English Theories
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Questions and Answers

What does Halliday's Functional Theory believe about language change?

  • It remains constant over time.
  • It has no connection to efficiency.
  • It does not depend on the needs of its users.
  • It enables changing economic and social functions in society. (correct)

    • According to Cultural Transmission Theory, what contributes to passing information from individual to individual?

  • Learning and creativity.
  • Isolation and technology.
  • Teaching and language. (correct)
  • Imitation and physical appearance.

    • How does Halliday's Functional Theory view the shortening of words?

  • As supporting efficiency among users. (correct)
  • As unnecessary in society.
  • As irrelevant to language change.
  • As detrimental to a sense of identity within a group.

    • What is the main focus of Cultural Transmission Theory?

    <p>Learning new information through engagement and socialization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of language change is Halliday's Functional Theory vague about?

    <p>The reasons for grammatical and semantic changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which theory do Bandura, Mackintosh, and Hartl play significant roles as contributors?

    <p>Cultural Transmission Theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Cultural Transmission Theory, how is language transmitted?

    <p>From the emerging generation to the pre-existing generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor influences the effectiveness of language learning based on Cultural Transmission Theory?

    <p>Understanding the language's word meaning and order</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Cultural Transmission Theory, why does language change occur?

    <p>When individuals and groups perceive a benefit in a change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory attributes language changes to people favoring specific pronunciations over time?

    <p>Random Fluctuation Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept does Substratum Theory relate language change to?

    <p>The global spread of languages through contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Theory of Lexical Gaps aim to address?

    <p>The need for new words to emerge in a language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Guy Deutscher's ideas in 'The Unfolding of Language', why does language change occur?

    <p>As a result of predictable patterns and shortcuts, along with efforts to be expressive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Basil Bernstein's theory of restricted code suggest about language?

    <p>It is always context-bound and understood only by a specific group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Basil Bernstein's elaborated code differ from restricted code?

    <p>It is understandable by all, not just a specific group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be inferred about the relationship between restricted code and elaborated code in Bernstein's theory?

    <p>They serve different purposes based on the context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to B.F. Skinner in his theory of language acquisition, what encourages children to develop language?

    <p>Praise and approval like 'good girl' or 'clever boy'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does Skinner believe language is acquired according to the text?

    <p>By imitation of sounds and receiving praise and approval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which language model believes that languages change as they are split from a common core like family trees?

    <p>Tree Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which proto-language is considered the shared ancestor for the Romance Languages?

    <p>Latin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of New York street slang based on the Wave Model?

    <p>It weakens as it moves further away from its origin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the S-curve Model propose about language change?

    <p>It begins slowly, speeds up, and eventually levels off.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Jean Aitchison's book Language Change: Progress or Decay discusses whether language change results in:

    <p>Accommodation to evolving needs of users.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Wave Model explain language evolution?

    <p>Through splitting and moving away from a common core.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Vygotsky, what determines a child's thinking and learning?

    <p>Social interaction and guidance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term Vygotsky used to describe the gap between present knowledge and future achievements?

    <p>Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What educational concept involves the teacher asking students about their ideas, with the teacher providing feedback?

    <p>IRF Pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Piaget, how does language development occur?

    <p>As a result of cognitive development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way in which Vygotsky's and Piaget's views on language development differ?

    <p>Vygotsky believes language drives cognitive development, Piaget believes the opposite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are TV documentaries about child development mentioned in the text?

    <p>To show expanded scope of studying child development, including older children and teenagers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What importance does St Ignatius of Loyola's quote 'Give me a child for the first seven years and I will give you the man' have based on the text?

    <p>It emphasizes the impact of family and environment on child development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Vygotsky believe is necessary for learning to take place?

    <p>Guidance and support from others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one contribution of Vygotsky's theories to Early Years learning?

    <p>Emphasis on structured guidance to bridge knowledge gaps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Vygotsky describe the gap between present skills and future achievements?

    <p>Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Piaget, how does language development progress in children?

    <p>Language development progresses alongside cognitive development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of cognitive development involves the understanding of conservation in children?

    <p>Concrete Operational Stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What important concept in children's development involves realizing that things have an independent existence?

    <p>Object permanence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age typically does the Preoperational Stage occur according to Piaget?

    <p>2-5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Vygotsky challenge in Piaget's theories?

    <p>The role of language in cognitive development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the Formal Operational Stage according to Piaget?

    <p>Ability to think logically about observable situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theorist emphasized the importance of universal stages of child development gathered through independent experiences?

    <p>Jean Piaget</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Object permanence' as described by Piaget refers to a child realizing that objects:

    <p>'Continue' to exist even when not seen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age do children typically enter the Formal Operational Stage according to Piaget?

    <p>12+ years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of the Preoperational Stage according to Piaget?

    <p>Egocentric perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Chomsky's theory, what role does the LAD play in language development?

    <p>It is innate and aids children in acquiring their native language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Genie's case, what did her inability to sequence words suggest about Chomsky's theory?

    <p>The LAD may not account for all aspects of language development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Jerome Bruner's Language Acquisition Support System (LASS) address about Chomsky's LAD?

    <p>It highlights the importance of parental interaction in language development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Bruner, what is the main role of parents and caregivers in the Language Acquisition Support System (LASS)?

    <p>To interact regularly with the child and assist in naming objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the Language Acquisition Support System (LASS) differ from Chomsky's LAD?

    <p>LASS emphasizes active involvement of parents in language development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of language acquisition does cognitive development theory link?

    <p>Language and cognitive development are interdependent processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory emphasizes that language development is most intense between ages two and five?

    <p>Bruner's LASS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Genie' case study suggested the existence of a critical period for what aspect of development?

    <p>'Genie' case study implied a critical period for native language acquisition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Genie' never appearing able to sequence words supported what notion?

    <p>'Genie' showed limitations in Chomsky's LAD regarding word sequences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Genie' case study raised questions about what aspect of Chomsky's LAD?

    <p>'Genie' raised questions about the innate nature of LAD.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence supports the existence of the Language Acquisition Device (LAD) according to Chomsky's theory?

    <p>Children's rapid and effortless acquisition of language skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the role of the LAD in language development?

    <p>It helps children recognize common features of all languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do children's virtuous errors support the concept of the LAD?

    <p>Because they show children applying deep grammar structures before knowing the correct forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Eric Lenneberg contribute to the theory of the Language Acquisition Device (LAD)?

    <p>By suggesting that exposure to language must occur within a critical period for language acquisition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does linguistics author Harry Ritchie argue against regarding Chomsky's theory?

    <p>The notion that there is an innate Language Acquisition Device in the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Ritchie differ from Chomsky in terms of children's language learning?

    <p>By suggesting that children learn language through experience rather than innate programming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Virtuous errors' made by children in language learning refer to:

    <p>'Good' mistakes that indicate underlying understanding of grammar rules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Halliday's Functional Theory believes that language change is a tool that enables changing economic and social functions in society.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Functional Theory, the shortening of words does not support the need for efficiency among users.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cultural Transmission Theory emphasizes that learning new information, including language, is primarily through written materials.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Language in our culture consists only of biological information such as the foods we eat.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bandura and Mackintosh are not important contributors to Cultural Transmission Theory.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Halliday's Functional Theory provides clear reasons for grammatical and semantic changes in formal linguistics.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Cultural Transmission Theory, language change occurs when individuals and groups perceive a benefit in a change.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Random Fluctuation Theory by Charles Hockett states that languages change due to the even use of spoken language.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Substratum Theory focuses on changes to the English language influenced by different forms of English around the world.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Theory of Lexical Gaps addresses the need for certain lexis to emerge in order to maintain a stable stock of words in a language.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Language Acquisition Device (LAD) plays a significant role in language development according to Cultural Transmission Theory.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cultural Transmission Theory covers all methods of learning, including trial and error.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Guy Deutscher believes that language was invented by mankind.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Substratum Theory focuses primarily on borrowing new words from other languages to enrich English vocabulary.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Random Fluctuation Theory, languages change because people tend to favor one way of pronouncing words over many others.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Guy Deutscher, language change is solely determined by predictable patterns.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Basil Bernstein's theory equates restricted code with inferior language and elaborated code with complicated language.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Theory of Lexical Gaps argues that new words can be created by combining existing letters in endless possibilities.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Basil Bernstein, restricted code is more suitable for situations where all group members share relevant knowledge.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Language change occurs in Cultural Transmission Theory due to the influence of different forms of English around the world.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    B.F. Skinner's theory of language acquisition states that children learn language through reinforcement and conditioning.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of language acquisition, Skinner argues that environmental influences play a minimal role.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Burrhus Frederic Skinner supports the idea that environmental factors significantly influence the language individuals speak.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    B. F. Skinner's theory of language acquisition aligns completely with the Behaviorist perspective without any criticisms.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Basil Bernstein's theory of language codes has not been further researched or modified since its proposal in 1971.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chomsky's theory of LAD completely opposes Skinner's view on language acquisition through reinforcement.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Chomsky's theory, the Language Acquisition Device (LAD) alone is sufficient for a child to learn to speak.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Language Acquisition Support System (LASS) was introduced by Chomsky in 1983 to address the limitations of the Language Acquisition Device (LAD).

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genie's case study indicated that rapid language development can be expected even in extreme cases of parental neglect.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Jerome Bruner, the Language Acquisition Support System (LASS) emphasizes that children are passive learners in language acquisition.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The LASS is particularly important for children's language learning between the ages of five and eight.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Genie's case study definitively proved that there is a critical period for native language acquisition.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Both the Language Acquisition Device (LAD) and the Language Acquisition Support System (LASS) theories suggest that language development is dependent on cognitive development.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the LASS theory, parents and caregivers play an active role in interacting with the child to support language development.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chomsky's LAD theory takes into account the social interactions of a child with others as a key aspect of language development.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Jean Piaget, cognitive theories suggest that children's language development is closely linked with their cognitive abilities.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Tree Model of Language Change is based on the idea that languages change as they are split from a common core, similar to a family tree.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The languages within the Romance Languages group all trace back to Proto-Germanic.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Wave Model of Language Change suggests that language features evolve from multiple disturbances or changes, resembling the movement of ripples in water.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The S-curve Model proposes that language changes begin at a high speed and then gradually level off over time.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Jean Aitchison's book 'Language Change: Progress or Decay?' explores the debate between language progress and language decay.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The prescriptive approach to language change advocates for a fixed standard of English that should evolve to accommodate the needs of its users.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The descriptive approach to language change suggests that English should not have a fixed standard but rather adapt to users' evolving needs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The S-curve Model closely resembles an exponential growth curve.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Viral' in 'If an image or link goes ‘viral’, it means that it is shared by users to a great extent,' refers to being limited in sharing.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Jean Aitchison, language progress and decay cannot coexist.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Jean Piaget revolutionized child-development ideas by asserting that children are miniature adults in their thinking.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Piaget, children's cognitive ability is developed separately from their language development.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Concrete Operational Stage, children learn the concept of conservation, where something can change in quantity without changing its appearance.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vygotsky supported Piaget's theories without challenging them in any way.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Piaget believed that children understand language by passively receiving information from their environment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vygotsky's Development of Piaget's Ideas led to the conclusion that cognitive development is solely influenced by individual experiences.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Formal Operational Stage in Piaget's theory occurs during adolescence, around the age of twelve.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Piaget, children's cognitive understanding progresses through stages more slowly than their language development.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Piaget's theory has had a minimal impact on the development of primary education curricula.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Language development according to Piaget is a separate process from cognitive development.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children make virtuous errors of grammar and language which adults generally do not make.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Chomsky's theory, all children are born with an instinct for a universal grammar.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Deaf children who have not been exposed to a spoken language may not make up their own language.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Harry Ritchie agrees with Chomsky's LAD theory and supports the idea of innate programming for language acquisition.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eric Lenneberg stated that the Language Acquisition Device (LAD) must be activated at a critical period for native language acquisition to take place.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Ritchie, children learn language primarily through experience rather than having an innate ability for language acquisition.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Chomsky's Language Acquisition Device (LAD) theory suggests that children need reinforcement to learn language.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Children generally acquire language skills slowly and with great effort, according to Chomsky's observations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Linguistics author Harry Ritchie believes that children make errors in grammar and syntax because they are not applying deep structures.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Noam Chomsky's theory of Language Acquisition Device (LAD) has been entirely rejected by linguists and neurologists.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vygotsky believed that learning could be accelerated through guidance and support.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Vygotsky, all children will learn to speak their native language regardless of their physical capability for voice production.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Piaget believed that language development precedes cognitive development in children.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) refers to the gap between a child's present skills and future achievements.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vygotsky believed that language development is a stimulus to cognitive development.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Initiation-Response-Feedback (IRF) pattern of ideas emphasizes one-way communication from the teacher to the student.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Give me a child for the first seven years and I will give you the man' is a quotation from Jean Aitchison emphasizing the importance of family in a child's environment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vygotsky's theories have greatly influenced Early Years learning.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Child of Our Time' is a TV documentary series about child development presented by Professor Robert Winston.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Vygotsky's theory implies that cognitive development in children can only happen through isolated individual efforts.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following theorists with their beliefs on the relationship between language and cognitive development:

    <p>Chomsky = Language development is a result of cognitive development Vygotsky = Language development acts as a stimulus to cognitive development Piaget = Children's cognitive ability is developed separately from their language development Halliday = Believes in universal grammar as a basis for language acquisition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) = The gap between present skills and future achievements in children's learning Initiation-Response-Feedback (IRF) pattern = A communication pattern involving teacher-student interaction Language Acquisition Device (LAD) = An innate mechanism for language learning proposed by Chomsky Formal Operational Stage = Involves abstract thinking and hypothetical reasoning according to Piaget</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their explanations:

    <p>Concrete Operational Stage = Children learn the concept of conservation where quantity remains the same despite appearance changes Functional Theory = Believes that language change is linked to social functions and efficiency Lexical Gaps = The need for new words to emerge in a language to maintain vocabulary stability Wave Model of Language Change = Explains language evolution as beginning fast then gradually leveling off</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following theories with their proponents:

    <p>Jean Aitchison = 'Language Change: Progress or Decay?' explores debates on language evolution Burrhus Frederic Skinner = Believes environmental factors significantly influence spoken language Guy Deutscher = Suggests predictable patterns determine language change Jean Piaget = Proposed that cognitive theories are closely linked to children's language development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages with their key features:

    <p>Early Years learning influenced by Vygotsky = 'Initiation-Response-Feedback' pattern emphasizes teacher-student interaction Cognitive development according to Piaget = 'Zone of Proximal Development' describes gap between present knowledge and future achievements Formal Operational Stage by Piaget = Involves abstract thinking and hypothetical reasoning Concrete Operational Stage characteristics = Learning conservation where quantity remains despite appearance changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

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