Japanese History: Shogunate Governance
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Questions and Answers

The officials of the shogunate received the 'majesty' equally, regardless of their rank.

False (B)

The 'Six Secret Teachings' emphasizes the importance of ‘what is right’ over profit.

False (B)

Subordinate daimyo were resistant to accepting Nobunaga because it did not serve their interests.

False (B)

The poem 'Grateful for the bounty of the ruler of the Land of the Rising Sun' expresses allegiance to the ruler.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The haiku by Bashō suggests that warriors are completely satisfied with the current state of the world.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Hume, governments primarily rely on force to maintain control.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hume believes that even the most despotic leaders must have the support of their military based on opinion.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Emperor of Rome could only control his subjects using physical violence.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Peasant uprisings primarily aimed at negotiating better terms with the daimyo, rather than instigating a revolution.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Samurai officials typically responded to peasant protests with immediate and harsh physical force.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Following the dispersal of peasant uprisings, samurai authorities often punished the village leaders but did not levy fines on the community.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Akō vendetta occurred due to a disagreement between Asano Naganori and Kira Yoshinaka in the Akō Castle.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Asano Naganori was sentenced to a public execution following his altercation with Kira Yoshinaka.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The loyal retainers of Asano killed Kira Yoshinaka two years after Asano's death.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Akō vendetta had a significant and lasting impact on the political structure of Japan during the Tokugawa period.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Kanadehon Chūshingura is a historical document detailing the events of the Akō vendetta.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term kō 公, in modern Japanese, primarily translates to 'public' in the Western sense.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Watanabe Hiroshi, kōgi 公儀 should be understood as a form of 'public authority' similar to Western concepts.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Latin term populus, from which the word 'public' derives, directly translates to 'the people' in the modern Anglo-American sense of popular sovereignty.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Latin, publicus is derived solely from the root word populus.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Republican Rome, publicus referred to actions undertaken, or expenses paid for by, the citizens.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term publicanus in Imperial Rome referred to a public official.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Habermas, the meaning of 'public' and 'publicity' remained constant and clear across historical periods.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term 'public' always implies general accessibility to everyone, irrespective of the context.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Chushingura incident is described as having a dual character of a tabloid crime and a legal dilemma.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ogyū Sorai believed the forty-six samurai's actions were not righteous because they undermined public considerations.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Confucianism, the relationship between father and son is governed by filial obligation, also known as shin.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Five Constant Virtues, rei refers to ritual propriety.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term gi can be translated as 'righteousness' or 'loyalty' in different contexts.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ogyū Sorai spells out kōgi as kōsei in the provided text.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Confucianism, the relationship between friends should be based on mutual respect.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Yamaga Sokō used the term kōgi as public deliberation, but not public righteousness.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term kōgi 公議 translates to 'public authority'.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Historians view the shift from kōgi 公儀 to kōgi 公議 as a minor adjustment in the perception of the public during the Meiji Restoration.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Yamaga Sokō was a Confucian scholar who aimed to apply Confucian principles to a society led by scholars.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Japan, the term shi 士 was interpreted as 'scholar official', similar to its meaning in China.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The term bunbu ryōbu 文武両道 refers to 'The Way of the Samurai'.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Yamaga Sokō was exiled because his ideas were associated with ‘military thought’ popular among rōnin.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Yamaga Sokō believed that farmers, artisans, and merchants were capable of fully exemplifying the Way through their occupations.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Yamaga Sokō, the samurai's primary role is to punish those who transgress moral principles.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Confucian thinkers always agree on the meaning of classical texts.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Confucian Classics are considered the word of God in the same way as the Bible or the Koran.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'Five Classics' are believed to have been created in their entirety by Confucius.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Analects contains the sayings of Mencius

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Zhu Xi led the revival of Confucianism during the Tang dynasty.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Zhu Xi's understanding of Confucianism was heavily influenced by Buddhist ideas.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The 'School of Ancient Learning' is also known as the 'Zhu Xi School'.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Confucian thought, 'rites' and 'music' are methods of governing society that are preferred over penal laws and punishments.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

天下は天下の天下なり (Tenka wa tenka no tenka nari)

The concept that the ruler's power ultimately derives from the consent of the people, not just their own strength. It emphasizes sharing the benefits of the ruler's power with the people, as opposed to solely focusing on the ruler's personal gain.

利 (Ri)

The principle of gaining and maintaining power through sharing societal benefits rather than pure force. It implies that rulers must cater to the needs of their subjects to secure their loyalty and avoid losing control.

Kōgi (public instrument)

The willingness of feudal lords (daimyo) to accept a strong central authority (like Nobunaga), despite their own power, because it serves their interests. This demonstrates the pragmatic nature of power politics where personal gain influences allegiance.

"The realm is the realm of the realm"

The idea that a ruler's authority is ultimately granted by the people and their acceptance of their rule. This signifies a shift from a purely force-based system to one influenced by popular opinion and perceived benefits.

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Opinion is the foundation of government

This statement points to the power of opinion and perception in maintaining political control, even in seemingly despotic regimes. Those in power don't necessarily rely on brute force but on cultivating a favorable public image.

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Opinion of right

A concept focusing on shared interests and collective well-being, encompassing diverse viewpoints and seeking common ground.

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Opinion of interest

A concept emphasizing individual or group self-interest often prioritizing specific needs and desires.

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Res Publica

A broad concept encompassing the affairs, concerns, and well-being of a community or state, derived from the Latin "res publica" (public affairs).

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Kōgi 公儀

A Japanese term reflecting the concept of public affairs and governance, often emphasizing the role of the shogunate in maintaining order and upholding traditions.

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Populus

The Latin word for "people", originally referring to the citizens of Rome who held political rights.

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Publicus

The Latin adjective meaning "public" or "belonging to the state", often associated with activities or resources for the benefit of the community.

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Public Sphere

The public sphere or "Öffentlichkeit" in German, encompassing spaces where public opinion is formed, discussed, and debated on matters of common interest.

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Multiplicity of Public

The blending of various historical meanings and interpretations of the term "public", contributing to a complex and multi-faceted understanding.

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Peasant Uprisings Negotiation Tactics

Peasants in Japan used a strategy of appealing to their lords' sense of benevolence and reason when protesting, rather than outright defiance.

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Samurai Reprisals

Samurai authorities employed harsh punishments to discourage future peasant uprisings, showing that even peaceful protests were not tolerated.

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Forty-Seven Rōnin

The Forty-Seven Rōnin were samurai who avenged their lord's death by killing the man responsible, despite knowing they would face severe consequences.

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Asano Naganori's Fate

Asano Naganori, the lord of Akō, was forced to commit suicide after a confrontation with Kira Yoshinaka.

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The Rōnin's Revenge

The Forty-Seven Rōnin killed Kira Yoshinaka twenty months after Asano Naganori's death.

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The Rōnin's Sentence

The Forty-Seven Rōnin were sentenced to commit seppuku, a ritual suicide, for their actions.

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Literary Adaptations of the Rōnin Story

The Forty-Seven Rōnin's acts of revenge and their subsequent deaths have been celebrated in countless literary adaptations.

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The Rōnin Story as a Reflection of Social Change

The Forty-Seven Rōnin's story reflects a period of transition for the samurai class, where their traditional warrior role was shifting towards bureaucratic positions.

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Gi 義 (Righteousness/Loyalty)

The concept of 'righteousness' in Confucianism, specifically highlighting the duty of loyalty to one's superiors, particularly in the context of feudal relationships between lord and vassal (kunshin no gi 君臣ノ義).

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The Five Relations (gorin 五倫)

A pivotal concept in Confucianism, representing the five core relationships that form the foundation of a harmonious society.

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The Five Constant Virtues (gojō 五常)

A set of five virtues central to Confucian thought, emphasizing the ideal values for a peaceful society.

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Father-Son (shin 親)

One of the Five Relations, signifying the duty of filial piety, respect, and obedience owed to one's parents.

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Ruler-Subject (gi 義)

One of the Five Relations, signifying the duty of loyalty, respect, and obedience owed by subjects to their ruler.

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Husband-Wife (betsu 別)

One of the Five Relations, emphasizing the concept of distinct roles and responsibilities within a marriage.

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Kōgi (公)義

Public righteousness or justice, particularly in the context of governing a society.

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Kōgi's Meaning Shift

The concept of 'kōgi' shifted from denoting the shogunal government's authority to representing public opinion and discussion during the Meiji Restoration.

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Yamaga Sokō's Goal

Yamaga Sokō, a Confucian scholar, sought to adapt Confucian ideals to Japanese society ruled by samurai rather than scholarly elites.

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Shi(士): Scholar or Samurai

In China, 'shi' refers to Confucian scholar-officials, but in Japan, it evolved to mean 'samurai.'

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Bunbu Ryōbu (文武両道)

The ideal of 'bunbu ryōbu' combined scholarly and warrior virtues, emphasizing the ethical responsibility of samurai.

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Rōnin (浪人)

Rōnin were masterless samurai who were seen as potentially subversive during the early Tokugawa period.

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Samurai's Social Role

According to Yamaga Sokō, samurai should uphold moral principles and act as teachers to the common people.

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Yamaga Sokō's View on Samurai

Yamaga Sokō emphasized that samurai should embody both scholarly and martial virtues.

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Textual Exegesis

The practice of interpreting texts, especially ancient ones, to uncover their "true" or "original" meaning. This process involves thoughtful discussion and debate among scholars, leading to a deeper understanding of the text.

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Five Classics

A collection of Confucian texts believed to have been edited by Confucius. These texts offer a framework for understanding Confucian thought, ethics, and governance.

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Four Books

A collection of four key Confucian texts that form the foundation of the Neo-Confucian curriculum. They include the Analects, Mencius, Great Learning, and Doctrine of the Mean.

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Zhu Xi School

The most influential school of Neo-Confucianism founded by Zhu Xi. It emphasizes the importance of reason (ri) and the natural order (li) in achieving harmony and personal fulfillment.

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Wang Yangming School

A school of Neo-Confucianism that emphasizes the ethical dimension of Confucian thought. It advocates for self-cultivation and the pursuit of virtue.

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School of Ancient Learning

A school of Confucian scholarship that emphasizes a return to the original teachings of Confucius and the ancient classics. It stresses the importance of historical accuracy and textual interpretation.

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Li (Benefit)

The principle of sharing the benefits of power with the people rather than relying solely on force. This emphasizes social harmony and the importance of meeting people's needs.

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Study Notes

Overview of Tokugawa Ieyasu's Deification

  • Tenkai, a Tendai Buddhist priest, designed a cult around Tokugawa Ieyasu.
  • Tōshōgū Shrine was built as a place of worship for Ieyasu.
  • The shrine's name, Tōshō-daigongen, translates to "Great Incarnation Shining Over the East."

Ieyasu's Testament (Tōshōgū goikun)

  • The concept of expanding oneself to fill the realm and state.
  • Comparing oneself to the realm and state to avoid wrongdoings
  • The shogun's body is the realm, and the Way of the Warrior is his mind and his vassals as his five senses.
  • Syncretistic belief combining Shinto, Buddhist, Taoist, and Confucian notions, gaining ground in the Warring States period.
  • Heaven, and not the Emperor, was seen as the source of Ieyasu's authority.

Additional Information

  • The image of Ieyasu as a powerful and divinely sanctioned ruler.
  • Ieyasu's image was used as a tool for maintaining power within the Tokugawa shogunate.
  • Hori Keizan's and Watanabe Hiroshi's commentaries reveal the methods employed to create the image of the Shogun.
  • The various strategies, rituals, and customs were meticulously planned to instill awe, obedience, and loyalty among the people.

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Explore the intricacies of shogunate governance in Japan through this quiz. Delve into the roles of officials, the resistance of subordinate daimyo, and the philosophical perspectives of figures like Hume and Bashō on authority and society. Test your understanding of the power dynamics and cultural expressions of the era.

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