Podcast
Questions and Answers
What was the primary long-term fiscal impact of Elizabeth I's financial management on her successor, James I?
What was the primary long-term fiscal impact of Elizabeth I's financial management on her successor, James I?
- Elizabeth's system of granting monopolies and poorly managing Crown properties created a precedent of fiscal mismanagement that James I could not reverse.
- Elizabeth's accumulation of substantial reserves in the Treasury provided James I with a strong financial foundation for his early reign.
- Elizabeth's successful peacetime economic policies ensured long-term structural surpluses, enabling James I to undertake ambitious public works projects.
- Elizabeth left a moderate debt, but more importantly, ingrained lax financial oversight and an unsustainable reliance on unpredictable revenue sources that proved challenging for James I. (correct)
Based on historical precedent and immediate policy implementations at the beginning of his reign, James I's initial approach to religious tolerance was strict and unwavering, with consistent enforcement of recusancy laws from the outset.
Based on historical precedent and immediate policy implementations at the beginning of his reign, James I's initial approach to religious tolerance was strict and unwavering, with consistent enforcement of recusancy laws from the outset.
False (B)
Explain the constitutional significance of Bate's Case (1606) in relation to the evolving powers of the monarchy and Parliament.
Explain the constitutional significance of Bate's Case (1606) in relation to the evolving powers of the monarchy and Parliament.
Bate's Case established the precedent that the King had the right to regulate trade for the security of the realm; this was then used to justify extra-parliamentary impositions which threatened Parliamentary solvency and its constitutional authority over taxation.
The Great Contract of 1610 ultimately failed because Parliament found they would lose £115k per year, leaving a non-inflating sum of only ______ annually, seen as insufficient compensation for the concessions demanded from the Crown.
The Great Contract of 1610 ultimately failed because Parliament found they would lose £115k per year, leaving a non-inflating sum of only ______ annually, seen as insufficient compensation for the concessions demanded from the Crown.
Match the following individuals with their respective roles or actions during the reign of James I.
Match the following individuals with their respective roles or actions during the reign of James I.
How did the circumstances surrounding the marriage of Elizabeth, daughter of James I, to Frederick V, Elector Palatinate, contribute to the complexities of James I's foreign policy?
How did the circumstances surrounding the marriage of Elizabeth, daughter of James I, to Frederick V, Elector Palatinate, contribute to the complexities of James I's foreign policy?
The Addled Parliament of 1614 was primarily deemed a success for James I due to its efficient handling of royal finances and its ability to address key issues such as impositions and the Spanish Match.
The Addled Parliament of 1614 was primarily deemed a success for James I due to its efficient handling of royal finances and its ability to address key issues such as impositions and the Spanish Match.
Critically assess the impact of the Overbury Affair on the political landscape of the Jacobean court.
Critically assess the impact of the Overbury Affair on the political landscape of the Jacobean court.
The appointment of Lionel Cranfield as master of the wardrobe, with the stipulation that he could keep anything saved past ______, reflects James I's attempts to impose fiscal discipline, albeit within a system still susceptible to corruption.
The appointment of Lionel Cranfield as master of the wardrobe, with the stipulation that he could keep anything saved past ______, reflects James I's attempts to impose fiscal discipline, albeit within a system still susceptible to corruption.
Match each event with its corresponding year during the reign of James I.
Match each event with its corresponding year during the reign of James I.
What was the central constitutional issue raised by Parliament's reaction to James I's initial handling of Sir Francis Goodwin's election in Buckinghamshire?
What was the central constitutional issue raised by Parliament's reaction to James I's initial handling of Sir Francis Goodwin's election in Buckinghamshire?
James I's intervention in the Thirty Years' War, especially regarding the Palatinate, was widely supported by English Protestants and Parliament due to its decisive and effective defense of Protestant interests.
James I's intervention in the Thirty Years' War, especially regarding the Palatinate, was widely supported by English Protestants and Parliament due to its decisive and effective defense of Protestant interests.
Evaluate the impact of the Hampton Court Conference (1604) on the relationship between James I and the Puritan faction within the Church of England.
Evaluate the impact of the Hampton Court Conference (1604) on the relationship between James I and the Puritan faction within the Church of England.
Cecil's Book of ______ aimed to prevent the dissipation of Crown resources, highlighting growing concerns over royal profligacy and its impact on the Crown's financial stability.
Cecil's Book of ______ aimed to prevent the dissipation of Crown resources, highlighting growing concerns over royal profligacy and its impact on the Crown's financial stability.
Match each individual with their role in the events surrounding the Gunpowder Plot of 1605.
Match each individual with their role in the events surrounding the Gunpowder Plot of 1605.
How did Charles I's approach to foreign policy and intervention in conflicts like the Thirty Years' War differ from that of his father, James I, and what implications did these differences have for English politics and society?
How did Charles I's approach to foreign policy and intervention in conflicts like the Thirty Years' War differ from that of his father, James I, and what implications did these differences have for English politics and society?
According to accepted historiography, Charles I's primary motivation for dissolving Parliament in 1629 was solely due to their criticism of Buckingham, with religious matters playing a negligible role in his decision.
According to accepted historiography, Charles I's primary motivation for dissolving Parliament in 1629 was solely due to their criticism of Buckingham, with religious matters playing a negligible role in his decision.
Analyze the long-term consequences of Charles I's decision to enforce recusancy laws during the second session of Parliament in 1629.
Analyze the long-term consequences of Charles I's decision to enforce recusancy laws during the second session of Parliament in 1629.
Charles I's 'Thorough' policy, spearheaded by Strafford and Laud, aimed to enforce unpopular policies by making unpaid local officials accountable, instilling in them a greater fear of the ______ than of their neighbors' disapproval.
Charles I's 'Thorough' policy, spearheaded by Strafford and Laud, aimed to enforce unpopular policies by making unpaid local officials accountable, instilling in them a greater fear of the ______ than of their neighbors' disapproval.
Match each figure with their role or position in relation to Charles I's religious policies.
Match each figure with their role or position in relation to Charles I's religious policies.
What was the fundamental difference in perspective between Charles I and Parliament regarding the Petition of Right (1628), and how did this difference influence subsequent events?
What was the fundamental difference in perspective between Charles I and Parliament regarding the Petition of Right (1628), and how did this difference influence subsequent events?
The primary objective of Ship Money under Charles I was solely to modernize the Royal Navy, with no intent to establish a permanent, independent source of royal revenue.
The primary objective of Ship Money under Charles I was solely to modernize the Royal Navy, with no intent to establish a permanent, independent source of royal revenue.
Explain the circumstances surrounding the Saint Gregory's Test Case (1633) and its implications for religious uniformity under Charles I and Archbishop Laud.
Explain the circumstances surrounding the Saint Gregory's Test Case (1633) and its implications for religious uniformity under Charles I and Archbishop Laud.
Charles I's attempts to exert greater control over local government through the Book of ______ alienated local governors by establishing oversight of local JPs and their enforcement of law and order.
Charles I's attempts to exert greater control over local government through the Book of ______ alienated local governors by establishing oversight of local JPs and their enforcement of law and order.
Match the following figures with their roles in the events leading up to the English Civil War.
Match the following figures with their roles in the events leading up to the English Civil War.
What specific actions undertaken by Charles I after the dissolution of Parliament in 1640 contributed most significantly to the escalation of tensions and the outbreak of the First English Civil War?
What specific actions undertaken by Charles I after the dissolution of Parliament in 1640 contributed most significantly to the escalation of tensions and the outbreak of the First English Civil War?
Following the dissolution of Parliament in 1640, Charles I established and maintained a long-term, stable system of governance through effectively utilizing prerogative courts and revenue-generating mechanisms such as Ship Money.
Following the dissolution of Parliament in 1640, Charles I established and maintained a long-term, stable system of governance through effectively utilizing prerogative courts and revenue-generating mechanisms such as Ship Money.
Evaluate the extent to which the Irish Rebellion of 1641 influenced the political climate in England and contributed to the outbreak of the English Civil War.
Evaluate the extent to which the Irish Rebellion of 1641 influenced the political climate in England and contributed to the outbreak of the English Civil War.
The ______ Petition, presented to Parliament in 1641, called for the abolition of episcopacy and reflected growing Puritan discontent with the existing structure of the Church of England.
The ______ Petition, presented to Parliament in 1641, called for the abolition of episcopacy and reflected growing Puritan discontent with the existing structure of the Church of England.
Match the following key events in 1641 with their significance in escalating tensions between Charles I and Parliament.
Match the following key events in 1641 with their significance in escalating tensions between Charles I and Parliament.
How did Parliament's decision to issue the Nineteen Propositions in June 1642 fundamentally alter the balance of power between the Crown and Parliament, and what were the long-term implications of this shift?
How did Parliament's decision to issue the Nineteen Propositions in June 1642 fundamentally alter the balance of power between the Crown and Parliament, and what were the long-term implications of this shift?
The primary reason for Parliament's financial success during the English Civil War was their unwavering adherence to traditional methods of taxation and finance which led to economic prosperity.
The primary reason for Parliament's financial success during the English Civil War was their unwavering adherence to traditional methods of taxation and finance which led to economic prosperity.
Analyze the significance of the Solemn League and Covenant (1643) in shifting the dynamics of the English Civil War.
Analyze the significance of the Solemn League and Covenant (1643) in shifting the dynamics of the English Civil War.
The Self-Denying Ordinance and New Model Ordinance of 1645 were designed to remove ineffective leaders and professionalize the Parliamentary army, centralizing it under Fairfax with Cromwell controlling the ______.
The Self-Denying Ordinance and New Model Ordinance of 1645 were designed to remove ineffective leaders and professionalize the Parliamentary army, centralizing it under Fairfax with Cromwell controlling the ______.
Match each battle with its significance during the English Civil War.
Match each battle with its significance during the English Civil War.
What fundamental shift in political alignment and ideology is signified by the Army's capture of Charles I in June 1647, and what immediate consequences did this action have for the trajectory of the English Revolution?
What fundamental shift in political alignment and ideology is signified by the Army's capture of Charles I in June 1647, and what immediate consequences did this action have for the trajectory of the English Revolution?
Charles I's unwavering commitment to Presbyterianism following his surrender to the Scots greatly facilitated negotiations for a peaceful settlement between the Crown and Parliament.
Charles I's unwavering commitment to Presbyterianism following his surrender to the Scots greatly facilitated negotiations for a peaceful settlement between the Crown and Parliament.
Assess the significance of the Putney Debates (1647) in shaping the political and ideological divisions within the New Model Army and the broader English Revolution.
Assess the significance of the Putney Debates (1647) in shaping the political and ideological divisions within the New Model Army and the broader English Revolution.
Pride's Purge in December 1648 involved excluding 140 MPs and arresting 45 in order to create a ______ of 211 MPs to support the Army's agenda and the trial of Charles I.
Pride's Purge in December 1648 involved excluding 140 MPs and arresting 45 in order to create a ______ of 211 MPs to support the Army's agenda and the trial of Charles I.
Match the following radical groups of the English Interregnum with their defining beliefs or goals.
Match the following radical groups of the English Interregnum with their defining beliefs or goals.
What was the fundamental justification used by the Rump Parliament to establish a High Court of Justice to try Charles I, and what implications did this decision have for the future of English constitutionalism?
What was the fundamental justification used by the Rump Parliament to establish a High Court of Justice to try Charles I, and what implications did this decision have for the future of English constitutionalism?
Cromwell's primary objective in Ireland was to promote religious toleration and reconciliation between the Protestant and Catholic populations.
Cromwell's primary objective in Ireland was to promote religious toleration and reconciliation between the Protestant and Catholic populations.
Explain the circumstances of the Battle of Dunbar (1650) and its significance for Cromwell's career and the consolidation of the Commonwealth.
Explain the circumstances of the Battle of Dunbar (1650) and its significance for Cromwell's career and the consolidation of the Commonwealth.
The Navigation Act of 1651 aimed to promote English shipping and trade by forcing imports to be admitted only in British ships and authorizing the Commonwealth to regulate England's ______ trade.
The Navigation Act of 1651 aimed to promote English shipping and trade by forcing imports to be admitted only in British ships and authorizing the Commonwealth to regulate England's ______ trade.
Match the following events or developments during the Interregnum with their broader significance for English history.
Match the following events or developments during the Interregnum with their broader significance for English history.
Flashcards
1570: Papal Bull
1570: Papal Bull
Papal bull excommunicated Elizabeth and her subjects, leaving them looking to Spain for liberation.
James I's Inheritance
James I's Inheritance
James I inherited a stable state but quickly increased spending, facing rising London unemployment.
James I on Recusancy
James I on Recusancy
James I initially reduced Catholic penalties, later enforcing them to appease Protestants and Parliament.
Treaty of London (1604)
Treaty of London (1604)
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Hampton Court Conference
Hampton Court Conference
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James I's Divine Right
James I's Divine Right
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Gunpowder Plot (1605)
Gunpowder Plot (1605)
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Bate's Case
Bate's Case
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Oath of Allegiance (1606)
Oath of Allegiance (1606)
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The Great Contract (1610)
The Great Contract (1610)
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Spanish Match
Spanish Match
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Addled Parliament (1614)
Addled Parliament (1614)
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Rise of Buckingham
Rise of Buckingham
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Monopolies (1621)
Monopolies (1621)
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HOC Protestation
HOC Protestation
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Trip to Madrid (1623)
Trip to Madrid (1623)
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Appropriations Clause (1624)
Appropriations Clause (1624)
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Charles I and TaP
Charles I and TaP
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Buckingham Impeachment
Buckingham Impeachment
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Forced loan (1626)
Forced loan (1626)
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5 knight's habeas corpus
5 knight's habeas corpus
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Petition of Right (1628)
Petition of Right (1628)
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Criticizing Buckingham/Religion
Criticizing Buckingham/Religion
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HOC and Religion
HOC and Religion
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Charles was short (1629)
Charles was short (1629)
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Leighton's plea
Leighton's plea
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'Thorough' plan (1631)
'Thorough' plan (1631)
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Edinburgh coronation (1633)
Edinburgh coronation (1633)
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Laud's altar move
Laud's altar move
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Charles Ship money (1635)
Charles Ship money (1635)
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Hampden refuses ship money (1637)
Hampden refuses ship money (1637)
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Royal Proclamation (1637)
Royal Proclamation (1637)
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1st Bishop's War
1st Bishop's War
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2nd bishop's war
2nd bishop's war
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Star chamber
Star chamber
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Irish Rebellion (1641)
Irish Rebellion (1641)
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Charles accused HOC
Charles accused HOC
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19 propositions
19 propositions
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Edgehill outcome
Edgehill outcome
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Assessment ordinance (1643)
Assessment ordinance (1643)
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Solemn league
Solemn league
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Study Notes
- In 1570, a papal bull excommunicated Elizabeth and her subjects, who were hopeful Spain would liberate them.
- Queen Elizabeth I left £90,000 in the Treasury upon her death in 1603, along with a £400,000 debt that was offset by loans and an uncollected subsidy.
- James I knighted 46 people before breakfast on his way from Scotland and relied on Robert Cecil/Salisbury for a smooth transition of power.
- James I's expectations of wealth were high upon his arrival in England, comparing it to arriving at "the land of promise" after wandering for 40 years.
- London's population doubled from 200,000 to 400,000 between 1600 and 1650 due to plague death rates falling faster than agricultural production, leading to unemployment.
- James I spent £400,000 and covered Lord Hay's debt after a 12-day banquet that included 30 cooks and £2,200 worth of food.
- 146 Catholics had been executed for being or sheltering priests since 1586 due to recusancy.
- James I initially reduced recusancy fines to a quarter of their previous level, stating, "Persecute none that will be quiet and give an outward obedience to the law".
- The Millenary Petition, signed by 1,000 Puritan ministers, called for changes after years of no reform.
- James I inherited a strong Protestant state, a war with Spain, a Protestant Danish wife, and calls for assistance from German Princes and an alliance with the Dutch.
- The Treaty of London ended 16 years of war with Spain in 1604.
- Corruption was tolerated under James I, with Buckingham gaining a worth of £400 and Cranfield's £90,000 wealth being taxed just £150.
- James I ordered all priests and Jesuits out of the country and collected recusancy in full due to Protestant opposition to tolerance.
- Parliament's statute called for the "due execution of the statutes" against "any manner of recusants".
- The Hampton Court Conference included anti-Calvinists, 5 moderate Puritans, and several Bishops to discuss the Millenary Petition, addressing pluralism, neglect of parishes, and low stipends.
- James I conceded to no bowing at Jesus' name and authorized the King James Bible to appease Puritans over fears of Catholic practices.
- James I rejected changes to pluralism, the Book of Common Prayer, the sign of the cross in baptism, vestments, or any Presbyterian model, stating, "No Bishop No King!".
- The election of Sir Francis Goodwin in Buckinghamshire was invalidated due to debts, and he was replaced by Privy Councillor John Fortescue, infringing on the HOC's right to manage elections.
- James I declared both elections invalid and arranged a new election to avoid appearing as though he was manipulating Parliament.
- James I declared both as invalid, and arranged a new election to avoid appearing as though he was 'packing Parliament'.
- James I proclaimed himself 'King of Great Britain' when HOC refused a name change.
- Robert Catesby and gentry recusants organized the Gunpowder Plot in 1606, which James I recognized as a minority opinion.
- Catholics were forbidden to live in or near London, hold office, and faced increased recusancy, with James I only harshly enforcing penal law before Parliament was called.
- An £816,000 debt was partially addressed in 1606 when the 2nd session passed £400,000 by one vote.
- Bate's Case led to a ruling that the King regulated trade for security, threatening the solvency/end of Parliaments.
- The Oath of Allegiance denied papal authority to depose kings and rejected papal leadership, but James I allowed Catholics to remain if they were discreet.
- The Book of Rates in 1608 extended impositions to 1,400 items, bringing in an additional £70,000 annually, with James I also relying on monopolies.
- Cecil's Book of Bounty prohibited Crown Gifts of major land, impositions, or customs, leading James I to pay courtiers in cash.
- Cecil facilitated James I giving a forfeited Sherborne manor to Robert Carr.
- James I gave £36,000 to courtiers in 4 months in 1610, despite wardship being worth just £65,000 per year.
- Cecil negotiated a Great Contract of £200,000 per year and a £600,000 lump sum to cover debts in exchange for wardship, purveyance, and feudal tenures.
- James I agreed not to issue new extraparliamentary impositions, and Parliament agreed to an annual grant and £100,000.
- The Court estimated a loss of £115,000 per year, leaving a non-inflating £85,000 per year.
- James I prorogued the Parliament and dissolved it the next year, refusing to sell off Crown powers themselves.
- Cecil earned £1,400 from a wardship from which the Crown received just £370.
- James I appointed Puritan George Abbot as Archbishop of Canterbury.
- £85,000 was spent on jewels since 1603, and Lord Treasurer Salisbury died, leading to poor finances.
- Prince Henry died at 18 in 1612, making Charles the heir, who was less educated, energetic, and committed to Protestantism.
- Elizabeth married Elector Palatinate, Frederick 5th of the Palatinate, in 1613, who was the leader of the Protestant League and a Calvinist.
- The Spanish Match was proposed to balance James I, with Philip III offering a £600,000 dowry for Maria Anna.
- Pro-Spain Howard family controlled most major offices and opposed summoning Parliament, while the Earl of Southampton led a Protestant faction seeking frequent Parliaments.
- James I spent £522,000 in 1614 and sold new 'baronets,' saturating the market; prices fell from £1,095 to £220 by 1622.
- Suffolk became Treasurer, built Audley End Manor for £80,000, and increased the debt from £500,000 to £900,000.
- William Cockayne persuaded James I to prohibit the export of unfinished goods to increase employment and customs; Dutch found new sources, and exports fell by a third in two years.
- The 8-week Addled Parliament in 1614 lacked direction and discussed impositions and monopolies, prerogative devices, while James I was short of money.
- Rumors spread by the Howard faction of 'undertaking', twisting James' meetings with MPs to suggest he was bribing them.
- Fears of James I subordinating Parliament by infringing on freedom of speech disrupted the 'Parliament of love'.
- In 1615, the Earl of Pembroke and Archbishop of Canterbury introduced George Villiers to displace Howard-aligned Carr.
- The annulment of the Earl of Essex's marriage to marry Robert Carr and the accusation that they colluded to poison Essex in the Overbury Affair led to convictions, commuted death sentences, and exile from Court.
- Suffolk was convicted of embezzlement in 1618, and Lionel Cranfield was appointed master of the wardrobe.
- Evangelizing Catholic Ferdinand sent advisors to Prague to address the Bohemian Noblemen, who defenestrated two of his advisors.
- James I dined with Count Gondomar, who exaggerated the prospects of a Spanish Match; James I supported Arminianism for their support of royal prerogative.
- Ferdinand became the new Holy Roman Empire in 1619, but Protestant Nobles elected Frederick, beginning the Confessional Thirty Years War.
- James I told Frederick not to accept the crown, but he did before James I's advice reached him.
- Spanish and Bavarian troops occupied the Palatinate after the Battle of the White Mountain in 1620.
- In 1621, TaP was worth triple the revenue from Crown Lands, and Cranfield demanded an end to pensions.
- James I directed Sir Edward Coke to draft the monopolies bill, but Parliament returned with concerns about the Spanish Match and the lack of an heir to Charles.
- HOC granted just £140,000 to James I, and HOC's Protestation petitioned the Prince of Wales to marry one of his own religion.
- James I ordered the HOC journal and physically ripped out the Protestation.
- James I resisted Huguenot calls for him to intervene against Louis XIII's persecution.
- James I gave William Laud the Bishopric of St David's for Spanish support.
- The Trip to Madrid in 1623 revealed Maria Anna was slated to marry France's King.
- Charles and Buckingham aligned with HOC and HOL by arguing for a naval war to take possessions from Spanish trade to the New World.
- James I passed the Statute of Monopolies in 1624 and allowed Cranfield to be impeached for suggesting the Spanish Match could clear £290,000 debt.
- HOC feared solvency and attached the Appropriations Clause to set up the Committee of War.
- The Mansfeld Expedition in 1624 set off to help in the Palatinate, but most deserted or died of dysentery.
- Richard Montagu published 'A new gag for an old goose', criticizing predestination from an Anti-Calvinist view, which James recalled and burned.
- James I died in 1625, and Charles called Parliament at Oxford, knowing they would soon be prorogued and called to Whitehall.
- Charles argued he acted in line with the previous Parliament and blamed "fiery spirits" for the failure of the 1625 Parliament,
- Buckingham's Cadiz landing failed as the men drank vats of wine in a barn.
- Buckingham's negotiations with Cardinal Richelieu involved 40 priests for a Catholic chapel open to the public, and English ships were loaned to fight Huguenots at La Rochelle.
- Montagu's Apello Caesarum got him made Royal Chaplain despite greater criticism of predestination, for which Parliament had called for impeachment.
- Charles pricked Wentworth, Coke, and Seymour into sheriffs for the new Parliament in 1626, and Eliot created the HOC Committee for Evils, Causes, and Remedies who called the Committee of War
- The HOC pledged ample supply if given a chance to reveal evils; Charles imprisoned Arundel for letting his son marry a royal ward without royal assent.
- Eliot called out proceeding for Montagu and Buckingham for impeachment, after which Eliot and Digges were Towered, and then HOC struck and made grants dependent on removing Buckingham.
- Charles dissolved Parliament and made Buckingham Chancellor of Cambridge University.
- Charles attempted a Benevolence gift of money, but it was minimal, then called a Forced Loan worth 5 parliamentary subsidies, after which 5 Knights sued under habeas corpus after being imprisoned for refusing to pay.
- Buckingham chaired the York House Conference and Laud was given the Bishopric of Bath and Wells.
- Judges ruled in 1627 that imprisonment per special mandatum domoni regis allowed refusal of bail.
- Charles raised a City of London loan for £350,000 worth of Crown lands and ordered the use of billeting.
- Buckingham's Rhé expedition brought ladders too short to scale the citadel walls.
- Charles and HOC compromised in 1628 to legally end extraparliamentary tax, which Charles initially had inadequate response without le roit le veut, and causeless imprisonment.
- Parliament wanted to confirm traditional liberties, Charles saw trustless innovation and feared the Petition as Written Constitution.
- Charles removed the statute number, printed versions with both responses, dissolved Parliament after 5 subsidies, but not TaP, and wanted to avoid a 2nd Remonstrance criticising religious innovations, lax recusancy, and Buckingham.
- Montagu was made Bishop of Chichester and Laud was made Bishop of London.
- In 1629, Charles called to enforce recusancy and readmitted Puritan Abbot to the Privy Council and unanimously resolved religion should be above all business.
- The Speaker was held to his chair for John Eliot to call out 3 resolutions condemning religious innovation, extraparliamentary customs, and Arminianism, after which Charles treated with France, dissolved Parliament, and warned to yield to royal prerogatives.
- Lord Treasurer Weston watched £260,000 Royal Household cost 40% income, which was weak because land was sold, TaP was not approved, so Charles was short.
- The Treaty of Madrid in 1630 got Philip IV's written promise to restore the Palatinate, ending England's involvement in Europe.
- Charles threatened use of Regal power and prerogative… to force forward adverse men to give way for public good to help commissioners drain the fenlands, after which his revenue became 2/3 customs.
- Attorney General William Noy found forgotten laws for fiscal feudalism so Charles gave companies monopolies, not individuals, and all men with £40+ income to be knighted were summoned.
- Leighton's Sion's Plea Against Prelacy led to a heavy fine and physical mutilation and the Puritan Network formed in the forums of the Providence Island Company; they produced no written records of the meetings.
- Strafford and Laud believed Charles suffered disloyalty in 1631, so Thorough was a plan to make officials accountable through a Book of Orders and Reports to Privy Council from JP's .
- Wentworth became Lord Deputy to Ireland in 1632, demanding subservience to the Crown, refusing New English profit at Crown expense, pressure on candidate choices, and bringing authoritarianism.
- Wentworth's promise of the Graces got him six subsidies for cutting deficit, but he allied with Protestants, took livings of non-conformists, and made religious policy to alleviate the poverty of the clergy.
- In 1633, Charles' Edingburgh coronation service was English but seemed Catholic.
- Laud translated to Canterbury and Laud sat on both Prerogative Courts to enforce reform, offended Puritans with the Book of Sports, used levys restore St. Paul's Cathedral, and dissolved Puritan Impropriations.
- In 1635, Ship money was imposed and Biship Juxon was made Lord Treasurer.
- In 1636, Catholics Cottingo and Windebank were appointed to office who were known from papal envoys, after which ordinary revenue averaged £900,000.
- In 1637, Prynne, Burton, and Bastick published criticized the Church and were tried by the Star Chamber and hampden refused to pay tax money, test case saw 5 judges rule unfavourably, and collection fell by 20%
- Laud standardised pew size and imposed the Scottish Prayer Book standard which sparked riots that Covenanters swore purity of religion.
- Charles proclaimed protest to the Book treasonous in 1638, made to swear the true religion, and forced loyalty to church or the king.
- The 1st Anglo-Scottish Bishops' War in 1639 was expected to be a quick victory.
- Berwick upon Tweed acknowledged Scotts, and Berwick conceded Church and Parliament.
- There was slow tax collection and a 1639-1640 tax revolt.
- Charles, the king, enforced recusancy fines, readmitted abbot, took three positions with a three resoultion religion above the king.
- Charles agreed to negotiate with three requirements, but refused to do so because if was to long with too many issues in order to reslove
- After his dissolusion, the convocation produced canons with the etcétera oath assusring church safety while being concerned about clerical influence to government
- The Scotts invaded Northunmberland for with Pym that broke to the second bishops war.
- The trial went against Charles and the extraparlimanetnary tar was abolished.
- The Irish rebellion created much rumors and it made the king agree with the new officers.
- Charles wanted a peaceful country but did not take sides.
- Parliament was forced to be responsible for everything and military officers were forced to be loyal or be killed.
- Charles sent letters for his people and the houses were not to be trusted.
- Committee of safety raised armies against anyone.
- 24 counties declared for parliament and 11 for charles in terms of safety.
- Essex gave Cornwall back to to the general and Charles took back the title.
- In 1644 Essex created a new command centre
- The self deniying ordinace gave officers time to go and new model ordinanice took place
- A battle took place after Nseby after new plans were formed
- Lilburue and the new conergational church were being formed
- The persybtarien parliament dominated most of the country
- Charles judged no one but didn't let anyone be left out as well.
- The independent army caputyred charles because no on liked parliaments peacfullness.
- Charlies wrote letters about it
- The settlement radiaclized the army
- Cromwell offered everything and that led to another march
- Charles still kept negotiating between others
- Charles was taken to court for this crime
- peace between country was impossible since they were talking charles fault and
- The war was inevitable after so many years
- Charles got another court case for not helping or doing anything
- The country made a compromise to accept his new responses to settle cases
- No matter what any one tried everything crumbled
- The officers was worried about crimes commited
- After many days charles could not change
- Cromwell and lilburne could not agree on their actions.
- They set a court with people to try the king
- Cromweell was the leader of one the war
- Cromwell was to leave and the army was doing terrible
- He ended up having a new bill with all the new people and officers
- They took the time into conisderation and there was bad vibes but there was bad blood
- When he was doing good the army told him they did not like it because they wanted more so he left it
- They had 5 bad points on one place
- The man wanted suffrage for all.
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