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Questions and Answers
What type of cable is twisted together for telephone and network connections?
What is the primary use of Coaxial Cable?
Computer networks and cable television delivery.
Fiber-Optic Cable is used for low-speed communications.
False
Which type of wireless technology is used for cellular radio transmissions?
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What does TCP stand for in TCP/IP?
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HTTP and HTTPS are used to transfer files over the Internet.
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Which protocol is used for sending emails?
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What is a network?
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What is Power over Ethernet (PoE)?
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What is Wi-Fi based on?
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What is the largest computer network in the world?
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Which of the following is one of the first networks?
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Match the following wireless standards with their descriptions:
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What is a network adapter also known as?
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What does GPS stand for?
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Which of the following describes a Peer-to-Peer (P2P) network?
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Which networking technology/application are commonly used for COVID-19 contact tracing?
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Which wireless technology is used to control lightsticks in concerts?
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A personal area network (PAN) connects devices located further than 10 meters apart.
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What is a VPN?
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What is bandwidth?
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Match the following network types with their characteristics:
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Study Notes
Learning Objectives
- Define a computer network as a collection of connected devices sharing resources and data.
- Identify various applications of computer networks including telecommunication, GPS, and multimedia delivery.
- Understand network characteristics like architecture and size.
- Explore data transmission attributes, including types and timings.
- Differentiate between wired and wireless networking media.
- Recognize common communications protocols and networking standards.
- List networking hardware types and their functions.
What Is a Network?
- A network connects objects or people, while a computer network specifically links computers and hardware for data sharing and communication.
- Networks can be small private setups or expansive systems such as the Internet.
- Essential for business operations.
Networking Applications
- The Internet is the largest network worldwide.
- Telephone systems, including POTS, remain crucial for landline communication.
- Mobile phones operate on wireless networks; they connect to cell towers or switch between cellular and Wi-Fi networks.
Specific Applications
- Satellite phones utilize satellite communication, often by people in remote areas.
- Television and radio broadcasting networks deliver content to audiences through various systems.
- GPS applications leverage satellites to determine geographic locations, aiding various professions like surveying and military operations.
Monitoring Systems
- RFID-based and GPS-based monitoring help track the status and location of objects, including in healthcare and child safety.
- Sensors enable networks for home automation, enhancing convenience.
Multimedia Networking
- Distributes digital content via home networks; multimedia devices may require additional receivers.
- Placeshifting content allows viewing media from different locations (e.g., Plex).
Collaborative Technologies
- Videoconferencing integrates computers, cameras, and microphones for remote meetings.
- Collaborative computing fosters teamwork via project management tools (e.g., Jira, Asana).
- Telecommuting allows remote work, enhancing flexibility and productivity.
Telemedicine
- Networking advancements enable remote medical services, such as monitoring and consultations, facilitating long-distance surgical procedures.
Network Characteristics
- Wired Networks: Involve physical connections via cables; commonly found in institutional settings.
- Wireless Networks: Use radio waves for connectivity without cables; prevalent in various environments.
Network Architectures
- Client-Server Networks consist of clients requesting services from dedicated servers.
- Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Networks operate without a central server, enabling direct user connections.
Network Size and Coverage
- Personal Area Networks (PANs): Link personal devices within a short range.
- Local Area Networks (LANs): Connect devices in a limited geographical area.
- Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs): Cover a city or larger community.
- Wide Area Networks (WANs): Connect LANs over vast distances.
Intranets and Extranets
- Intranet: A private network for internal organizational use, resembling the Internet.
- Extranet: A network reaching authorized external users beyond the organization.
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
- Establish secure communication paths over the Internet, incorporating tunneling and encryption technologies.
Data Transmission Characteristics
- Bandwidth: Amount of data transfer achievable in a timeframe (measured in bps, Kbps, Mbps, Gbps).
- Signal Types: Analog signals have continuous waves; digital signals are represented by discrete states (0s and 1s).
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Transmission Types:
- Serial: One bit transmitted at a time.
- Parallel: Multiple bits sent simultaneously, primarily within computers.
Data Flow Methods
- Synchronous Transmission: Regular data blocks transfer.
- Asynchronous Transmission: Data sent based on readiness.
- Half-Duplex: Data travels both ways, but not simultaneously.
- Full-Duplex: Simultaneous two-way communication.
Delivery Methods
- Circuit-switching: A dedicated path established for data transfer.
- Packet-switching: Data divided into packets for independent routing.
- Broadcasting: Data sent to all nodes, retrieved by intended recipients.
Networking Media
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Wired Media:
- Twisted-pair cables connect LANs and telephone systems.
- Coaxial cables support computer networking and cable TV.
- Fiber-optic cables enable high-speed data transmission through light signals.
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Wireless Media: Data transmitted via radio waves for Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular networks, with other technologies employing microwaves and infrared for specific applications.### Wireless Networking Media
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Cellular radio utilizes cellular towers arranged in a honeycomb pattern for efficient coverage.
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Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO) manages call routing between cell towers and phones.
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Transmission speed varies based on the cellular standard in use.
Microwave and Satellite Transmissions
- Microwaves are high-frequency radio signals operating up to a 30-mile range between earth-based stations.
- Satellite dishes are specialized stations for communication with satellites (e.g., TV and Internet).
Infrared (IR) Transmissions
- Data is transmitted using infrared light rays, requiring a clear line of sight.
- Many devices previously using IR now utilize RF technology for better connectivity.
Communications Protocols
- Protocols are rules governing communication processes between devices.
- Standards provide criteria for connectivity and communication in networking.
TCP/IP
- TCP/IP, the most widely used communication protocol, consists of Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol.
- TCP ensures data delivery, while IP handles addressing and routing.
- Packet switching is used for data transmission; adoption is universal in operating systems.
Other Communication Protocols
- HTTP and HTTPS facilitate webpage display.
- FTP is utilized for file transfers over the Internet.
- SMTP and POP3 manage email delivery.
Ethernet (802.3)
- Ethernet (802.3) is the principal standard for wired networking, prominent in Local Area Networks (LANs).
- Common cabling types include twisted-pair, coaxial, and fiber-optic.
- Variants include Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, and 10 Gigabit Ethernet.
Power over Ethernet (PoE)
- PoE enables the transmission of data and electrical power over Ethernet cables, simplifying device installation in remote areas.
Wi-Fi (802.11)
- Wi-Fi standards (802.11 family) are the current technology for wireless networks in homes and offices.
- Transmission range and speed are affected by physical obstructions and interference.
WiMAX (802.16)
- WiMAX is designed for longer-range connections, suitable for Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs).
- Fixed WiMAX offers Internet access from set locations, covering areas up to 6 miles.
Cellular Standards
- Cellular evolution:
- 1G: Analog system for voice only.
- 2G: Digital voice and data.
- 3G: Speeds 1-4 Mbps, using packet switching.
- 4G: Speeds between 3-15 Mbps.
Short-Range Wireless Standards
- Bluetooth enables short-range connections; Bluetooth 4.0 focuses on low energy consumption.
- Wireless USB connects peripheral devices wirelessly.
Smart Homes
- Home automation utilizes Bluetooth and Wi-Fi for controlling smart devices like locks and thermostats.
- Smart locks can be operated through proximity sensors.
Networking Hardware
- Network Adapter connects computers to networks; often referred to as NIC when using expansion cards.
- Modem acts as a communication interface over analog media.
Networking Devices
- Switches connect wired devices, directing data to intended recipients, unlike hubs, which broadcast to all.
- Routers connect different networks, ensuring data is routed appropriately.
- Wireless Access Points expand network access to wireless devices.
Other Networking Devices
- Wireless Routers combine wired and wireless functionalities within the same device.
- Bridges connect two LANs, with potential wireless links.
- Repeaters amplify signals, while Range Extenders enhance wireless coverage.
- Antennas are used for radio signal transmission, measurable in decibels (dB).
Networking Applications
- Include the Internet, telephone services, broadcasting, GPS, monitoring, multimedia networking, videoconferencing, telemedicine, and collaborative computing.
Networking Characteristics
- Types include wired vs. wireless, various architectures (client-server, P2P), and different network sizes (PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN).
Data Transmission Characteristics
- Key concepts include bandwidth, signal types, transmission methods (serial vs. parallel), and circuit vs. packet switching.
Communication Protocols and Standards
- Important protocols include TCP/IP, HTTP/HTTPS, FTP, and email protocols (SMTP, POP3).
- Standards encompass Ethernet, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, Bluetooth, and Wireless USB.
Networking Hardware Overview
- Hardware essentials encompass Network Adapters for connectivity and various other devices for managing and extending network access.
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Description
Test your understanding of computer networks in this quiz based on ITEC 101. Explore the definitions, purposes, characteristics, and types of networking media. This quiz will help reinforce your knowledge of how data travels over different network architectures.
