English Theories

What does Halliday's Functional Theory believe about language change?

According to Cultural Transmission Theory, what contributes to passing information from individual to individual?

How does Halliday's Functional Theory view the shortening of words?

What is the main focus of Cultural Transmission Theory?

What aspect of language change is Halliday's Functional Theory vague about?

In which theory do Bandura, Mackintosh, and Hartl play significant roles as contributors?

According to Cultural Transmission Theory, how is language transmitted?

What factor influences the effectiveness of language learning based on Cultural Transmission Theory?

In Cultural Transmission Theory, why does language change occur?

Which theory attributes language changes to people favoring specific pronunciations over time?

What concept does Substratum Theory relate language change to?

What does the Theory of Lexical Gaps aim to address?

According to Guy Deutscher's ideas in 'The Unfolding of Language', why does language change occur?

What does Basil Bernstein's theory of restricted code suggest about language?

How does Basil Bernstein's elaborated code differ from restricted code?

What can be inferred about the relationship between restricted code and elaborated code in Bernstein's theory?

According to B.F. Skinner in his theory of language acquisition, what encourages children to develop language?

Why does Skinner believe language is acquired according to the text?

Which language model believes that languages change as they are split from a common core like family trees?

Which proto-language is considered the shared ancestor for the Romance Languages?

What is a characteristic of New York street slang based on the Wave Model?

What does the S-curve Model propose about language change?

Jean Aitchison's book Language Change: Progress or Decay discusses whether language change results in:

How does the Wave Model explain language evolution?

According to Vygotsky, what determines a child's thinking and learning?

What is the term Vygotsky used to describe the gap between present knowledge and future achievements?

What educational concept involves the teacher asking students about their ideas, with the teacher providing feedback?

According to Piaget, how does language development occur?

What is one way in which Vygotsky's and Piaget's views on language development differ?

Why are TV documentaries about child development mentioned in the text?

What importance does St Ignatius of Loyola's quote 'Give me a child for the first seven years and I will give you the man' have based on the text?

What does Vygotsky believe is necessary for learning to take place?

What is one contribution of Vygotsky's theories to Early Years learning?

How does Vygotsky describe the gap between present skills and future achievements?

According to Piaget, how does language development progress in children?

Which stage of cognitive development involves the understanding of conservation in children?

What important concept in children's development involves realizing that things have an independent existence?

At what age typically does the Preoperational Stage occur according to Piaget?

What did Vygotsky challenge in Piaget's theories?

What distinguishes the Formal Operational Stage according to Piaget?

Which theorist emphasized the importance of universal stages of child development gathered through independent experiences?

'Object permanence' as described by Piaget refers to a child realizing that objects:

At what age do children typically enter the Formal Operational Stage according to Piaget?

What is a key feature of the Preoperational Stage according to Piaget?

According to Chomsky's theory, what role does the LAD play in language development?

In Genie's case, what did her inability to sequence words suggest about Chomsky's theory?

What does Jerome Bruner's Language Acquisition Support System (LASS) address about Chomsky's LAD?

According to Bruner, what is the main role of parents and caregivers in the Language Acquisition Support System (LASS)?

How does the Language Acquisition Support System (LASS) differ from Chomsky's LAD?

What aspect of language acquisition does cognitive development theory link?

Which theory emphasizes that language development is most intense between ages two and five?

'Genie' case study suggested the existence of a critical period for what aspect of development?

'Genie' never appearing able to sequence words supported what notion?

'Genie' case study raised questions about what aspect of Chomsky's LAD?

What evidence supports the existence of the Language Acquisition Device (LAD) according to Chomsky's theory?

Which of the following statements best describes the role of the LAD in language development?

Why do children's virtuous errors support the concept of the LAD?

How did Eric Lenneberg contribute to the theory of the Language Acquisition Device (LAD)?

What does linguistics author Harry Ritchie argue against regarding Chomsky's theory?

How does Ritchie differ from Chomsky in terms of children's language learning?

'Virtuous errors' made by children in language learning refer to:

Halliday's Functional Theory believes that language change is a tool that enables changing economic and social functions in society.

According to Functional Theory, the shortening of words does not support the need for efficiency among users.

Cultural Transmission Theory emphasizes that learning new information, including language, is primarily through written materials.

Language in our culture consists only of biological information such as the foods we eat.

Bandura and Mackintosh are not important contributors to Cultural Transmission Theory.

Halliday's Functional Theory provides clear reasons for grammatical and semantic changes in formal linguistics.

According to Cultural Transmission Theory, language change occurs when individuals and groups perceive a benefit in a change.

Random Fluctuation Theory by Charles Hockett states that languages change due to the even use of spoken language.

Substratum Theory focuses on changes to the English language influenced by different forms of English around the world.

The Theory of Lexical Gaps addresses the need for certain lexis to emerge in order to maintain a stable stock of words in a language.

Language Acquisition Device (LAD) plays a significant role in language development according to Cultural Transmission Theory.

Cultural Transmission Theory covers all methods of learning, including trial and error.

Guy Deutscher believes that language was invented by mankind.

Substratum Theory focuses primarily on borrowing new words from other languages to enrich English vocabulary.

According to Random Fluctuation Theory, languages change because people tend to favor one way of pronouncing words over many others.

According to Guy Deutscher, language change is solely determined by predictable patterns.

Basil Bernstein's theory equates restricted code with inferior language and elaborated code with complicated language.

The Theory of Lexical Gaps argues that new words can be created by combining existing letters in endless possibilities.

According to Basil Bernstein, restricted code is more suitable for situations where all group members share relevant knowledge.

Language change occurs in Cultural Transmission Theory due to the influence of different forms of English around the world.

B.F. Skinner's theory of language acquisition states that children learn language through reinforcement and conditioning.

In the context of language acquisition, Skinner argues that environmental influences play a minimal role.

Burrhus Frederic Skinner supports the idea that environmental factors significantly influence the language individuals speak.

B. F. Skinner's theory of language acquisition aligns completely with the Behaviorist perspective without any criticisms.

Basil Bernstein's theory of language codes has not been further researched or modified since its proposal in 1971.

Chomsky's theory of LAD completely opposes Skinner's view on language acquisition through reinforcement.

According to Chomsky's theory, the Language Acquisition Device (LAD) alone is sufficient for a child to learn to speak.

The Language Acquisition Support System (LASS) was introduced by Chomsky in 1983 to address the limitations of the Language Acquisition Device (LAD).

Genie's case study indicated that rapid language development can be expected even in extreme cases of parental neglect.

According to Jerome Bruner, the Language Acquisition Support System (LASS) emphasizes that children are passive learners in language acquisition.

The LASS is particularly important for children's language learning between the ages of five and eight.

Genie's case study definitively proved that there is a critical period for native language acquisition.

Both the Language Acquisition Device (LAD) and the Language Acquisition Support System (LASS) theories suggest that language development is dependent on cognitive development.

In the LASS theory, parents and caregivers play an active role in interacting with the child to support language development.

Chomsky's LAD theory takes into account the social interactions of a child with others as a key aspect of language development.

According to Jean Piaget, cognitive theories suggest that children's language development is closely linked with their cognitive abilities.

The Tree Model of Language Change is based on the idea that languages change as they are split from a common core, similar to a family tree.

The languages within the Romance Languages group all trace back to Proto-Germanic.

The Wave Model of Language Change suggests that language features evolve from multiple disturbances or changes, resembling the movement of ripples in water.

The S-curve Model proposes that language changes begin at a high speed and then gradually level off over time.

Jean Aitchison's book 'Language Change: Progress or Decay?' explores the debate between language progress and language decay.

The prescriptive approach to language change advocates for a fixed standard of English that should evolve to accommodate the needs of its users.

The descriptive approach to language change suggests that English should not have a fixed standard but rather adapt to users' evolving needs.

The S-curve Model closely resembles an exponential growth curve.

'Viral' in 'If an image or link goes ‘viral’, it means that it is shared by users to a great extent,' refers to being limited in sharing.

According to Jean Aitchison, language progress and decay cannot coexist.

Jean Piaget revolutionized child-development ideas by asserting that children are miniature adults in their thinking.

According to Piaget, children's cognitive ability is developed separately from their language development.

In the Concrete Operational Stage, children learn the concept of conservation, where something can change in quantity without changing its appearance.

Vygotsky supported Piaget's theories without challenging them in any way.

Piaget believed that children understand language by passively receiving information from their environment.

Vygotsky's Development of Piaget's Ideas led to the conclusion that cognitive development is solely influenced by individual experiences.

The Formal Operational Stage in Piaget's theory occurs during adolescence, around the age of twelve.

According to Piaget, children's cognitive understanding progresses through stages more slowly than their language development.

Piaget's theory has had a minimal impact on the development of primary education curricula.

Language development according to Piaget is a separate process from cognitive development.

Children make virtuous errors of grammar and language which adults generally do not make.

According to Chomsky's theory, all children are born with an instinct for a universal grammar.

Deaf children who have not been exposed to a spoken language may not make up their own language.

Harry Ritchie agrees with Chomsky's LAD theory and supports the idea of innate programming for language acquisition.

Eric Lenneberg stated that the Language Acquisition Device (LAD) must be activated at a critical period for native language acquisition to take place.

According to Ritchie, children learn language primarily through experience rather than having an innate ability for language acquisition.

Chomsky's Language Acquisition Device (LAD) theory suggests that children need reinforcement to learn language.

Children generally acquire language skills slowly and with great effort, according to Chomsky's observations.

The Linguistics author Harry Ritchie believes that children make errors in grammar and syntax because they are not applying deep structures.

Noam Chomsky's theory of Language Acquisition Device (LAD) has been entirely rejected by linguists and neurologists.

Vygotsky believed that learning could be accelerated through guidance and support.

According to Vygotsky, all children will learn to speak their native language regardless of their physical capability for voice production.

Piaget believed that language development precedes cognitive development in children.

The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) refers to the gap between a child's present skills and future achievements.

Vygotsky believed that language development is a stimulus to cognitive development.

The Initiation-Response-Feedback (IRF) pattern of ideas emphasizes one-way communication from the teacher to the student.

'Give me a child for the first seven years and I will give you the man' is a quotation from Jean Aitchison emphasizing the importance of family in a child's environment.

Vygotsky's theories have greatly influenced Early Years learning.

'Child of Our Time' is a TV documentary series about child development presented by Professor Robert Winston.

Vygotsky's theory implies that cognitive development in children can only happen through isolated individual efforts.

Match the following theorists with their beliefs on the relationship between language and cognitive development:

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Match the following terms with their explanations:

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Match the following stages with their key features: