cognitive Development

    • Involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity

    Psychosocial Development

    • Involves emotions, personality, and social relationships

    Normative Approach to Development

    • Examines "normal" development
    • Early 20th century psychologists studied large amounts of children of varying ages to understand typical development milestones.
    • These norms were compiled to serve as average ages for reaching developmental milestones for these domains: physical, cognitive, and psychosocial.

    Issues in Developmental Psychology

    • There are many different theoretical approaches to understand how humans change.
    • These approaches try to look at whether development is continuous or discontinuous.
    • Theories also focus on the interaction of nature versus nurture.

    Continuous vs. Discontinuous Development

    • Continuous development view development as a gradual and cumulative process of improvement based on prior skills.
    • Discontinuous development proposes that development occurs in distinct stages.

    One or Many Courses of Development?

    • There is some evidence for both viewpoints.
    • One course of development suggests a universal course similar across children.
    • The many courses of development view highlights the uniqueness of individuals influenced by specific genetic and environmental factors.

    Nature vs. Nurture

    • Nature refers to biology and genetics
    • Nurture refers to the environment and culture
    • Both nature and nurture influence development, and they interact and influence each other in a reciprocal way
    • Specific examples show how cultures can influence particular developmental outcomes.

    Psychosexual Theory of Development

    • Sigmund Freud proposed that personality develops in different stages in the early childhood period.
    • Freud viewed development as a discontinuous process.
    • The stages focus on pleasure-seeking behavior.

    Psychosocial Theory of Development

    • Erik Erikson proposed a psychosocial theory of development focusing on eight stages stretching across the lifespan.
    • Erikson viewed development as a continuous process, where each stage has a unique psychosocial task that needs to be master to feel competent
    • These psychosocial tasks include trust vs. mistrust, autonomy vs. shame and doubt, initiative vs. guilt, industry vs. inferiority, identity vs. role confusion, intimacy vs. isolation, generativity vs. stagnation, and integrity vs. despair.

    Prenatal Development

    • The stages are germinal (weeks 1-2), embryonic (weeks 3-8), and fetal (weeks 9-40).
    • The placenta is a critical structure for supplying nourishment and oxygen.

    Teratogens

    • Teratogens are any agents, chemical, biological, or physical, that can cause damage to the developing embryo or fetus.
    • Examples include alcohol, tobacco, and many prescription drugs.

    Cognitive Theory of Development

    • Jean Piaget proposed a cognitive theory of development focusing on stages.
    • He theorized that children develop schemata, or mental models, by assimilating new information into existing schemes or accommodating existing schemes to fit new information
    • The stages of cognitive development include sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.

    Moral Theory of Development

    • Kohlberg's theory argues for multiple stages of moral reasoning in development.

    Infancy Through Childhood

    • Newborn reflexes are inborn automatic responses to stimulation.
    • Newborn babies show preferences for specific stimuli, such as their mothers' voices and faces.

    Physical Development

    • Physical development is rapid during infancy, toddlerhood, and childhood.
    • Growth rates vary.
    • There are expected milestones of physical development for example, sitting and walking as children mature.

    Adolescence

    • Puberty marks the beginning of adolescence.
    • This period brings a wide range of physical changes and hormonal changes.
    • Cognitive development continues; adolescents' capacity for abstract thought and reasoning develops.

    Emerging Adulthood

    • Emerging adulthood is a relatively new period of development.
    • In this stage, individuals may still be exploring their identity, career, and relationships

    Adulthood

    • Physical decline starts and speeds up in middle-late adulthood.
    • Cognitive abilities can be fairly stable throughout early adulthood and middle age, but decline in some aspects such as memory may occur in late adulthood

    Death and Grief

    • Death is a significant event, viewed and experienced differently in different cultures and time periods
    • The process of grief can be described by five stages, which may not be always sequential or experienced by every person facing death

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    Chapter 9: Developmental Psychology PDF

    Description

    Dive into the foundational concepts of Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory. This quiz explores key terms such as schemata, assimilation, and accommodation, as well as the stages of development identified by Piaget. Test your understanding of how children learn and adjust their thinking as they grow.

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