Podcast
Questions and Answers
What was the initial appeal of Italian immigrants to Louisiana in the late 19th century?
What was the initial appeal of Italian immigrants to Louisiana in the late 19th century?
- Their advanced agricultural techniques that promised to revolutionize farming in the South.
- They were seen as a solution to the labor shortage and a means to reinforce white dominance. (correct)
- Their financial resources and willingness to invest in the Louisiana economy.
- Their willingness to assimilate quickly into American culture and abandon their native customs.
Why did the relationship between white Louisianans and Italian immigrants sour?
Why did the relationship between white Louisianans and Italian immigrants sour?
- The Italian immigrants' political activism and support for abolitionist movements.
- The Italian immigrants' unwillingness to engage in agricultural labor and preference for urban jobs.
- The Italian immigrants' resistance to low wages, poor working conditions, and their interactions with the African-American population. (correct)
- The Italian immigrants' refusal to learn English and insistence on maintaining their own legal system within their communities.
How did the interactions between Italian immigrants and African-Americans influence the perception of Italians in the South?
How did the interactions between Italian immigrants and African-Americans influence the perception of Italians in the South?
- It solidified the Italian immigrants' position as part of the white ruling class, granting them additional privileges.
- It caused white Southerners to question the 'whiteness' of Italians, leading to discrimination and violence against them. (correct)
- It had no significant impact on the social hierarchy, as Italians were always considered a distinct and separate group.
- It led to increased social mobility for both groups, fostering a sense of unity and shared identity.
What specific economic activity of Italian immigrants caused friction with the white community in Louisiana?
What specific economic activity of Italian immigrants caused friction with the white community in Louisiana?
What is the significance of Jessica Barbata Jackson's research mentioned in the context?
What is the significance of Jessica Barbata Jackson's research mentioned in the context?
What specific requirement did the US Congress establish in 1790 regarding naturalized citizenship?
What specific requirement did the US Congress establish in 1790 regarding naturalized citizenship?
What cultural characteristics did Congress hope new citizens would possess, according to the provided content?
What cultural characteristics did Congress hope new citizens would possess, according to the provided content?
Which of the following best describes Congress's vision for America in 1790, regarding its citizenry?
Which of the following best describes Congress's vision for America in 1790, regarding its citizenry?
According to the content, what was a key factor for eligibility to become a naturalized citizen in the United States in 1790?
According to the content, what was a key factor for eligibility to become a naturalized citizen in the United States in 1790?
Considering the historical context, what was the likely implication of the 1790 naturalization law on non-white individuals?
Considering the historical context, what was the likely implication of the 1790 naturalization law on non-white individuals?
What specific group did Congress aim to attract to the United States with the naturalization law of 1790?
What specific group did Congress aim to attract to the United States with the naturalization law of 1790?
What term describes the cultural characteristic where the country should be similar and uniform?
What term describes the cultural characteristic where the country should be similar and uniform?
Which of the following best describes the intent of the 1790 naturalization law, considering its emphasis on 'free white persons'?
Which of the following best describes the intent of the 1790 naturalization law, considering its emphasis on 'free white persons'?
Which statement best describes the New York Times' portrayal of Italian immigrants in the late 19th century?
Which statement best describes the New York Times' portrayal of Italian immigrants in the late 19th century?
What specific stereotype about Italian immigrants is evident in the 1874 New York Times story regarding vaccinations?
What specific stereotype about Italian immigrants is evident in the 1874 New York Times story regarding vaccinations?
In the 1882 New York Times editorial titled "Our Future Citizens," what was the most offensive claim made by the editors?
In the 1882 New York Times editorial titled "Our Future Citizens," what was the most offensive claim made by the editors?
What racist idea is perpetuated in the 1887 New York Times story about "Dago Joe?"
What racist idea is perpetuated in the 1887 New York Times story about "Dago Joe?"
What role did the assassination of police chief David Hennessy play in the events described?
What role did the assassination of police chief David Hennessy play in the events described?
What common thread links the New York Times articles from 1874, 1882, and 1887 regarding Italian immigrants?
What common thread links the New York Times articles from 1874, 1882, and 1887 regarding Italian immigrants?
In which ways might the historical portrayal of Italian immigrants by the New York Times contributed to discriminatory practices?
In which ways might the historical portrayal of Italian immigrants by the New York Times contributed to discriminatory practices?
Considering the historical context, what broader societal factors likely contributed to the New York Times' biased coverage of Italian immigrants?
Considering the historical context, what broader societal factors likely contributed to the New York Times' biased coverage of Italian immigrants?
What action did the Italian government take in response to the New Orleans lynching?
What action did the Italian government take in response to the New Orleans lynching?
Why did President Harrison respond to the New Orleans lynching of Italian Americans?
Why did President Harrison respond to the New Orleans lynching of Italian Americans?
What was a significant factor that contributed to the lack of justice for the Italian victims of the New Orleans lynching?
What was a significant factor that contributed to the lack of justice for the Italian victims of the New Orleans lynching?
What initial legal action was taken against Italians following Chief Hennessy's murder, and what was the outcome?
What initial legal action was taken against Italians following Chief Hennessy's murder, and what was the outcome?
What was the main point of President Harrison's 1892 Columbus Day proclamation?
What was the main point of President Harrison's 1892 Columbus Day proclamation?
According to the content, which of the following is a historically inaccurate aspect of the Columbus myth as it relates to Italian-Americans?
According to the content, which of the following is a historically inaccurate aspect of the Columbus myth as it relates to Italian-Americans?
How did The Times newspaper initially portray the lynching of the Italians in New Orleans?
How did The Times newspaper initially portray the lynching of the Italians in New Orleans?
What impact did the New Orleans lynching have on the perception of Italians, particularly Sicilians, in the United States?
What impact did the New Orleans lynching have on the perception of Italians, particularly Sicilians, in the United States?
What justification did The Times editorial offer for the lynching of Italians in New Orleans?
What justification did The Times editorial offer for the lynching of Italians in New Orleans?
What was the grand jury's conclusion regarding the lynching of the Italians in New Orleans?
What was the grand jury's conclusion regarding the lynching of the Italians in New Orleans?
What specific request did President Harrison make to Congress in his 1891 State of the Union address following the New Orleans lynching?
What specific request did President Harrison make to Congress in his 1891 State of the Union address following the New Orleans lynching?
What does Danielle Battisti argue in her book, 'Whom We Shall Welcome,' regarding the rewriting of history by Italian-Americans?
What does Danielle Battisti argue in her book, 'Whom We Shall Welcome,' regarding the rewriting of history by Italian-Americans?
What was Chief Hennessy's alleged accusation before his death that incited the subsequent actions against the Italian community?
What was Chief Hennessy's alleged accusation before his death that incited the subsequent actions against the Italian community?
What was a prevalent sentiment expressed by some people within the New Orleans community, according to editors' observations after the lynchings?
What was a prevalent sentiment expressed by some people within the New Orleans community, according to editors' observations after the lynchings?
What does Barbara Botein, the historian, describe the grand jury investigation following the New Orleans lynching as?
What does Barbara Botein, the historian, describe the grand jury investigation following the New Orleans lynching as?
Which of the following best describes the stance of The Times regarding lynching in the late 19th century?
Which of the following best describes the stance of The Times regarding lynching in the late 19th century?
What underlying social dynamic exacerbated prejudice against the Italian community in New Orleans during this period?
What underlying social dynamic exacerbated prejudice against the Italian community in New Orleans during this period?
What was Ida B. Wells' primary argument that led to her being discredited by The Times?
What was Ida B. Wells' primary argument that led to her being discredited by The Times?
How did The Times characterize Ida B. Wells when she took her anti-lynching campaign to England?
How did The Times characterize Ida B. Wells when she took her anti-lynching campaign to England?
What was a common basis for the lynching of Black men in the South?
What was a common basis for the lynching of Black men in the South?
What social and economic context led to Italian immigrants being welcomed into Louisiana after the Civil War?
What social and economic context led to Italian immigrants being welcomed into Louisiana after the Civil War?
How did some Northern newspapers contribute to the justification of mob violence against Black people?
How did some Northern newspapers contribute to the justification of mob violence against Black people?
Which of the following best describes the author's perspective on the historical coverage of African Americans and Italian immigrants by The Times?
Which of the following best describes the author's perspective on the historical coverage of African Americans and Italian immigrants by The Times?
In the context of lynching, what does the phrase "a thread bare lie" refer to, according to Ida B. Wells?
In the context of lynching, what does the phrase "a thread bare lie" refer to, according to Ida B. Wells?
What underlying assumption contributed to the discriminatory portrayal of Italian immigrants?
What underlying assumption contributed to the discriminatory portrayal of Italian immigrants?
What does the author suggest about the complexities of Italian-American assimilation in the late 19th century?
What does the author suggest about the complexities of Italian-American assimilation in the late 19th century?
How did the concept of 'whiteness' influence the experience of Italian immigrants in America?
How did the concept of 'whiteness' influence the experience of Italian immigrants in America?
What was the long-term impact of the New Orleans lynching on Italian-American civil rights and social standing?
What was the long-term impact of the New Orleans lynching on Italian-American civil rights and social standing?
What can be inferred about the role of media, such as The New York Times, in shaping public perception of minority groups during the late 19th century?
What can be inferred about the role of media, such as The New York Times, in shaping public perception of minority groups during the late 19th century?
What key factor led to the shift in perception of Italian immigrants from desirable laborers to targets of persecution in Louisiana?
What key factor led to the shift in perception of Italian immigrants from desirable laborers to targets of persecution in Louisiana?
How did the residential and cultural practices of Italian immigrants contribute to their eventual persecution?
How did the residential and cultural practices of Italian immigrants contribute to their eventual persecution?
What was the perceived threat Italian immigrants posed to the social order in Louisiana, leading to acts of violence such as lynching?
What was the perceived threat Italian immigrants posed to the social order in Louisiana, leading to acts of violence such as lynching?
According to the content, what was the initial attitude toward Italian immigrants in New Orleans during the 1870s relative to their portrayal in the Northern press?
According to the content, what was the initial attitude toward Italian immigrants in New Orleans during the 1870s relative to their portrayal in the Northern press?
What does the relationship between Italian immigrants and African-Americans in Louisiana suggest about the social dynamics of the Jim Crow South?
What does the relationship between Italian immigrants and African-Americans in Louisiana suggest about the social dynamics of the Jim Crow South?
What was a key aspect of The Times' coverage of lynching in the late 19th century, despite sometimes voicing objections?
What was a key aspect of The Times' coverage of lynching in the late 19th century, despite sometimes voicing objections?
How did The Times respond to Ida B. Wells's anti-lynching campaign?
How did The Times respond to Ida B. Wells's anti-lynching campaign?
What specific characteristic led to Italian immigrants being classified similarly to African-Americans in the South?
What specific characteristic led to Italian immigrants being classified similarly to African-Americans in the South?
What was the primary motivation for the planter class in Louisiana to welcome Italian immigrants after the Civil War?
What was the primary motivation for the planter class in Louisiana to welcome Italian immigrants after the Civil War?
What was the practical consequence for Italian immigrants of being labeled with terms like "white nigger?"
What was the practical consequence for Italian immigrants of being labeled with terms like "white nigger?"
According to the content, what was the common justification for the lynching of Black men in the South?
According to the content, what was the common justification for the lynching of Black men in the South?
What does the phrase 'a thread bare lie' refer to in the context of Ida B. Wells's work?
What does the phrase 'a thread bare lie' refer to in the context of Ida B. Wells's work?
How did the perception of Italian immigrants as "free white persons" contrast with their actual treatment in the South?
How did the perception of Italian immigrants as "free white persons" contrast with their actual treatment in the South?
What was a notable characteristic of Northern newspapers' coverage of racial violence, according to Seguin's research?
What was a notable characteristic of Northern newspapers' coverage of racial violence, according to Seguin's research?
Considering the context, why might Italian immigrants have chosen to accept "black" jobs in Louisiana sugar fields?
Considering the context, why might Italian immigrants have chosen to accept "black" jobs in Louisiana sugar fields?
How did The Times' editors characterize African Americans in their coverage of lynching?
How did The Times' editors characterize African Americans in their coverage of lynching?
What does the phrase "ratified as white" suggest about the changing status of Italian-Americans?
What does the phrase "ratified as white" suggest about the changing status of Italian-Americans?
What prompted Italian immigrants' arrival and initial acceptance into Louisiana following the Civil War?
What prompted Italian immigrants' arrival and initial acceptance into Louisiana following the Civil War?
What role did the Christopher Columbus holiday play in the "ratification" of Italian-Americans as white?
What role did the Christopher Columbus holiday play in the "ratification" of Italian-Americans as white?
How did the experience of Italian immigrants in the U.S. South challenge the traditional understanding of racial categories?
How did the experience of Italian immigrants in the U.S. South challenge the traditional understanding of racial categories?
Considering the historical context, what does the use of terms like "dago," "guinea," and "white nigger" to describe Italian immigrants indicate about the perception of race at the time?
Considering the historical context, what does the use of terms like "dago," "guinea," and "white nigger" to describe Italian immigrants indicate about the perception of race at the time?
What was the immediate trigger for the arrest of the 19 Italians?
What was the immediate trigger for the arrest of the 19 Italians?
What made the evidence against the accused Italians 'distressingly weak'?
What made the evidence against the accused Italians 'distressingly weak'?
What motivated the 'city's elites' to not seek justice for the lynching victims?
What motivated the 'city's elites' to not seek justice for the lynching victims?
What is the significance of Barbara Botein's description of the grand jury investigation as 'possibly one of the greatest whitewashes in American history'?
What is the significance of Barbara Botein's description of the grand jury investigation as 'possibly one of the greatest whitewashes in American history'?
What was the immediate reaction of The New York Times to the lynching of the Italians?
What was the immediate reaction of The New York Times to the lynching of the Italians?
What phrase did The Times editorial use to denigrate and dehumanize the lynched Italian victims?
What phrase did The Times editorial use to denigrate and dehumanize the lynched Italian victims?
What comparison did The Times use to further illustrate their negative view of the Italian immigrants?
What comparison did The Times use to further illustrate their negative view of the Italian immigrants?
What underlying theme connects the events described: Hennessy's murder, the trials, the lynching, and the media coverage??
What underlying theme connects the events described: Hennessy's murder, the trials, the lynching, and the media coverage??
What was Henry Cabot Lodge's primary argument regarding the New Orleans lynching?
What was Henry Cabot Lodge's primary argument regarding the New Orleans lynching?
What action did Congress take in the 1920s, influenced by arguments similar to Lodge's?
What action did Congress take in the 1920s, influenced by arguments similar to Lodge's?
How did Italian-Americans strategically use the Columbus myth in the mid-20th century?
How did Italian-Americans strategically use the Columbus myth in the mid-20th century?
What does the content suggest regarding the nature of racial categories?
What does the content suggest regarding the nature of racial categories?
What was the likely impact of Henry Cabot Lodge's perspective on juries and lawlessness?
What was the likely impact of Henry Cabot Lodge's perspective on juries and lawlessness?
What is the relationship between myth-making and racial categories, according to the content?
What is the relationship between myth-making and racial categories, according to the content?
What can be inferred about the definition of 'whiteness' in the early 20th century United States?
What can be inferred about the definition of 'whiteness' in the early 20th century United States?
What might be the long-term consequences of downplaying violence, such as lynchings, as Lodge did?
What might be the long-term consequences of downplaying violence, such as lynchings, as Lodge did?
How does the strategic use of the Columbus myth by Italian-Americans in 1965 challenge common perceptions of history?
How does the strategic use of the Columbus myth by Italian-Americans in 1965 challenge common perceptions of history?
What underlying assumption is revealed by Lodge's claim that a 'belief that juries cannot be trusted is even worse' than lynching?
What underlying assumption is revealed by Lodge's claim that a 'belief that juries cannot be trusted is even worse' than lynching?
What factor primarily influenced the shift in the perception of Italian immigrants in the late 19th century United States?
What factor primarily influenced the shift in the perception of Italian immigrants in the late 19th century United States?
How did media coverage of the lynching of Italians in New Orleans reflect prevailing racial biases?
How did media coverage of the lynching of Italians in New Orleans reflect prevailing racial biases?
What does the term 'ratified as white' suggest about the assimilation process of Italian Americans?
What does the term 'ratified as white' suggest about the assimilation process of Italian Americans?
The Columbus Day holiday, originally intended to celebrate Italian-American heritage, ironically became a focal point in the debate over...
The Columbus Day holiday, originally intended to celebrate Italian-American heritage, ironically became a focal point in the debate over...
What was the significance of Southern communities labeling Italian immigrants with derogatory slurs?
What was the significance of Southern communities labeling Italian immigrants with derogatory slurs?
What commonality did Seguin find between Northern and Southern newspapers regarding mob violence?
What commonality did Seguin find between Northern and Southern newspapers regarding mob violence?
How did The Times typically portray Black victims of lynching in their headlines, according to the content?
How did The Times typically portray Black victims of lynching in their headlines, according to the content?
What characterization did The Times employ when dismissing Ida B. Wells's reporting on lynching?
What characterization did The Times employ when dismissing Ida B. Wells's reporting on lynching?
What was the general tone of The Times's coverage of lynching, even when they voiced objections to it?
What was the general tone of The Times's coverage of lynching, even when they voiced objections to it?
What motivated the planter class in Louisiana to welcome Italian immigrants after the Civil War?
What motivated the planter class in Louisiana to welcome Italian immigrants after the Civil War?
According to the content, what was commonly used to justify lynchings of Black men in the South?
According to the content, what was commonly used to justify lynchings of Black men in the South?
What point did The Times editors attempt to make by joking about 'roasting Negro ravishers alive' when rebuking Ida B. Wells?
What point did The Times editors attempt to make by joking about 'roasting Negro ravishers alive' when rebuking Ida B. Wells?
What made Italian immigrants attractive to Louisiana planters in the post-Civil War era?
What made Italian immigrants attractive to Louisiana planters in the post-Civil War era?
What was the primary reason for the initial favorable view of Italian immigrants in Louisiana following the Civil War?
What was the primary reason for the initial favorable view of Italian immigrants in Louisiana following the Civil War?
What was a significant factor that led to the deterioration of the relationship between white Louisianans and Italian immigrants?
What was a significant factor that led to the deterioration of the relationship between white Louisianans and Italian immigrants?
How did the residential and cultural choices of Italian immigrants contribute to their persecution in Louisiana?
How did the residential and cultural choices of Italian immigrants contribute to their persecution in Louisiana?
What was the consequence of white Southerners viewing Sicilians as 'not fully white'?
What was the consequence of white Southerners viewing Sicilians as 'not fully white'?
What does Jessica Barbata Jackson's research reveal about the perception of Italian immigrants in New Orleans during the 1870s?
What does Jessica Barbata Jackson's research reveal about the perception of Italian immigrants in New Orleans during the 1870s?
What was the primary characteristic that Congress desired in new American citizens, as reflected in the 1790 naturalization law?
What was the primary characteristic that Congress desired in new American citizens, as reflected in the 1790 naturalization law?
In the context of the 1790 naturalization law, what segment of the population was explicitly favored for citizenship?
In the context of the 1790 naturalization law, what segment of the population was explicitly favored for citizenship?
What underlying assumption is revealed by the 1790 naturalization law's focus on 'free white persons'?
What underlying assumption is revealed by the 1790 naturalization law's focus on 'free white persons'?
How did the 1790 naturalization law define eligibility for citizenship in the United States?
How did the 1790 naturalization law define eligibility for citizenship in the United States?
What specific vision did Congress hold for the future composition of the American citizenry?
What specific vision did Congress hold for the future composition of the American citizenry?
What societal characteristic did the Congress prioritize with the phrase 'culturally homogeneous'?
What societal characteristic did the Congress prioritize with the phrase 'culturally homogeneous'?
What was a primary motivation behind President Harrison's declaration of Columbus Day as a national holiday in 1892?
What was a primary motivation behind President Harrison's declaration of Columbus Day as a national holiday in 1892?
Which factor was a key determinant for naturalized citizenship in the United States in 1790?
Which factor was a key determinant for naturalized citizenship in the United States in 1790?
What does Charles Seguin and Sabrina Nardin's analysis reveal about the Italian government's response to the New Orleans lynching?
What does Charles Seguin and Sabrina Nardin's analysis reveal about the Italian government's response to the New Orleans lynching?
What broader implication did the 1790 naturalization law likely have on non-white individuals seeking to become citizens?
What broader implication did the 1790 naturalization law likely have on non-white individuals seeking to become citizens?
How did newspapers in the South commonly contribute to the justification of lynching?
How did newspapers in the South commonly contribute to the justification of lynching?
What does the content imply about the perception of Italian-Americans following the New Orleans lynching?
What does the content imply about the perception of Italian-Americans following the New Orleans lynching?
How do some news organizations legitimize lynching, despite claiming to abhor the practice?
How do some news organizations legitimize lynching, despite claiming to abhor the practice?
What was the purpose of newspapers advertising the lynchings of African-Americans in advance?
What was the purpose of newspapers advertising the lynchings of African-Americans in advance?
What does the description of the rationale for Columbus Day as steeped in myth suggest about Italian-American history?
What does the description of the rationale for Columbus Day as steeped in myth suggest about Italian-American history?
How does the content portray the role of The Times newspaper in the context of the New Orleans lynching and the broader anti-lynching movement?
How does the content portray the role of The Times newspaper in the context of the New Orleans lynching and the broader anti-lynching movement?
What was the primary basis for the arrest of the 19 Italians in connection to Chief Hennessy's murder?
What was the primary basis for the arrest of the 19 Italians in connection to Chief Hennessy's murder?
What factor directly contributed to the weakness of the prosecution's case against the accused Italians?
What factor directly contributed to the weakness of the prosecution's case against the accused Italians?
Why did the 'city's elites' not intervene to prevent or seek justice for the lynching of the Italians?
Why did the 'city's elites' not intervene to prevent or seek justice for the lynching of the Italians?
What is the significance of historian Barbara Botein's description of the grand jury investigation as 'possibly one of the greatest whitewashes in American history'?
What is the significance of historian Barbara Botein's description of the grand jury investigation as 'possibly one of the greatest whitewashes in American history'?
How did The New York Times initially respond to the lynching of the Italians in New Orleans?
How did The New York Times initially respond to the lynching of the Italians in New Orleans?
Which phrase did The Times editorial use to dehumanize the lynched Italian victims?
Which phrase did The Times editorial use to dehumanize the lynched Italian victims?
To what did The Times compare the Italian immigrants to further illustrate their negative view of them?
To what did The Times compare the Italian immigrants to further illustrate their negative view of them?
What specific attribute did the U.S. Congress prioritize for potential citizens in 1790?
What specific attribute did the U.S. Congress prioritize for potential citizens in 1790?
What was the ethnicity Congress had in mind when they declared only 'free white persons' could become naturalized citizens in 1790.
What was the ethnicity Congress had in mind when they declared only 'free white persons' could become naturalized citizens in 1790.
What concept did Congress promote when it declared in 1790 that only 'free white persons' could become naturalized citizens?
What concept did Congress promote when it declared in 1790 that only 'free white persons' could become naturalized citizens?
What underlying sentiment drove Congress to limit naturalized citizenship to 'free white persons' in 1790?
What underlying sentiment drove Congress to limit naturalized citizenship to 'free white persons' in 1790?
What specific group did Congress hope to exclude from citizenship with the naturalization law of 1790?
What specific group did Congress hope to exclude from citizenship with the naturalization law of 1790?
How did the 1790 naturalization law define the requirements for becoming a citizen of the United States?
How did the 1790 naturalization law define the requirements for becoming a citizen of the United States?
How did the 1790 naturalization law shape the demographic composition of the United States?
How did the 1790 naturalization law shape the demographic composition of the United States?
What impact did Congress's 1790 naturalization law have on the definition of American identity?
What impact did Congress's 1790 naturalization law have on the definition of American identity?
What factor primarily contributed to the white Southerner's shift in perception of Italian immigrants, leading to their persecution?
What factor primarily contributed to the white Southerner's shift in perception of Italian immigrants, leading to their persecution?
Why were Italian immigrants initially perceived as a solution to pressing issues in Louisiana?
Why were Italian immigrants initially perceived as a solution to pressing issues in Louisiana?
Which action taken by the Italian immigrants led white Louisiana residents to sour on the initial "romance"?
Which action taken by the Italian immigrants led white Louisiana residents to sour on the initial "romance"?
What social behavior of the Italian immigrants was seen as particularly problematic by white Southerners?
What social behavior of the Italian immigrants was seen as particularly problematic by white Southerners?
How does Jessica Barbata Jackson's research challenge established narratives about Italian immigrants in Louisiana?
How does Jessica Barbata Jackson's research challenge established narratives about Italian immigrants in Louisiana?
What common descriptor did The New York Times use to characterize Italian immigrants in the late 19th century?
What common descriptor did The New York Times use to characterize Italian immigrants in the late 19th century?
How did The New York Times characterize Italian immigrant children?
How did The New York Times characterize Italian immigrant children?
The 1887 New York Times story about 'Dago Joe' links criminality to what?
The 1887 New York Times story about 'Dago Joe' links criminality to what?
Which statement reflects the view of Italian immigrants presented in the 1882 New York Times editorial titled 'Our Future Citizens'?
Which statement reflects the view of Italian immigrants presented in the 1882 New York Times editorial titled 'Our Future Citizens'?
What does the description of an Italian immigrant as resembling 'the traditional brigand of the Abruzzi' in a New York Times article suggest about the portrayal of Italians at the time?
What does the description of an Italian immigrant as resembling 'the traditional brigand of the Abruzzi' in a New York Times article suggest about the portrayal of Italians at the time?
What underlying assumption is revealed by the portrayal of Italian immigrants as a 'descending chain of evolution'?
What underlying assumption is revealed by the portrayal of Italian immigrants as a 'descending chain of evolution'?
What was the likely impact of The New York Times's negative portrayals of Italian immigrants on American society?
What was the likely impact of The New York Times's negative portrayals of Italian immigrants on American society?
What connection was drawn between African-Americans and Sicilians in some media portrayals of the late 19th century?
What connection was drawn between African-Americans and Sicilians in some media portrayals of the late 19th century?
What did the epithet "white nigger", as applied to Italian immigrants, reveal about the racial hierarchy of the time?
What did the epithet "white nigger", as applied to Italian immigrants, reveal about the racial hierarchy of the time?
In what way did Italian immigrants' economic decisions make them vulnerable to racial violence?
In what way did Italian immigrants' economic decisions make them vulnerable to racial violence?
How did living patterns contribute to the discrimination faced by Italian immigrants?
How did living patterns contribute to the discrimination faced by Italian immigrants?
What does the phrase "ratified as white" suggest about the social construction of race?
What does the phrase "ratified as white" suggest about the social construction of race?
What was the likely impact of discriminatory terms, such as 'dago,' 'guinea,' and 'white nigger,' on Italian immigrants' opportunities and treatment?
What was the likely impact of discriminatory terms, such as 'dago,' 'guinea,' and 'white nigger,' on Italian immigrants' opportunities and treatment?
How did the perception of Italian immigrants as "free white persons" contrast with their lived experiences in the American South?
How did the perception of Italian immigrants as "free white persons" contrast with their lived experiences in the American South?
What does the content suggest about the motives behind the violence perpetrated against Italian immigrants?
What does the content suggest about the motives behind the violence perpetrated against Italian immigrants?
In what way did the Christopher Columbus holiday contribute to Italian-Americans' assimilation into whiteness during the 20th century?
In what way did the Christopher Columbus holiday contribute to Italian-Americans' assimilation into whiteness during the 20th century?
What action by the Italian government compelled President Harrison to address the lynchings in New Orleans?
What action by the Italian government compelled President Harrison to address the lynchings in New Orleans?
What specific action did President Harrison take following the New Orleans lynching incident?
What specific action did President Harrison take following the New Orleans lynching incident?
How did President Harrison's Columbus Day proclamation seek to redefine the narrative of Italian-Americans in the U.S.?
How did President Harrison's Columbus Day proclamation seek to redefine the narrative of Italian-Americans in the U.S.?
According to Danielle Battisti, what narrative did Italian-Americans construct around Christopher Columbus?
According to Danielle Battisti, what narrative did Italian-Americans construct around Christopher Columbus?
How did the New Orleans lynching influence the wider perception of Italians and Sicilians in the United States?
How did the New Orleans lynching influence the wider perception of Italians and Sicilians in the United States?
What is a major historical inaccuracy perpetuated by the Columbus myth, particularly as it was adopted by Italian-Americans?
What is a major historical inaccuracy perpetuated by the Columbus myth, particularly as it was adopted by Italian-Americans?
What was the likely impact of the mythologizing of Columbus on Italian-Americans?
What was the likely impact of the mythologizing of Columbus on Italian-Americans?
What does the author imply about the treatment of Black Americans versus Italian immigrants in the late 19th century?
What does the author imply about the treatment of Black Americans versus Italian immigrants in the late 19th century?
What was Henry Cabot Lodge's primary concern regarding the events in New Orleans?
What was Henry Cabot Lodge's primary concern regarding the events in New Orleans?
What action did the United States Congress take in the 1920s that reflected arguments similar to those of Henry Cabot Lodge?
What action did the United States Congress take in the 1920s that reflected arguments similar to those of Henry Cabot Lodge?
How did Italian-Americans strategically employ the Columbus myth in their campaign to overturn racist immigration restrictions?
How did Italian-Americans strategically employ the Columbus myth in their campaign to overturn racist immigration restrictions?
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between racial categories and myth-making, as suggested in the content?
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between racial categories and myth-making, as suggested in the content?
What can be inferred about the definition of 'whiteness' in the early 20th century United States, based on the content?
What can be inferred about the definition of 'whiteness' in the early 20th century United States, based on the content?
What might be the long-term consequences of downplaying violence, as suggested by Lodge's response to the New Orleans lynching?
What might be the long-term consequences of downplaying violence, as suggested by Lodge's response to the New Orleans lynching?
What shift in the understanding of 'whiteness' occurred as a result of increased European immigration in the 19th century?
What shift in the understanding of 'whiteness' occurred as a result of increased European immigration in the 19th century?
According to the content, what was the basis for Northern Italians considering Southern Italians racially inferior?
According to the content, what was the basis for Northern Italians considering Southern Italians racially inferior?
How did the American media contribute to the negative perception of Italian immigrants?
How did the American media contribute to the negative perception of Italian immigrants?
What impact did the racialization of Italian immigrants have on their access to social and economic opportunities?
What impact did the racialization of Italian immigrants have on their access to social and economic opportunities?
What was the significance of Italian immigrants being referred to as 'white nigger'?
What was the significance of Italian immigrants being referred to as 'white nigger'?
How did Italian immigrants' economic choices and living arrangements affect their racial classification in the South?
How did Italian immigrants' economic choices and living arrangements affect their racial classification in the South?
What broader implication can be drawn from the experiences of Italian immigrants regarding race in the United States?
What broader implication can be drawn from the experiences of Italian immigrants regarding race in the United States?
Considering the historical context, why might Italian immigrants have chosen to accept 'black' jobs in Louisiana sugar fields, despite the risk of being marked as Black?
Considering the historical context, why might Italian immigrants have chosen to accept 'black' jobs in Louisiana sugar fields, despite the risk of being marked as Black?
What was the original purpose of the Christopher Columbus holiday in the context of Italian-American history?
What was the original purpose of the Christopher Columbus holiday in the context of Italian-American history?
What does the phrase 'ratified as white' imply regarding the Italian-American experience in the United States?
What does the phrase 'ratified as white' imply regarding the Italian-American experience in the United States?
How did the economic behavior of Italian immigrants in Louisiana contribute to the shift in their perception by white Southerners?
How did the economic behavior of Italian immigrants in Louisiana contribute to the shift in their perception by white Southerners?
What was the significance of Italian immigrants living in close proximity to African-Americans in Louisiana?
What was the significance of Italian immigrants living in close proximity to African-Americans in Louisiana?
How did The Times' initial response to Ida B. Wells's anti-lynching campaign showcase the racial biases of the time?
How did The Times' initial response to Ida B. Wells's anti-lynching campaign showcase the racial biases of the time?
How did the planters in Louisiana perceive Italian immigrants as fitting into their social hierarchy after the Civil War?
How did the planters in Louisiana perceive Italian immigrants as fitting into their social hierarchy after the Civil War?
What does the author imply about the supposed objectivity of Northern newspapers in the late 19th century?
What does the author imply about the supposed objectivity of Northern newspapers in the late 19th century?
What was a common justification used for the lynching of Black men in the South, as highlighted in the content?
What was a common justification used for the lynching of Black men in the South, as highlighted in the content?
Which of the following best captures the shift in attitude toward Italian immigrants in Louisiana during the late 19th century?
Which of the following best captures the shift in attitude toward Italian immigrants in Louisiana during the late 19th century?
What does the use of terms like 'brutes,' 'fiends,' and 'ravishers' to describe lynching victims reveal about the mindset of some newspapers at the time?
What does the use of terms like 'brutes,' 'fiends,' and 'ravishers' to describe lynching victims reveal about the mindset of some newspapers at the time?
In what way did The Times' editors exhibit a belief in white supremacy even while expressing objections to lynching?
In what way did The Times' editors exhibit a belief in white supremacy even while expressing objections to lynching?
What message did President Harrison's proclamation of the Columbus Day holiday send in light of the New Orleans lynching?
What message did President Harrison's proclamation of the Columbus Day holiday send in light of the New Orleans lynching?
How did the 'thread bare lie' contribute to the justification of lynching in the South?
How did the 'thread bare lie' contribute to the justification of lynching in the South?
What does the New Orleans lynching and the subsequent Columbus Day proclamation reveal about the social and political climate of the time?
What does the New Orleans lynching and the subsequent Columbus Day proclamation reveal about the social and political climate of the time?
What can be inferred about the role of media, such as The Times, in shaping public perception of minority groups during the late 19th century, based on the content?
What can be inferred about the role of media, such as The Times, in shaping public perception of minority groups during the late 19th century, based on the content?
According to The Times, what distinguished Southern Italian immigrants from other immigrant groups in New York's history?
According to The Times, what distinguished Southern Italian immigrants from other immigrant groups in New York's history?
What perception of Italians is suggested by The Times' description of an Italian immigrant seeking vaccination as resembling a "traditional brigand of the Abruzzi"?
What perception of Italians is suggested by The Times' description of an Italian immigrant seeking vaccination as resembling a "traditional brigand of the Abruzzi"?
What was The Times's primary concern regarding Italian immigrant children attending public primary schools?
What was The Times's primary concern regarding Italian immigrant children attending public primary schools?
In the context of the 1887 New York Times story, what does the description of 'Dago Joe' as having 'the worst characteristics of both races' reveal about prevailing racial attitudes?
In the context of the 1887 New York Times story, what does the description of 'Dago Joe' as having 'the worst characteristics of both races' reveal about prevailing racial attitudes?
Considering the events leading up to the lynching of Italians in New Orleans, what was a key factor that motivated the mob's actions?
Considering the events leading up to the lynching of Italians in New Orleans, what was a key factor that motivated the mob's actions?
What does the grand jury's response to the New Orleans lynching reveal about the prevailing attitudes of some members of the city's power structure?
What does the grand jury's response to the New Orleans lynching reveal about the prevailing attitudes of some members of the city's power structure?
What does The Times's editorial response to the lynching of Italians in New Orleans suggest about the newspaper's stance on vigilante justice?
What does The Times's editorial response to the lynching of Italians in New Orleans suggest about the newspaper's stance on vigilante justice?
Why was President Harrison's response to the New Orleans lynching notably different from how he would have responded to similar violence against Black Americans?
Why was President Harrison's response to the New Orleans lynching notably different from how he would have responded to similar violence against Black Americans?
How did the Columbus Day proclamation in 1892 influence the Italian-American community's narrative in the United States?
How did the Columbus Day proclamation in 1892 influence the Italian-American community's narrative in the United States?
What was Henry Cabot Lodge's primary argument regarding the New Orleans lynching, and what did it imply about his views on immigration?
What was Henry Cabot Lodge's primary argument regarding the New Orleans lynching, and what did it imply about his views on immigration?
What underlying assumption about immigrants is revealed by Henry Cabot Lodge's argument that a 'belief that juries cannot be trusted is even worse' than lynching?
What underlying assumption about immigrants is revealed by Henry Cabot Lodge's argument that a 'belief that juries cannot be trusted is even worse' than lynching?
Considering the historical context, what does the strategic use of the Columbus myth by Italian-Americans in 1965 suggest about their assimilation process?
Considering the historical context, what does the strategic use of the Columbus myth by Italian-Americans in 1965 suggest about their assimilation process?
What does the phrase 'possibly one of the greatest whitewashes in American history,' referring to the grand jury investigation, imply about the pursuit of justice for the lynching victims?
What does the phrase 'possibly one of the greatest whitewashes in American history,' referring to the grand jury investigation, imply about the pursuit of justice for the lynching victims?
What is implied by Barbara Botein dubbing the grand jury investigation into the New Orleans lynching, as 'possibly one of the greatest whitewashes in American history'?
What is implied by Barbara Botein dubbing the grand jury investigation into the New Orleans lynching, as 'possibly one of the greatest whitewashes in American history'?
What can be inferred about the definition of 'whiteness' in the United States during the late 19th century, based on the experiences of Italian immigrants?
What can be inferred about the definition of 'whiteness' in the United States during the late 19th century, based on the experiences of Italian immigrants?
How did the influx of diverse European immigrants in the 19th century influence the definition of 'whiteness' in America?
How did the influx of diverse European immigrants in the 19th century influence the definition of 'whiteness' in America?
What was a key factor that contributed to Southern Italians being seen as racially inferior in both Italy and the United States?
What was a key factor that contributed to Southern Italians being seen as racially inferior in both Italy and the United States?
What impact did the perception of Italian immigrants as 'racially suspect' have on their integration into American society?
What impact did the perception of Italian immigrants as 'racially suspect' have on their integration into American society?
The use of terms like 'white nigger' and 'guinea' towards Italian immigrants indicates what about the social construction of race?
The use of terms like 'white nigger' and 'guinea' towards Italian immigrants indicates what about the social construction of race?
In what ways did the economic activities and residential choices of Italian immigrants in the South affect their racial classification?
In what ways did the economic activities and residential choices of Italian immigrants in the South affect their racial classification?
How does the history of Italian immigrants in America challenge the traditional understanding of race as a binary of 'black' and 'white'?
How does the history of Italian immigrants in America challenge the traditional understanding of race as a binary of 'black' and 'white'?
How did the racialization of Italian immigrants complicate their ability to achieve the 'American Dream' during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
How did the racialization of Italian immigrants complicate their ability to achieve the 'American Dream' during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
What does the experience of Italian immigrants reveal about the relationship among immigration, race, and citizenship in the United States?
What does the experience of Italian immigrants reveal about the relationship among immigration, race, and citizenship in the United States?
What key factor distinguished the Italian government's protest against the New Orleans lynchings from Ida B. Wells's anti-lynching campaign?
What key factor distinguished the Italian government's protest against the New Orleans lynchings from Ida B. Wells's anti-lynching campaign?
How did Southern newspapers contribute to the justification of lynching?
How did Southern newspapers contribute to the justification of lynching?
How did The Times initially portray Black victims of mob violence?
How did The Times initially portray Black victims of mob violence?
What was the implication of the fact that rape accusations against Black men could arise from minor social infractions?
What was the implication of the fact that rape accusations against Black men could arise from minor social infractions?
What does the author suggest about the accuracy of rape allegations used to justify lynchings?
What does the author suggest about the accuracy of rape allegations used to justify lynchings?
What was the primary motivation behind Southern planters' initial acceptance of Italian immigrants?
What was the primary motivation behind Southern planters' initial acceptance of Italian immigrants?
What factor led to the change in attitude toward Italian immigrants in Louisiana?
What factor led to the change in attitude toward Italian immigrants in Louisiana?
What contributed to the perception of Sicilians as 'not fully white' in the eyes of white Southerners?
What contributed to the perception of Sicilians as 'not fully white' in the eyes of white Southerners?
What does the author find 'outrageous and appalling'?
What does the author find 'outrageous and appalling'?
What was the central theme of The Times' rebuke of Ida B. Wells's anti-lynching campaign?
What was the central theme of The Times' rebuke of Ida B. Wells's anti-lynching campaign?
What common stereotype did The Times use to describe Italian immigrants in the late 19th century?
What common stereotype did The Times use to describe Italian immigrants in the late 19th century?
In what way did Northern newspapers mirror their Southern counterparts regarding mob violence?
In what way did Northern newspapers mirror their Southern counterparts regarding mob violence?
How did The Times portray Italian immigrant children in its 1882 editorial, 'Our Future Citizens'?
How did The Times portray Italian immigrant children in its 1882 editorial, 'Our Future Citizens'?
How did The Times portray Ida B. Wells when she took her anti-lynching message to England?
How did The Times portray Ida B. Wells when she took her anti-lynching message to England?
What was the significance of referring to the lynching victim in the 1887 Times story as 'Dago Joe'?
What was the significance of referring to the lynching victim in the 1887 Times story as 'Dago Joe'?
What was the immediate context that led President Benjamin Harrison to proclaim a one-time national celebration of Columbus Day in 1892?
What was the immediate context that led President Benjamin Harrison to proclaim a one-time national celebration of Columbus Day in 1892?
What was the broader purpose of President Harrison's Columbus Day proclamation in 1892, beyond honoring Christopher Columbus?
What was the broader purpose of President Harrison's Columbus Day proclamation in 1892, beyond honoring Christopher Columbus?
What factor contributed to the weakness of the prosecution's case against the Italians charged in Chief Hennessy's murder?
What factor contributed to the weakness of the prosecution's case against the Italians charged in Chief Hennessy's murder?
What does the phrase 'ratified as white' suggest about the experience of Italian-Americans in the United States?
What does the phrase 'ratified as white' suggest about the experience of Italian-Americans in the United States?
What motivated the 'city's elites' to not seek justice for the Italian victims of the New Orleans lynching?
What motivated the 'city's elites' to not seek justice for the Italian victims of the New Orleans lynching?
What was the immediate reaction of The Times newspaper to the lynching of the Italians in New Orleans?
What was the immediate reaction of The Times newspaper to the lynching of the Italians in New Orleans?
Why did President Harrison ultimately address the New Orleans lynching, despite initially wanting to ignore it?
Why did President Harrison ultimately address the New Orleans lynching, despite initially wanting to ignore it?
What was the primary purpose of President Harrison's Columbus Day proclamation in 1892?
What was the primary purpose of President Harrison's Columbus Day proclamation in 1892?
What was the central argument presented by Henry Cabot Lodge regarding the New Orleans lynching?
What was the central argument presented by Henry Cabot Lodge regarding the New Orleans lynching?
Beyond the immediate tragedy, what broader impact did the New Orleans lynching have on the perception of Italian-Americans?
Beyond the immediate tragedy, what broader impact did the New Orleans lynching have on the perception of Italian-Americans?
How did Italian-Americans strategically employ the Columbus myth in the mid-20th century?
How did Italian-Americans strategically employ the Columbus myth in the mid-20th century?
What action did Congress take in the 1920s influenced by arguments similar to Lodge's regarding immigration and social stability?
What action did Congress take in the 1920s influenced by arguments similar to Lodge's regarding immigration and social stability?
What was a common justification for the lynching of Black men in the South, and how did it mirror the justification used against Italian immigrants?
What was a common justification for the lynching of Black men in the South, and how did it mirror the justification used against Italian immigrants?
What rhetorical strategy did The Times employ when supposedly 'objecting' to lynching?
What rhetorical strategy did The Times employ when supposedly 'objecting' to lynching?
How did the economic aspirations of newly arrived Italian immigrants in Louisiana influence the perception of them by the established planter class?
How did the economic aspirations of newly arrived Italian immigrants in Louisiana influence the perception of them by the established planter class?
What social practice of Italian immigrants in Louisiana contributed to their eventual persecution, particularly within the context of the Jim Crow South?
What social practice of Italian immigrants in Louisiana contributed to their eventual persecution, particularly within the context of the Jim Crow South?
In what way did the treatment of Italian immigrants in Louisiana mirror the experiences of African-Americans during the Jim Crow era?
In what way did the treatment of Italian immigrants in Louisiana mirror the experiences of African-Americans during the Jim Crow era?
What was a key factor that led to the shift in perception of Italian immigrants from desirable laborers to targets of persecution in Louisiana?
What was a key factor that led to the shift in perception of Italian immigrants from desirable laborers to targets of persecution in Louisiana?
How did Henry Cabot Lodge utilize the New Orleans lynching in his arguments regarding immigration?
How did Henry Cabot Lodge utilize the New Orleans lynching in his arguments regarding immigration?
What was the practical impact of Lodge's perspective on immigration and the events in New Orleans?
What was the practical impact of Lodge's perspective on immigration and the events in New Orleans?
What strategy did Italian-Americans employ in 1965 to overturn racist immigration restrictions?
What strategy did Italian-Americans employ in 1965 to overturn racist immigration restrictions?
What does the successful use of Columbus narratives by Italian-Americans in 1965 suggest about the nature of racial categories?
What does the successful use of Columbus narratives by Italian-Americans in 1965 suggest about the nature of racial categories?
What was the prevailing view of Italians, specifically Sicilians, after the New Orleans lynching?
What was the prevailing view of Italians, specifically Sicilians, after the New Orleans lynching?
What factor contributed to Italian immigrants being vulnerable to violence in the Southern United States?
What factor contributed to Italian immigrants being vulnerable to violence in the Southern United States?
What was the original context behind President Harrison's proclamation of Columbus Day as a national celebration in 1892?
What was the original context behind President Harrison's proclamation of Columbus Day as a national celebration in 1892?
How did racist stereotypes about Italian immigrants, as promoted in newspapers like The Times, impact the response to the New Orleans lynching?
How did racist stereotypes about Italian immigrants, as promoted in newspapers like The Times, impact the response to the New Orleans lynching?
What does the content suggest about the relationship between the Italian government's protests and Ida B. Wells's anti-lynching campaign?
What does the content suggest about the relationship between the Italian government's protests and Ida B. Wells's anti-lynching campaign?
How did the establishment of Columbus Day contribute to the assimilation of Italian-Americans?
How did the establishment of Columbus Day contribute to the assimilation of Italian-Americans?
In what way did the historical narrative surrounding Columbus Day serve Italian-Americans, particularly in the early 20th century?
In what way did the historical narrative surrounding Columbus Day serve Italian-Americans, particularly in the early 20th century?
What does the term "ratified as white" suggest about the process of assimilation for Italian-Americans?
What does the term "ratified as white" suggest about the process of assimilation for Italian-Americans?
How did the lynching of Italian immigrants in New Orleans influence the relationship between the United States and Italy?
How did the lynching of Italian immigrants in New Orleans influence the relationship between the United States and Italy?
What core belief underpinned the US Congress's 1790 naturalization law?
What core belief underpinned the US Congress's 1790 naturalization law?
How did the influx of diverse European immigrants at the turn of the century affect the existing concept of 'whiteness' in America?
How did the influx of diverse European immigrants at the turn of the century affect the existing concept of 'whiteness' in America?
What role did journalists, politicians, and social scientists play in the evolving definition of 'whiteness' during the immigration boom?
What role did journalists, politicians, and social scientists play in the evolving definition of 'whiteness' during the immigration boom?
According to the content, how were certain European groups ranked in relation to 'blackness'?
According to the content, how were certain European groups ranked in relation to 'blackness'?
Which factor most influenced the shifting criteria for 'whiteness' and citizenship eligibility in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
Which factor most influenced the shifting criteria for 'whiteness' and citizenship eligibility in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
What does Matthew Frye Jacobson's research on immigrant history reveal about the concept of 'whiteness'?
What does Matthew Frye Jacobson's research on immigrant history reveal about the concept of 'whiteness'?
What was the primary goal of Congress when it stipulated that only 'free white persons' could become naturalized citizens?
What was the primary goal of Congress when it stipulated that only 'free white persons' could become naturalized citizens?
How did the categorization of European immigrants into different 'races' affect their social mobility and acceptance in the United States?
How did the categorization of European immigrants into different 'races' affect their social mobility and acceptance in the United States?
What common justification did Southern newspapers use to rationalize the lynching of African-Americans?
What common justification did Southern newspapers use to rationalize the lynching of African-Americans?
How did The Times initially characterize Ida B. Wells when she challenged the narrative surrounding lynching?
How did The Times initially characterize Ida B. Wells when she challenged the narrative surrounding lynching?
What does the phrase "a thread bare lie" refer to, as used by Ida B. Wells?
What does the phrase "a thread bare lie" refer to, as used by Ida B. Wells?
According to the content, what was one of the common alleged offenses that led to the lynching of Black men in the South?
According to the content, what was one of the common alleged offenses that led to the lynching of Black men in the South?
How did some Northern newspapers contribute to the justification of mob violence against African-Americans?
How did some Northern newspapers contribute to the justification of mob violence against African-Americans?
What was a disturbing practice employed by some Southern newspapers regarding lynchings?
What was a disturbing practice employed by some Southern newspapers regarding lynchings?
What does the author express regarding the historical coverage of African-Americans and Italian immigrants by The Times?
What does the author express regarding the historical coverage of African-Americans and Italian immigrants by The Times?
What social context is essential for understanding the lynching of Black men in the South, according to the content?
What social context is essential for understanding the lynching of Black men in the South, according to the content?
What was a significant consequence of labeling Italian immigrants as 'white nigger' in the American South?
What was a significant consequence of labeling Italian immigrants as 'white nigger' in the American South?
How did the Columbus Day holiday become a means for Italian-Americans to assert their place in American society?
How did the Columbus Day holiday become a means for Italian-Americans to assert their place in American society?
What does the phrase 'ratified as white' imply about the experience of Italian immigrants in the United States?
What does the phrase 'ratified as white' imply about the experience of Italian immigrants in the United States?
What was a key difference between the attitude of some Northern newspapers and that of some Southerners towards mob violence in the late 19th century?
What was a key difference between the attitude of some Northern newspapers and that of some Southerners towards mob violence in the late 19th century?
Considering the historical context, why might Italian immigrants have been willing to take on 'black' jobs in Louisiana's sugar fields?
Considering the historical context, why might Italian immigrants have been willing to take on 'black' jobs in Louisiana's sugar fields?
What actions demonstrate how some Italian-Americans strategically utilized the Columbus myth?
What actions demonstrate how some Italian-Americans strategically utilized the Columbus myth?
What does the historical use of terms like "dago," "guinea," and "white nigger" to describe Italian immigrants reveal about racial perceptions at the time?
What does the historical use of terms like "dago," "guinea," and "white nigger" to describe Italian immigrants reveal about racial perceptions at the time?
How did the coverage of the lynching of Italians in New Orleans reflect existing racial biases?
How did the coverage of the lynching of Italians in New Orleans reflect existing racial biases?
What was the likely impact of Henry Cabot Lodge's perspective on viewing 'disregard for law' as worse than lynching?
What was the likely impact of Henry Cabot Lodge's perspective on viewing 'disregard for law' as worse than lynching?
How might understanding the history of Italian-American assimilation and the 'ratification of whiteness' challenge contemporary perceptions of race and ethnicity in the United States?
How might understanding the history of Italian-American assimilation and the 'ratification of whiteness' challenge contemporary perceptions of race and ethnicity in the United States?
What ideological perspective underpinned The Times's objections to lynching, even as they voiced them?
What ideological perspective underpinned The Times's objections to lynching, even as they voiced them?
What was the primary reason Louisiana planters initially welcomed Italian immigrants after the Civil War?
What was the primary reason Louisiana planters initially welcomed Italian immigrants after the Civil War?
How did the social interactions of Italian immigrants contribute to their shift in status from 'desirable' to 'persecuted' in the eyes of white Southerners?
How did the social interactions of Italian immigrants contribute to their shift in status from 'desirable' to 'persecuted' in the eyes of white Southerners?
Which factor most directly led to a souring of relations between white Louisianans and Italian immigrants?
Which factor most directly led to a souring of relations between white Louisianans and Italian immigrants?
What was a significant outcome of Italian immigrants establishing their own communities and conducting business with African-Americans?
What was a significant outcome of Italian immigrants establishing their own communities and conducting business with African-Americans?
What was the primary role of Southern newspapers in the context of lynchings?
What was the primary role of Southern newspapers in the context of lynchings?
How did racist stereotypes in news coverage contribute to the issue of lynching?
How did racist stereotypes in news coverage contribute to the issue of lynching?
What was the nature of the accusations of sexual assault frequently leveled against Black men in the South?
What was the nature of the accusations of sexual assault frequently leveled against Black men in the South?
In what way did The Times initially discredit Ida B. Wells's reporting on lynching?
In what way did The Times initially discredit Ida B. Wells's reporting on lynching?
What does the phrase 'a thread bare lie' refer to in the context of lynching?
What does the phrase 'a thread bare lie' refer to in the context of lynching?
How did some Northern newspapers contribute to the justification of mob violence?
How did some Northern newspapers contribute to the justification of mob violence?
What commonality did Southern and Northern newspapers share regarding their coverage of racial violence?
What commonality did Southern and Northern newspapers share regarding their coverage of racial violence?
What impact did the coverage of lynchings by newspapers like The Times have on public perception?
What impact did the coverage of lynchings by newspapers like The Times have on public perception?
What does the description of the victim as a "half breed" with the "worst characteristics of both races" reveal about the attitudes of the time?
What does the description of the victim as a "half breed" with the "worst characteristics of both races" reveal about the attitudes of the time?
What was the immediate justification used to target Italians in New Orleans in 1890?
What was the immediate justification used to target Italians in New Orleans in 1890?
What was Henry Cabot Lodge's primary justification for limiting Italian immigration following the New Orleans lynching?
What was Henry Cabot Lodge's primary justification for limiting Italian immigration following the New Orleans lynching?
What actions indicated that the lynching of Italians in New Orleans was not simply a spontaneous act of mob violence?
What actions indicated that the lynching of Italians in New Orleans was not simply a spontaneous act of mob violence?
What does the phrase "Chief Hennessy Avenged: Eleven of his Italian Assassins Lynched by a Mob" used by The Times after the lynching suggest about the newspaper's stance?
What does the phrase "Chief Hennessy Avenged: Eleven of his Italian Assassins Lynched by a Mob" used by The Times after the lynching suggest about the newspaper's stance?
How did Italian-Americans strategically employ the Columbus myth in their fight against discriminatory immigration policies?
How did Italian-Americans strategically employ the Columbus myth in their fight against discriminatory immigration policies?
What motivation is suggested when the content states that the "city's elites" "coveted the businesses the Italians had built"?
What motivation is suggested when the content states that the "city's elites" "coveted the businesses the Italians had built"?
What underlying assumption is revealed by Henry Cabot Lodge's statement that 'a popular belief that juries cannot be trusted is even worse' than lynching?
What underlying assumption is revealed by Henry Cabot Lodge's statement that 'a popular belief that juries cannot be trusted is even worse' than lynching?
The content suggests racial categories are not based on biology, what evidence is used to support this?
The content suggests racial categories are not based on biology, what evidence is used to support this?
What factor, other than economic jealousy, contributed to the local elites not seeking justice for the lynched Italians?
What factor, other than economic jealousy, contributed to the local elites not seeking justice for the lynched Italians?
What was the long-term implication of mythologizing Columbus for Italian-Americans, according to the content?
What was the long-term implication of mythologizing Columbus for Italian-Americans, according to the content?
How did the grand jury investigation following the lynching contribute to the injustice suffered by the Italian community?
How did the grand jury investigation following the lynching contribute to the injustice suffered by the Italian community?
What does Barbara Botein's description of the grand jury investigation as "possibly one of the greatest whitewashes in American history" imply about the investigation?
What does Barbara Botein's description of the grand jury investigation as "possibly one of the greatest whitewashes in American history" imply about the investigation?
What factor contributed to Italian immigrants being vulnerable to violence in the post-Civil War South?
What factor contributed to Italian immigrants being vulnerable to violence in the post-Civil War South?
Why was the Christopher Columbus holiday significant for Italian-Americans in the 20th century?
Why was the Christopher Columbus holiday significant for Italian-Americans in the 20th century?
How did President Harrison's proclamation of Columbus Day in 1892 connect to the New Orleans lynching of Italian immigrants?
How did President Harrison's proclamation of Columbus Day in 1892 connect to the New Orleans lynching of Italian immigrants?
In what way did negative stereotypes about Italians in Northern newspapers, such as The New York Times, affect the response to the New Orleans lynching?
In what way did negative stereotypes about Italians in Northern newspapers, such as The New York Times, affect the response to the New Orleans lynching?
What was a significant difference in the outcome of protests lodged by the Italian government, compared to Ida B. Wells' anti-lynching campaign?
What was a significant difference in the outcome of protests lodged by the Italian government, compared to Ida B. Wells' anti-lynching campaign?
What does the phrase 'ratified as white' imply about the social status of Italian-Americans at the turn of the 20th century?
What does the phrase 'ratified as white' imply about the social status of Italian-Americans at the turn of the 20th century?
How did the perception of Italian immigrants accepting 'black' jobs impact their safety and treatment in Louisiana?
How did the perception of Italian immigrants accepting 'black' jobs impact their safety and treatment in Louisiana?
How might the Columbus Day holiday, intended to celebrate Italian-American heritage, inadvertently obscure a more complex history?
How might the Columbus Day holiday, intended to celebrate Italian-American heritage, inadvertently obscure a more complex history?
What was the likely consequence of the perception of Italian immigrants as 'not white' in the late 19th century?
What was the likely consequence of the perception of Italian immigrants as 'not white' in the late 19th century?
How did the narrative surrounding Christopher Columbus evolve to serve the interests of Italian-Americans?
How did the narrative surrounding Christopher Columbus evolve to serve the interests of Italian-Americans?
What does the phrase 'ratified as white' suggest about the process of assimilation for Italian immigrants in the United States?
What does the phrase 'ratified as white' suggest about the process of assimilation for Italian immigrants in the United States?
Considering the historical context, what was the significance of Italian immigrants accepting jobs previously held by Black laborers in the South?
Considering the historical context, what was the significance of Italian immigrants accepting jobs previously held by Black laborers in the South?
What can be inferred from The New York Times' coverage of the New Orleans lynching and Ida B. Wells' anti-lynching campaign about the media's role in shaping public opinion?
What can be inferred from The New York Times' coverage of the New Orleans lynching and Ida B. Wells' anti-lynching campaign about the media's role in shaping public opinion?
What does the strategic adoption of the Columbus Day holiday by Italian-Americans reveal about their approach to assimilation in the United States?
What does the strategic adoption of the Columbus Day holiday by Italian-Americans reveal about their approach to assimilation in the United States?
What does the use of derogatory terms like 'dago' and 'guinea' to describe Italian immigrants suggest about the perception of race at the time?
What does the use of derogatory terms like 'dago' and 'guinea' to describe Italian immigrants suggest about the perception of race at the time?
How did the economic circumstances in Louisiana following the Civil War contribute to the initial acceptance, and subsequent rejection, of Italian immigrants?
How did the economic circumstances in Louisiana following the Civil War contribute to the initial acceptance, and subsequent rejection, of Italian immigrants?
Considering the historical context, what was the likely impact of labeling Italian immigrants as 'white niggers' in the South?
Considering the historical context, what was the likely impact of labeling Italian immigrants as 'white niggers' in the South?
In what way did The New York Times' coverage of lynchings reveal a bias, even when they voiced objections to the act itself?
In what way did The New York Times' coverage of lynchings reveal a bias, even when they voiced objections to the act itself?
What did the World's Fair Columbian Exposition in Chicago primarily celebrate, beyond the anniversary of Columbus's arrival?
What did the World's Fair Columbian Exposition in Chicago primarily celebrate, beyond the anniversary of Columbus's arrival?
How did the official guide to the World's Fair downplay earlier periods of North American history?
How did the official guide to the World's Fair downplay earlier periods of North American history?
What was the original purpose of the Tammany Society, also known as the Columbian Order?
What was the original purpose of the Tammany Society, also known as the Columbian Order?
Why did the United States, according to historian Claudia Bushman, embrace Columbus despite lacking a direct historical connection?
Why did the United States, according to historian Claudia Bushman, embrace Columbus despite lacking a direct historical connection?
Why was the site of the World's Fair in South Chicago nicknamed the 'White City'?
Why was the site of the World's Fair in South Chicago nicknamed the 'White City'?
Which of the following best describes the early American perception of Columbus, as reflected in textbooks of the 1700s?
Which of the following best describes the early American perception of Columbus, as reflected in textbooks of the 1700s?
What was the intended purpose of the 'White City's' architecture beyond hosting the World's Fair?
What was the intended purpose of the 'White City's' architecture beyond hosting the World's Fair?
How did the naming of places and institutions like 'Columbia College' and the 'District of Columbia' contribute to the integration of the Columbus narrative into American identity?
How did the naming of places and institutions like 'Columbia College' and the 'District of Columbia' contribute to the integration of the Columbus narrative into American identity?
What was the significance of the Ferris wheel at the Chicago World's Fair?
What was the significance of the Ferris wheel at the Chicago World's Fair?
What was the primary goal of the Pledge of Allegiance, promoted during the Columbus Day festivities?
What was the primary goal of the Pledge of Allegiance, promoted during the Columbus Day festivities?
What does David Vine highlight regarding the common name used when referring to Columbus?
What does David Vine highlight regarding the common name used when referring to Columbus?
What was a consequence of highlighting Columbus in early American historical narratives?
What was a consequence of highlighting Columbus in early American historical narratives?
How did racial ideologies influence the design and themes of the Chicago World's Fair?
How did racial ideologies influence the design and themes of the Chicago World's Fair?
What was a key factor in Franklin D. Roosevelt's decision to declare Columbus Day a federal holiday in 1937?
What was a key factor in Franklin D. Roosevelt's decision to declare Columbus Day a federal holiday in 1937?
What was a key argument used during the Chicago World's Fair era to justify U.S. expansionist policies?
What was a key argument used during the Chicago World's Fair era to justify U.S. expansionist policies?
How did the adoption of 'Columbia' as a symbolic name for America serve to shape national identity?
How did the adoption of 'Columbia' as a symbolic name for America serve to shape national identity?
According to Mahmood Mamdani, what were the two key developments in Iberia that led to the founding of the modern nation-state?
According to Mahmood Mamdani, what were the two key developments in Iberia that led to the founding of the modern nation-state?
What does Michel-Rolph Trouillot suggest about the term 'discovery' in the context of European colonization?
What does Michel-Rolph Trouillot suggest about the term 'discovery' in the context of European colonization?
What was the primary reason Father McGivney proposed Columbus as the patron of the Knights of Columbus?
What was the primary reason Father McGivney proposed Columbus as the patron of the Knights of Columbus?
Why did James T. Mullen suggest the name 'Knights of Columbus' for the organization?
Why did James T. Mullen suggest the name 'Knights of Columbus' for the organization?
What is the significance of October 12, 1492, from the perspective of Indigenous peoples and descendants of enslaved Africans?
What is the significance of October 12, 1492, from the perspective of Indigenous peoples and descendants of enslaved Africans?
What did Matthew C. O'Connor state was the significance of Columbus to the Knights of Columbus?
What did Matthew C. O'Connor state was the significance of Columbus to the Knights of Columbus?
Why were the 'crusade-hardened mercenaries representing Christendom' initially skeptical of Columbus’s claims about reaching India?
Why were the 'crusade-hardened mercenaries representing Christendom' initially skeptical of Columbus’s claims about reaching India?
According to Thomas Schlereth, why didn't the Irish American founders of the Knights of Columbus name the organization after St. Brendan?
According to Thomas Schlereth, why didn't the Irish American founders of the Knights of Columbus name the organization after St. Brendan?
What was the ultimate fate of Tenochtitlán following the arrival of the Spanish army?
What was the ultimate fate of Tenochtitlán following the arrival of the Spanish army?
What was the Connecticut Catholic's initial role in the establishment of the Knights of Columbus?
What was the Connecticut Catholic's initial role in the establishment of the Knights of Columbus?
What does the phrase 'Once discovered by Europeans, the Other finally enters the human world' imply about the Eurocentric perspective?
What does the phrase 'Once discovered by Europeans, the Other finally enters the human world' imply about the Eurocentric perspective?
What 'stigma of nativism' did the Knights of Columbus aim to remove by embracing Columbus as a symbol?
What 'stigma of nativism' did the Knights of Columbus aim to remove by embracing Columbus as a symbol?
According to the content, when did the first formal celebration of Columbus take place in the United States?
According to the content, when did the first formal celebration of Columbus take place in the United States?
How does Mahmood Mamdani challenge the conventional understanding of modern colonialism?
How does Mahmood Mamdani challenge the conventional understanding of modern colonialism?
Besides its symbolic value, what practical purpose did the Knights of Columbus serve in its early days?
Besides its symbolic value, what practical purpose did the Knights of Columbus serve in its early days?
What does Trouillot suggest about the role of ethnicity in the United States, based on the early promotion of Columbus?
What does Trouillot suggest about the role of ethnicity in the United States, based on the early promotion of Columbus?
What did the beatification of McGivney by Pope Francis in 2020 signify for the Knights of Columbus?
What did the beatification of McGivney by Pope Francis in 2020 signify for the Knights of Columbus?
How did the Knights of Columbus use the figure of Columbus to foster a sense of identity among its members?
How did the Knights of Columbus use the figure of Columbus to foster a sense of identity among its members?
According to Christopher J. Kauffman, what key aspects of 'Columbianism' were taught to the initiates of the Knights of Columbus?
According to Christopher J. Kauffman, what key aspects of 'Columbianism' were taught to the initiates of the Knights of Columbus?
What role did the Knights of Columbus play in the 'Americanization project' during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
What role did the Knights of Columbus play in the 'Americanization project' during the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
What impact did the Knights of Columbus have on dispelling the notion that Catholics could not be patriotic Americans?
What impact did the Knights of Columbus have on dispelling the notion that Catholics could not be patriotic Americans?
What was the significance of the quadricentennial celebrations of Columbus in 1892-1893?
What was the significance of the quadricentennial celebrations of Columbus in 1892-1893?
How did the Knights of Columbus ceremonies reinforce loyalty to both Catholicism and the United States?
How did the Knights of Columbus ceremonies reinforce loyalty to both Catholicism and the United States?
According to the provided content, what vision did Thomas Cummings express for the Knights of Columbus in 1882?
According to the provided content, what vision did Thomas Cummings express for the Knights of Columbus in 1882?
What does the anglicization of Cristóbal Colón's name to 'Christopher Columbus' suggest about the United States' attitude toward its origins?
What does the anglicization of Cristóbal Colón's name to 'Christopher Columbus' suggest about the United States' attitude toward its origins?
According to Thomas Hart Benton, how did Columbus's voyages relate to the concept of 'manifest destiny' in the United States?
According to Thomas Hart Benton, how did Columbus's voyages relate to the concept of 'manifest destiny' in the United States?
What concept is symbolized by the mural Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way installed in the U.S. Capitol building in 1861?
What concept is symbolized by the mural Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way installed in the U.S. Capitol building in 1861?
How does the story of Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze, the painter of Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way, reflect the complex relationship between immigration, American identity, and political ideals?
How does the story of Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze, the painter of Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way, reflect the complex relationship between immigration, American identity, and political ideals?
What is the significance of Mamdani's argument that the nation-state was born in 1492, in the context of the United States' mythical founding?
What is the significance of Mamdani's argument that the nation-state was born in 1492, in the context of the United States' mythical founding?
Why did Columbus take on renewed significance between 1890 and 1920?
Why did Columbus take on renewed significance between 1890 and 1920?
What was the relationship between Northern and Southern U.S. views on imperialism in the mid-19th century?
What was the relationship between Northern and Southern U.S. views on imperialism in the mid-19th century?
According to the content, how did Thomas Hart Benton justify US expansion?
According to the content, how did Thomas Hart Benton justify US expansion?
According to Mamdani, what key event is intertwined with the founding of the modern nation-state?
According to Mamdani, what key event is intertwined with the founding of the modern nation-state?
What does Mamdani assert regarding the conventional timeline of European colonialism?
What does Mamdani assert regarding the conventional timeline of European colonialism?
What motivated the Spanish monarchs to contract with Columbus?
What motivated the Spanish monarchs to contract with Columbus?
What was the initial reaction of the crusade-hardened mercenaries to the Indigenous residents' accounts of a huge landmass?
What was the initial reaction of the crusade-hardened mercenaries to the Indigenous residents' accounts of a huge landmass?
How do Indigenous peoples of the Western Hemisphere and descendants of enslaved Africans generally view October 12, 1492?
How do Indigenous peoples of the Western Hemisphere and descendants of enslaved Africans generally view October 12, 1492?
What is Michel-Rolph Trouillot's critique of calling the first European invasions a 'discovery'?
What is Michel-Rolph Trouillot's critique of calling the first European invasions a 'discovery'?
When did the first formal celebration of Columbus take place in the United States?
When did the first formal celebration of Columbus take place in the United States?
What did Columbus discover when he landed in the Americas, according to the text?
What did Columbus discover when he landed in the Americas, according to the text?
According to Trouillot, what role did ethnicity play in the establishment of Columbus as a celebrated figure in the U.S.?
According to Trouillot, what role did ethnicity play in the establishment of Columbus as a celebrated figure in the U.S.?
What was the primary motivation behind the Irish American founders choosing Columbus as the namesake for the Knights of Columbus, according to Thomas Schlereth?
What was the primary motivation behind the Irish American founders choosing Columbus as the namesake for the Knights of Columbus, according to Thomas Schlereth?
What significance did Matthew C. O'Connor attribute to Columbus in the context of the Knights of Columbus?
What significance did Matthew C. O'Connor attribute to Columbus in the context of the Knights of Columbus?
What was the primary motivation behind the Tammany Society's promotion of Columbus in the early United States?
What was the primary motivation behind the Tammany Society's promotion of Columbus in the early United States?
What does the establishment of Columbus Day celebrations in various U.S. cities in the late 19th century suggest about the Italian-American community at the time?
What does the establishment of Columbus Day celebrations in various U.S. cities in the late 19th century suggest about the Italian-American community at the time?
How did the adoption of 'Columbia' as a namesake for places and institutions reflect early American sentiments?
How did the adoption of 'Columbia' as a namesake for places and institutions reflect early American sentiments?
Why did the Knights of Columbus choose Columbus rather than St. Brendan as their patron saint?
Why did the Knights of Columbus choose Columbus rather than St. Brendan as their patron saint?
What was the role of Connecticut Catholic, an Irish American newspaper, in the formation of the Knights of Columbus?
What was the role of Connecticut Catholic, an Irish American newspaper, in the formation of the Knights of Columbus?
Considering Brian Hardwerk's observation, what was a significant consequence of celebrating Columbus in the early United States?
Considering Brian Hardwerk's observation, what was a significant consequence of celebrating Columbus in the early United States?
How did the Knights of Columbus aim to use the figure of Columbus to benefit their organization and its members?
How did the Knights of Columbus aim to use the figure of Columbus to benefit their organization and its members?
In what way did early American textbooks contribute to the construction of Columbus as a central figure in American history?
In what way did early American textbooks contribute to the construction of Columbus as a central figure in American history?
How does the content imply about the evolving perception of Christopher Columbus throughout history?
How does the content imply about the evolving perception of Christopher Columbus throughout history?
Considering the context of nativism in late 19th century America, how did adopting Columbus as a symbol help Irish Americans and other Catholic immigrants?
Considering the context of nativism in late 19th century America, how did adopting Columbus as a symbol help Irish Americans and other Catholic immigrants?
Considering the historical context, why might figures like Philip Freneau have advocated for the United States to be named 'Columbia'?
Considering the historical context, why might figures like Philip Freneau have advocated for the United States to be named 'Columbia'?
What can be inferred from the claim that Christopher Columbus's name was actually 'Cristóbal Colón'?
What can be inferred from the claim that Christopher Columbus's name was actually 'Cristóbal Colón'?
What does Claudia Bushman suggest about the motivations behind establishing Columbus as a foundational figure in U.S. history?
What does Claudia Bushman suggest about the motivations behind establishing Columbus as a foundational figure in U.S. history?
How did Senator Thomas Hart Benton connect Columbus's voyages to the concept of 'manifest destiny' in his 1846 speech?
How did Senator Thomas Hart Benton connect Columbus's voyages to the concept of 'manifest destiny' in his 1846 speech?
What was the primary message conveyed by the mural Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way installed in the U.S. Capitol building in 1861?
What was the primary message conveyed by the mural Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way installed in the U.S. Capitol building in 1861?
How did Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze's earlier artworks, such as Columbus Before the Council of Salamanca and Columbus in Chains, relate to his later work, Washington Crossing the Delaware?
How did Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze's earlier artworks, such as Columbus Before the Council of Salamanca and Columbus in Chains, relate to his later work, Washington Crossing the Delaware?
What is the main point Mamdani argues, as validated by the mythical founding of the United States?
What is the main point Mamdani argues, as validated by the mythical founding of the United States?
What rationale did Thomas Hart Benton offer regarding the impact of the 'White race' arriving on the west coast of America and its relation to the 'divine command'?
What rationale did Thomas Hart Benton offer regarding the impact of the 'White race' arriving on the west coast of America and its relation to the 'divine command'?
What was the significance of incorporating mandatory history courses into U.S. school curricula in the early nineteenth century?
What was the significance of incorporating mandatory history courses into U.S. school curricula in the early nineteenth century?
How did the rise in the Roman Catholic Church population due to increased immigration affect the perception and significance of Columbus in the U.S.?
How did the rise in the Roman Catholic Church population due to increased immigration affect the perception and significance of Columbus in the U.S.?
What agreement existed between the Union and the Confederacy?
What agreement existed between the Union and the Confederacy?
What key aspect of the Knights of Columbus does Pope Francis's beatification of McGivney highlight?
What key aspect of the Knights of Columbus does Pope Francis's beatification of McGivney highlight?
What was a central tenet taught to initiates within the Knights of Columbus, shaping their identity?
What was a central tenet taught to initiates within the Knights of Columbus, shaping their identity?
How did the Knights of Columbus utilize the figure of Columbus to counteract negative stereotypes about Catholics in the United States?
How did the Knights of Columbus utilize the figure of Columbus to counteract negative stereotypes about Catholics in the United States?
What role did wealthy Irish Americans play in the early expansion of the Knights of Columbus?
What role did wealthy Irish Americans play in the early expansion of the Knights of Columbus?
What broad social aim did the Knights of Columbus pursue through their emphasis on 'citizen culture'?
What broad social aim did the Knights of Columbus pursue through their emphasis on 'citizen culture'?
What was the significance of the quadricentennial celebrations of Columbus in 1892-1893 for the Knights of Columbus and their goals?
What was the significance of the quadricentennial celebrations of Columbus in 1892-1893 for the Knights of Columbus and their goals?
How did the proliferation of Columbus monuments across the United States in the late 19th century reflect the cultural climate of the time?
How did the proliferation of Columbus monuments across the United States in the late 19th century reflect the cultural climate of the time?
What message were the Knights of Columbus attempting to convey through their ceremonials involving symbols, metaphors, and Catholic fellowship?
What message were the Knights of Columbus attempting to convey through their ceremonials involving symbols, metaphors, and Catholic fellowship?
What was the primary significance of the World's Fair Columbian Exposition in Chicago beyond celebrating Columbus?
What was the primary significance of the World's Fair Columbian Exposition in Chicago beyond celebrating Columbus?
In what way did the official guide to the World's Fair Columbian Exposition minimize previous history?
In what way did the official guide to the World's Fair Columbian Exposition minimize previous history?
What did the 'White City' symbolize beyond architectural grandeur at the World's Fair?
What did the 'White City' symbolize beyond architectural grandeur at the World's Fair?
What was the intended function of the 'White City' structures at the Chicago World's Fair?
What was the intended function of the 'White City' structures at the Chicago World's Fair?
What was the primary purpose behind the promotion of the flag pledge, according to Bellamy?
What was the primary purpose behind the promotion of the flag pledge, according to Bellamy?
How did the World's Fair in Chicago connect the celebration of Columbus to prevailing racial ideologies in the United States?
How did the World's Fair in Chicago connect the celebration of Columbus to prevailing racial ideologies in the United States?
What is the relationship between the construction of the 'White City' and U.S. expansionism at the time?
What is the relationship between the construction of the 'White City' and U.S. expansionism at the time?
How did the Buffalo Bill's Wild West show contribute to the narrative of the World's Fair?
How did the Buffalo Bill's Wild West show contribute to the narrative of the World's Fair?
Flashcards
Opinion Column
Opinion Column
A column on NYTimes presenting opinions.
Italians Become 'White'
Italians Become 'White'
The concept of how Italian immigrants were eventually considered "white" in America.
Vicious Bigotry
Vicious Bigotry
Prejudice and discrimination.
Reluctant Acceptance
Reluctant Acceptance
Acceptance with reservations or hesitations.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Brent Staples
Brent Staples
An NYTimes Editorial Board Member.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ellis Island Italians
Ellis Island Italians
Waiting to be admitted into the US.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Naturalization Act of 1790
Naturalization Act of 1790
The first US immigration / naturalization law.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Culturally Homogeneous
Culturally Homogeneous
Homogeneous means similar or uniform throughout.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Northern Newspaper Complicity
Northern Newspaper Complicity
Northern newspapers were complicit in justifying mob violence against Black individuals, similar to their Southern counterparts.
Signup and view all the flashcards
"A Brutal Negro Lynched"
"A Brutal Negro Lynched"
Newspapers used headlines that presumed guilt and labeled victims as criminals of black lynching.
Signup and view all the flashcards
False Rape Accusations
False Rape Accusations
Lynching was based on fabricated accusations of sexual assault.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Attacks on Ida B. Wells
Attacks on Ida B. Wells
The Times dismissed Ida B. Wells as a "slanderous and nasty-minded mulattress."
Signup and view all the flashcards
"Thread bare lie"
"Thread bare lie"
Rape accusations were used as a lie against black men who had consensual relationships with white women.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Times' Racist Editorial
Times' Racist Editorial
Times editors joked of roasting "Negro ravishers"
Signup and view all the flashcards
Racial Stereotyping in Media
Racial Stereotyping in Media
Editors said the black men were "prone" to rape.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Italian Immigrant Labor
Italian Immigrant Labor
Italian immigrants were brought in to replace newly freed slaves.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Italian Labor in Louisiana
Italian Labor in Louisiana
Post-Civil War, Louisiana sought Italian immigrants to address labor shortages and reinforce white dominance.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Reasons for Sour Relations
Reasons for Sour Relations
Initial enthusiasm waned due to Italians' resistance to low pay/poor conditions and maintaining their culture.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Italian Neighborhoods
Italian Neighborhoods
Italians formed close-knit communities, preserving their language and culture, and conducting business with African-Americans.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Changing Perceptions of Sicilians
Changing Perceptions of Sicilians
Southern whites began to view Sicilians as 'not fully white' due to their interactions and relationships with African Americans.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Increased Persecution
Increased Persecution
Italians became targets of persecution, including lynching, similar to the treatment of African Americans.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Italian Immigrant Stereotypes
Italian Immigrant Stereotypes
Negative stereotypes used to portray Italian immigrants as innately criminal, wretched, and unskilled.
Signup and view all the flashcards
The Slur 'Dago'
The Slur 'Dago'
A racist term used to describe Italian and Spanish-speaking immigrants, associating them with criminality.
Signup and view all the flashcards
New York Times' view
New York Times' view
The New York Times described them as 'wretchedly poor and unskilled'.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Evolutionary slander
Evolutionary slander
The New York Times described them as 'links in a descending chain of evolution.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Italian children
Italian children
The New York Times described them as 'utterly unfit --- ragged, filthy, and verminous as they were --- to be placed in the public primary schools among the decent children of American mechanics.'
Signup and view all the flashcards
Half breed
Half breed
The New York Times described people as 'half breed' who 'was the son of a Sicilian father and a mulatto mother, and had the worst characteristics of both races in his makeup.He was cunning, treacherous and cruel, and was regarded in the community where he lived as an assassin by nature.'
Signup and view all the flashcards
Who was assassinated?
Who was assassinated?
David Hennessy, was assassinated on his way home one evening.
Signup and view all the flashcards
New Orleans Lynching (1891)
New Orleans Lynching (1891)
Fueled by stereotypes, this event involved the mass lynching of Italian immigrants, highlighting prejudice and injustice.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hennessy Murder Case
Hennessy Murder Case
Accusation of 19 Italians in New Orleans for complicity in the murder of Chief Hennessy based on weak evidence.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Weak Evidence in Trials
Weak Evidence in Trials
The disproportionate number of acquittals and mistrials highlighted the weakness of the evidence against the accused Italians.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Motives Behind Injustice
Motives Behind Injustice
City elites coveted businesses built by Italians and disliked Italians fraternizing with African-Americans.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Grand Jury Whitewash
Grand Jury Whitewash
An official inquiry that exonerated the lynch mob, effectively covering up the crime.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Praiseworthy killings
Praiseworthy killings
The lynchings were praised by the grand jury.
Signup and view all the flashcards
NY Times Pro-Lynching Story
NY Times Pro-Lynching Story
The New York Times published a story that supported the lynchings, detailing the events with a positive tone.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dehumanizing Stereotypes
Dehumanizing Stereotypes
The New York Times dehumanized the lynched Italians using racist stereotypes.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Rattlesnake Comparison
Rattlesnake Comparison
Calling them a 'pest without mitigations', comparing them unfavorably to rattlesnakes.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Italian Government's Response
Italian Government's Response
The Italian government reacted to the New Orleans lynching by severing diplomatic ties with the U.S.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Harrison's Response to Lynching
Harrison's Response to Lynching
President Harrison asked Congress to protect foreign nationals (except Black Americans) after the New Orleans lynching
Signup and view all the flashcards
Columbus Day Proclamation (1892)
Columbus Day Proclamation (1892)
President Harrison in 1892, opened the door for Italian-Americans to associate themselves with the American origin story.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Columbus as 'First Immigrant' Myth
Columbus as 'First Immigrant' Myth
Italian-Americans reshaped history by portraying Columbus as the 'first immigrant'.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Columbus's limited relation to North America
Columbus's limited relation to North America
Columbus never set foot in North America and the U.S. did not exist during his voyage.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Impact of Columbus Myth
Impact of Columbus Myth
Granted Italian-Americans a formative role in the nation-building narrative.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Defamatory view of Italians
Defamatory view of Italians
A defamatory view of Italians (especially Sicilians) as criminals.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Comments Section
Comments Section
A panel where readers can post their comments about the stories.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Newspaper Complicity
Newspaper Complicity
Being involved in or responsible for wrongdoing; complicity.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Slanderous Statement
Slanderous Statement
An untrue statement that harms someone's reputation.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lynching
Lynching
The act of killing someone by illegal hanging.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Condemnation
Condemnation
An official expression of strong disapproval.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Initial view of Italian Labor
Initial view of Italian Labor
Italian immigrants were initially welcomed to fill labor shortages and support white dominance in the Jim Crow South.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Reasons for strained relations
Reasons for strained relations
Italian immigrants resisted low wages and poor conditions, lived separately, and maintained their culture.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Italian Communities
Italian Communities
They formed neighborhoods, spoke native language, maintained Italian customs and conducted business with African-Americans
Signup and view all the flashcards
Shift in perception
Shift in perception
Proximity and relationships with African-Americans led whites to view Sicilians as 'not fully white'.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Consequences of re-evaluation
Consequences of re-evaluation
Because of the shift in perception they became targets of persecution, including lynching, similar to African-Americans.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Racist Epithets
Racist Epithets
Derogatory terms used against Italian immigrants, reflecting racial prejudice.
Signup and view all the flashcards
"Swarthy, Kinky-Haired"
"Swarthy, Kinky-Haired"
Describing Italians in a racist manner - dark-skinned and unruly hair.
Signup and view all the flashcards
"Guinea" Slur
"Guinea" Slur
Term likening Italians to enslaved African Americans, highlighting racial discrimination.
Signup and view all the flashcards
"White Nigger," "Nigger Wop"
"White Nigger," "Nigger Wop"
Insults combining anti-Black and anti-Italian sentiments, showcasing complex racial hierarchies.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Penalties of Blackness
Penalties of Blackness
Discrimination and disadvantages experienced due to perceived "blackness."
Signup and view all the flashcards
Marked as Black
Marked as Black
Italians were categorized as Black because they did the jobs that Black people did.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Marauding Mobs
Marauding Mobs
Groups that attacked, murdered, and terrorized Black communities and, at times, Italian immigrants.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Columbus Day
Columbus Day
A holiday that became important for Italian Americans to be accepted as white people.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Accused Italians
Accused Italians
Accused of Hennessy's murder; many were acquitted due to lack of evidence.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mistrials Granted
Mistrials Granted
A trial that ends without a verdict, often due to a hung jury or procedural error.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Elites' Motives
Elites' Motives
Local leaders desired Italian-owned businesses & disliked Italians associating with African-Americans.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Whitewash Defined
Whitewash Defined
An inquiry designed to conceal wrongdoing, protecting the guilty from accountability.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Times' Editorial Stance
Times' Editorial Stance
Editorial bias that supported violence against a specific ethnic group.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Racist Stereotypes
Racist Stereotypes
Description using prejudiced, often untrue, oversimplified characteristics.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dehumanization
Dehumanization
Characterizing a group as less than human.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bandits and Assassins
Bandits and Assassins
Reference to Italian immigrants as descendants of criminals and unwelcome in America.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Henry Cabot Lodge's Role
Henry Cabot Lodge's Role
Senator who opposed immigration reflecting prejudiced views which influenced restrictive laws.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lodge's Argument
Lodge's Argument
The belief that juries are untrustworthy is worse than unlawful mob violence.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lodge's Rationale
Lodge's Rationale
The idea that perceptions about immigrants, regardless of facts, should justify stricter immigration policies.
Signup and view all the flashcards
1920s Immigration Laws
1920s Immigration Laws
Restricting Italian immigration in the 1920s based on racial bias, despite Italians being legally white.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Columbus Myth's Political Use
Columbus Myth's Political Use
Romanticized narratives about Columbus were strategically used to challenge discriminatory immigration policies.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Racial Categories
Racial Categories
Racial categories are not based on biology, but are constructed through political myth-making.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Columbus's travels
Columbus's travels
Columbus did visit islands in the Caribbean.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Racist Immigration Restriction.
Racist Immigration Restriction.
Official policies of racial discrimination and segregation.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Racism
Racism
Discrimination, prejudice, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one's own race is superior.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Discrimination
Discrimination
Unfair treatment.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Complicity
Complicity
Involvement in or responsibility for a wrongful act.
Signup and view all the flashcards
1790 Naturalization Law
1790 Naturalization Law
The US Congress stating only free white immigrants could become citizens.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Homogeneous America (1790)
Homogeneous America (1790)
America should be white, Protestant, and culturally similar.
Signup and view all the flashcards
How Italians Became ‘White’
How Italians Became ‘White’
An article describing how Italian immigrants were eventually considered "white" in America.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ellis Island Immigrants
Ellis Island Immigrants
New immigrants being processed.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Columbus Day Rationale
Columbus Day Rationale
A holiday rooted in myth, allowing Italian-Americans to create a positive self-image in civic history.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Columbus Day Origins
Columbus Day Origins
Proclaimed by President Harrison in 1892 after the New Orleans lynching of 11 Italian immigrants.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Columbus Day Purpose
Columbus Day Purpose
An attempt to quell outrage among Italian-Americans and resolve a diplomatic crisis after the New Orleans lynchings.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Northern Newspapers' Role
Northern Newspapers' Role
Racist stereotypes in Northern newspapers, like The Times, contributed to the dishonorable response to the lynching.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Italian Gov. Protests
Italian Gov. Protests
Inspired a broader anti-lynching effort, unlike the unsuccessful efforts of Ida B. Wells.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Advertising Lynchings
Advertising Lynchings
Newspapers advertised public murders of African-Americans to attract crowds.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Victim Labeling
Victim Labeling
Victims were labeled with derogatory terms like 'brutes,' 'fiends,' and 'troublesome Negroes'.
Signup and view all the flashcards
News Org's justifiying
News Org's justifiying
Legitimized lynching by promoting racist stereotypes about its victims.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Louisiana's Italian Labor
Louisiana's Italian Labor
Post-Civil War Louisiana sought Italian immigrants to resolve labor deficits and ensure white dominance.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Italian Neighborhoods in Louisiana
Italian Neighborhoods in Louisiana
Italians formed close-knit communities, preserving their language and culture, and conducting business with African-Americans.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Increased Persecution of Italians
Increased Persecution of Italians
The shift in perception led to persecution, including lynching, similar to the treatment of African-Americans.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Northern Newspaper's Bias
Northern Newspaper's Bias
Acknowledged Northern media's role in promoting violence against Black individuals through biased reporting.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lynching triggers
Lynching triggers
False accusations of sexual assault were often the basis for lynching black men in the South.
Signup and view all the flashcards
"Negroes are Particularly Prone"
"Negroes are Particularly Prone"
Times editors used racist rhetoric, alleging black men were particularly prone to rape.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Post-Civil War Labor
Post-Civil War Labor
Italian immigrants were recruited as cheap labor in Louisiana after the Civil War.
Signup and view all the flashcards
"Assassins by Nature"
"Assassins by Nature"
Belief in the inherent criminal tendencies of individuals based on their race or ethnicity.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Who was David Hennessy?
Who was David Hennessy?
The New Orleans police chief who was murdered, leading to the lynching of Italian immigrants.
Signup and view all the flashcards
The "Dagoes" Claim
The "Dagoes" Claim
A suspect witness in the Hennessy murder case claimed to hear the victim blame "dagoes".
Signup and view all the flashcards
Outcome of Initial Trials
Outcome of Initial Trials
Trials were held, but many ended in acquittals and mistrials due to lack of strong evidence.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Reasons City Elites Hated Italians
Reasons City Elites Hated Italians
They wanted their businesses and disliked them associating with African-Americans in the community.
Signup and view all the flashcards
The Grand Jury's Role
The Grand Jury's Role
A formal inquiry covered up the lynchings, portraying the killers as praiseworthy.
Signup and view all the flashcards
The New York Times' Initial Stance
The New York Times' Initial Stance
It printed a story celebrating the lynching of Italians following Hennessy's death.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dehumanizing Language
Dehumanizing Language
Racist stereotypes about Italians being criminals, bandits, and assassins were used to dehumanize the victims.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Rattlesnake Analogy
Rattlesnake Analogy
Describing Italian immigrants as a "pest" and comparing them unfavorably to rattlesnakes.
Signup and view all the flashcards
1790 Naturalization Act
1790 Naturalization Act
The act declared that only free white immigrants could become naturalized U.S. citizens.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Homogeneous America
Homogeneous America
An idea that the U.S. should be white, Protestant, and culturally similar.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Immigrate
Immigrate
The act of migrating into another country to reside there permanently.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Naturalization
Naturalization
The legal process by which a foreign citizen becomes a citizen of a new country.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Homogeneous
Homogeneous
Having a uniform structure or composition throughout.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Racial Requirement
Racial Requirement
Restricting eligibility for citizenship to 'free white persons'.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Exclusionary Citizenship
Exclusionary Citizenship
Original vision limited citizenship based on race and background.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Original US Citizenship
Original US Citizenship
Eligibility for US Citizenship was originally limited to only white people
Signup and view all the flashcards
Italian Immigrant Enclaves
Italian Immigrant Enclaves
Italians formed close communities, preserving their culture speaking their language, and conducting business with African-Americans.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Changing racial perceptions
Changing racial perceptions
Proximity and relationships with African-Americans led Southern whites to view Sicilians as 'not fully white'.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Initial Acceptance in New Orleans
Initial Acceptance in New Orleans
By the 1870's Italian immigrants were still well thought of in New Orleans when negative stereotypes were being established in the Northern press.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Anti-Italian Slurs
Anti-Italian Slurs
Derogatory slurs used against Italian immigrants based on stereotypes about their race and origin.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Italians as 'Black'
Italians as 'Black'
Italian immigrants were sometimes treated as Black due to their jobs and living conditions.
Signup and view all the flashcards
"Free White Persons"
"Free White Persons"
A legal term referring to individuals who were officially classified as 'free white persons' upon immigrating to the U.S.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Black Jobs
Black Jobs
Italian immigrants were sometimes categorized as 'black' due to working the same jobs that African-Americans did.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Columbus Day significance
Columbus Day significance
A U.S. federal holiday that became important symbol for Italian-Americans seeking acceptance in American society.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Columbus Day & assimilation
Columbus Day & assimilation
Holiday used to help integrate Italian-Americans as white people, celebrated every year.
Signup and view all the flashcards
NY Times' Italian portrayal
NY Times' Italian portrayal
The New York Times portrayed Italian immigrants as criminals, poor, and unskilled.
Signup and view all the flashcards
NYT on immigrant evolution
NYT on immigrant evolution
The New York Times, in 1880, described immigrants, including Italians, as less advanced on the evolutionary ladder.
Signup and view all the flashcards
NYT on Italian children
NYT on Italian children
The Times described the Italian immigrant children as dirty and unfit to attend public schools.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Definition of 'Dago'
Definition of 'Dago'
A slur used against Italian and Spanish-speaking immigrants, associating them with criminality and foreignness.
Signup and view all the flashcards
'Dago Joe' story
'Dago Joe' story
An 1887 Times story described a lynching victim with a Sicilian father and a mulatto mother. He was described as having the worst characteristics of both races.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hennessy assassination
Hennessy assassination
Popular police chief, David Hennessy, was assassinated in New Orleans.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Motives for anti-Italian sentiment
Motives for anti-Italian sentiment
City elites resented Italian-owned businesses and dislike Italians fraternizing with African Americans.
Signup and view all the flashcards
NY Times bias
NY Times bias
The New York Times published a story that supported the lynchings.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Italian Criminal Stereotypes
Italian Criminal Stereotypes
The New Orleans lynchings solidified a view of Italians, especially Sicilians, as criminals who threatened society.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Harrison's Initial Reaction
Harrison's Initial Reaction
President Harrison initially ignored the New Orleans lynching until the Italian government intervened.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Italian Gov't Reaction (1891)
Italian Gov't Reaction (1891)
Italy responded to the New Orleans lynching by cutting off diplomatic ties with the U.S. and demanding compensation.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Harrison's Request to Congress
Harrison's Request to Congress
Harrison's request to Congress was to protect foreign nationals (excluding Black Americans) after the lynchings.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Columbus 'First Immigrant' Myth
Columbus 'First Immigrant' Myth
Italian-Americans created the myth of Columbus as 'the first immigrant,' despite historical inaccuracies.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Nation-Building Narrative
Nation-Building Narrative
The mythologizing of Columbus gave Italian-Americans a formative role in the nation-building narrative.
Signup and view all the flashcards
"Discovery" Narrative
"Discovery" Narrative
Columbus 'discovered' a continent already inhabited by Native Americans.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Henry Cabot Lodge
Henry Cabot Lodge
Senator who used anti-immigrant sentiment to advocate for stricter immigration laws.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Beliefs vs. Facts
Beliefs vs. Facts
The idea that negative opinions about immigrants are enough to restrict immigration, even without factual basis.
Signup and view all the flashcards
1920s Italian Restrictions
1920s Italian Restrictions
Immigration restrictions implemented in the 1920s targeted Italians based on racial grounds even though Italians were white.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Columbus Myth - Political Tool
Columbus Myth - Political Tool
The calculated use of positive myths about Columbus to advance political goals and overturn discriminatory laws.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Racial Categories as Political Myths
Racial Categories as Political Myths
The argument that racial categories are shaped by political and social stories, not by biology or science.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Confidence in Juries
Confidence in Juries
Confidence in juries to deliver just verdicts; Lodge argued it was more important than avoiding mob violence.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Italian Immigration Restrictions
Italian Immigration Restrictions
Curtailing Italian immigration in the 1920s based on biased judgements, even if legally considered white.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Manipulating Columbus
Manipulating Columbus
Using the romantic narratives about Columbus to gain political power and fight against discriminatory immigration policies.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Racial Divisions Roots
Racial Divisions Roots
Racial categories are a result of political myth-making, not biology.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Prejudice & Jury Distrust
Prejudice & Jury Distrust
Discrimination and unfair treatment against immigrants justified by perceived lack of jury impartiality.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Calculus of Racism
Calculus of Racism
A revision of racist ideas based on increased immigration.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Racializing White Europeans
Racializing White Europeans
Describing white Europeans into distinct groups, some 'whiter' than others.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Racist Dogma
Racist Dogma
Describing Southern Italians as racially inferior and uncivilized.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Media's Role
Media's Role
Newspapers spreading negative images of Italians as racially suspect.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dubious White Status
Dubious White Status
Italians came as 'free white persons' but were treated as black.
Signup and view all the flashcards
White Supremacy
White Supremacy
Belief in the superiority of one's own race.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ethnic Discrimination
Ethnic Discrimination
Unfair treatment of one ethnic group by another.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Defamatory Stereotypes
Defamatory Stereotypes
Negative portrayals of Italian immigrants in the media, often linking them to crime and poverty.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Inborn Criminality Stereotype
Inborn Criminality Stereotype
Belief that criminality is inherent to certain racial or ethnic groups.
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is "Dago?"
What is "Dago?"
A derogatory term used towards Italian and Spanish-speaking immigrants.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dubious Testimony
Dubious Testimony
The accusation of Italians for Chief Hennessy's murder rested on dubious testimony.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Insufficient Evidence
Insufficient Evidence
Acquittals and mistrials suggested a lack of solid evidence against the accused Italians.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Elites' Motivations
Elites' Motivations
New Orleans elites desired Italian-owned businesses and disliked Italians fraternizing with African-Americans
Signup and view all the flashcards
Times' Justification of Lynching
Times' Justification of Lynching
Newspaper celebrating mob violence against Italians, using racist dehumanizing language.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dehumanizing Italians
Dehumanizing Italians
Describing Italians as inherently criminal and a threat to society.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Forced Response
Forced Response
Harrison had to respond to the issue due to diplomatic pressure from Italy.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Rewriting History
Rewriting History
Italian-Americans began rewriting history by casting Columbus as a heroic figure.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Columbus as First Immigrant
Columbus as First Immigrant
The first immigrant, even though he never set foot in North America.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Politicized Whiteness
Politicized Whiteness
A shift in race allocation based on politics, restricting who was considered 'white'.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Racializing Europeans
Racializing Europeans
Categorizing European immigrants into different 'races,' some seen as 'whiter' and more desirable than others.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Southern Italians' Racial Status
Southern Italians' Racial Status
Southern Italians faced discrimination, being seen as racially inferior and too similar to black people.
Signup and view all the flashcards
North vs. South Italy Racism
North vs. South Italy Racism
Northerners in Italy held racist views, considering Southern Italians, especially Sicilians, as 'uncivilized'.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Italian Stereotypes in US Media
Italian Stereotypes in US Media
The proliferation of negative images and stereotypes of Italians in American media.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Segregation of Italians
Segregation of Italians
Exclusion from schools, movie houses, unions, and segregated seating in churches.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Racist Epithets against Italians
Racist Epithets against Italians
Derogatory terms used against Italian immigrants, associating them with blackness.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Italians 'Marked as Black'
Italians 'Marked as Black'
Italians were sometimes classified as black due to their jobs or where they lived.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vulnerability to Mobs
Vulnerability to Mobs
Vulnerable to attacks due to weakened state.
Signup and view all the flashcards
White Domination
White Domination
Racial hierarchies defining who held power and privilege.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Jim Crow Laws
Jim Crow Laws
Laws enforcing racial segregation and discrimination in the South.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Black Labor Exodus
Black Labor Exodus
Leaving arduous jobs in fields for better opportunities.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Low Wage Labor
Low Wage Labor
Economic exploitation through minimal compensation.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dismal Working Conditions
Dismal Working Conditions
Unfavorable and challenging work conditions.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ethnic Enclaves
Ethnic Enclaves
Living in self-governed, culturally distinct areas.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cultural Preservation
Cultural Preservation
Maintaining customs and language of the homeland.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cross-Racial Fraternization
Cross-Racial Fraternization
Building connections and relationships across racial lines.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Intermarriage
Intermarriage
Marriage between individuals of different races.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Guilt by Association
Guilt by Association
Prejudice based on perceived proximity to blackness.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Criminal Stereotyping
Criminal Stereotyping
Disparaging depiction of a group, Italians, as criminal.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Racial Prejudice
Racial Prejudice
Prejudice or discrimination based on race.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Becoming White
Becoming White
The process by which a person or group comes to be viewed as belonging to the white race.
Signup and view all the flashcards
NY Times' initial view of Italians
NY Times' initial view of Italians
Negative portrayals in The Times depicted them as criminals, unskilled, and impoverished.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Appearance Stereotyping
Appearance Stereotyping
Associates physical appearance with criminality.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Times' 'Evolution' Claim
Times' 'Evolution' Claim
Classified them as lower on the scale of human progress.
Signup and view all the flashcards
'Lowest Class' Insult
'Lowest Class' Insult
The editors considered them the 'lowest and most ignorant class'.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Unfit Children
Unfit Children
Labeled them as unfit and dirty to attend school with 'decent' children.
Signup and view all the flashcards
'Worst characteristics'
'Worst characteristics'
Asserted innate criminality based on mixed heritage, combining negative traits of both groups.
Signup and view all the flashcards
The 'Dago' Slur
The 'Dago' Slur
Racist term for Italian and Spanish-speaking immigrants.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hennessy's enemies
Hennessy's enemies
Hennessy had many possible motives for assassination.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Suspect Witness
Suspect Witness
The witness who made the claim against the Italians possibly had reasons to lie.
Signup and view all the flashcards
NOLA Elite Motives
NOLA Elite Motives
The city's elites desired Italian-owned businesses and disliked Italians fraternizing with African-Americans
Signup and view all the flashcards
Italy's Diplomatic break
Italy's Diplomatic break
Italian government broke off relations and demanded compensation.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Harrison's selective protection
Harrison's selective protection
Harrison asked Congress to protect foreign nationals (except Black Americans)
Signup and view all the flashcards
1790 Citizenship Restriction
1790 Citizenship Restriction
In 1790, US law restricted naturalized citizenship to "free white persons."
Signup and view all the flashcards
Culturally Homogeneous America
Culturally Homogeneous America
The idea that America should consist of white, Protestant, culturally similar people.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Redefining 'Whiteness'
Redefining 'Whiteness'
As waves of diverse immigrants arrived, Americans began defining 'whiteness' more restrictively and politically.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Racial Ranking of Europeans
Racial Ranking of Europeans
Journalists, politicians, and officials divided white Europeans into 'races,' ranking some as 'whiter' and more deserving.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Proximity to 'Blackness'
Proximity to 'Blackness'
Some Europeans were considered too similar to Black people to be accepted as 'white'.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Matthew Frye Jacobson
Matthew Frye Jacobson
Matthew Frye Jacobson analyzes how the definition of whiteness changed with immigration.
Signup and view all the flashcards
"Whiteness of a Different Color"
"Whiteness of a Different Color"
Book that discusses the changing concept of whiteness in America due to European immigration.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Racial Hierarchy in Europe
Racial Hierarchy in Europe
Europeans were divided into races, based on how worthy of citizenship they were.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Italians Labeled 'Black'
Italians Labeled 'Black'
Italian immigrants were sometimes classified as black due to their jobs and living situations.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Origin of Columbus Day
Origin of Columbus Day
President Harrison declared it in 1892 after the lynching of 11 Italian immigrants in New Orleans.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Purpose of Columbus Day Proclamation
Purpose of Columbus Day Proclamation
An attempt to calm outrage among Italian-Americans and avoid conflict with Italy.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Newspapers' Stereotyping of Italians
Newspapers' Stereotyping of Italians
They influenced racist perceptions of Italians that helped lead to the New Orleans lynchings.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Italian Government Protests Outcome
Italian Government Protests Outcome
An anti-lynching effort unlike that of Ida B. Wells, that pushed for racial justice.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ida B. Wells
Ida B. Wells
An advocate and newspaper editor who was against lynching.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Violence Against Italians
Violence Against Italians
Were prevalent in the South, and similar to the treatment of African Americans.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Post-Civil War Italian Immigrants
Post-Civil War Italian Immigrants
Cheap laborers who replaced newly emancipated black workers in Louisiana.
Signup and view all the flashcards
White Domination Quest
White Domination Quest
The pursuit of settlers who would support white supremacy, which the Italian immigrants satisfied, at first.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Italian Labor Resistance
Italian Labor Resistance
Unwillingness of Italian immigrants to accept minimal compensation and awful working conditions.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Italian Cultural Persistence
Italian Cultural Persistence
Italians living together, speaking their language, preserving their culture, and befriending African Americans.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sicilians' Loss of Whiteness
Sicilians' Loss of Whiteness
Viewing Sicilians as less than fully white and thus eligible for lynching.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Advertising public murders
Advertising public murders
Public murders of African-Americans were advertised in advance to attract large crowds.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dehumanizing labels
Dehumanizing labels
Victims of lynchings were labeled as 'brutes,' 'fiends,' or 'troublesome Negroes'.
Signup and view all the flashcards
News orgs & lynching
News orgs & lynching
High-minded news organizations legitimized lynching by using racist stereotypes of Black individuals.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lodge's Argument on Immigration
Lodge's Argument on Immigration
Representative Henry Cabot Lodge used the New Orleans lynching to argue that distrust in juries justified higher barriers to immigration.
Signup and view all the flashcards
1920s Italian Immigration Limits
1920s Italian Immigration Limits
In the 1920s, Congress limited Italian immigration based on racial grounds, despite Italians technically being classified as white.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Post-Lynching Defamation
Post-Lynching Defamation
The New Orleans lynching highlighted the defamation of Italians, especially Sicilians, as criminals who threatened the nation.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Racial Categories Origins
Racial Categories Origins
Racial categories are not based on biology but are constructed through political and social myth-making.
Signup and view all the flashcards
NYTCo
NYTCo
The company that owns The New York Times.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Contact Us
Contact Us
A link to report issues on the site.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Accessibility
Accessibility
Efforts to make the website accessible to all.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Work with us
Work with us
A link to the company's career page.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Advertise
Advertise
A link to the advertising page
Signup and view all the flashcards
T Brand Studio
T Brand Studio
The New York Times advertising and marketing company
Signup and view all the flashcards
Your Ad Choices
Your Ad Choices
Options to control online tracking for personalized ads.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Privacy Policy
Privacy Policy
Your rights in relation to the information and data collected.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Terms of Service
Terms of Service
Rules for using the website.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Terms of Sale
Terms of Sale
Conditions relating to the purchase of products or services.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Columbus Day's Importance
Columbus Day's Importance
Celebrated on Monday, played a key role in solidifying Italian-Americans' status as white during the 20th century.
Signup and view all the flashcards
1892 Columbus Holiday
1892 Columbus Holiday
President Harrison declared it after the 1891 New Orleans lynching to ease tensions.
Signup and view all the flashcards
1891 New Orleans Lynching
1891 New Orleans Lynching
The lynching of 11 Italian immigrants in New Orleans.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Racist Stereotypes Promoted
Racist Stereotypes Promoted
Exacerbated by racist stereotypes about Italians in newspapers.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Italian Protests' Impact
Italian Protests' Impact
Inspiring a broad anti-lynching effort.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Who was Ida B. Wells?
Who was Ida B. Wells?
Brave African-American newspaper editor and anti-lynching campaigner
Signup and view all the flashcards
Labeling Lynching Victims
Labeling Lynching Victims
Victims were labeled with dehumanizing & derogatory terms by newspapers before being lynched.
Signup and view all the flashcards
News Org's justification
News Org's justification
Newspapers contributing to the racist attitudes that fueled lynching by spreading hateful stereotypes about Black individuals.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Black 'Brute'
Black 'Brute'
Describing lynching victims with derogatory terms.
Signup and view all the flashcards
'A thread bare lie'
'A thread bare lie'
Characterizing rape accusations as 'a thread bare lie' used to target Black men in consensual relationships with white women.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Louisiana's Labor Needs
Louisiana's Labor Needs
Louisiana sought Italian immigrants due to labor shortages after the Civil War, aiming to uphold white supremacy.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Changing Sicilian Status
Changing Sicilian Status
Whites saw them as less white because of their interactions and relationships with African Americans.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Shared Fate
Shared Fate
Italians faced persecution, including lynching, akin to African-Americans.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Henry Cabot Lodge's stance
Henry Cabot Lodge's stance
Representative Henry Cabot Lodge of Massachusetts utilized the New Orleans lynching to advocate for stricter immigration laws based on perceived threats from immigrants.
Signup and view all the flashcards
1920s Italian Immigration
1920s Italian Immigration
During the 1920s, Congress restricted Italian immigration due to racial prejudice, despite Italians being legally classified as white.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Columbus Myth in Politics
Columbus Myth in Politics
Italian-Americans strategically used the romanticized narratives of Columbus to challenge and overturn discriminatory immigration restrictions in 1965.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Nature of Racial Categories
Nature of Racial Categories
Categories of race are not based on biological or scientific facts, but are instead a product of politically charged myth-making and narratives.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lynching's defamatory view
Lynching's defamatory view
Emphasized the role of the lynching in solidifying a negative stereotype of Italians (especially Sicilians) as criminals threatening the nation.
Signup and view all the flashcards
David Hennessy
David Hennessy
New Orleans police chief whose assassination triggered the lynching of Italian immigrants in 1891.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Italian Complicity
Italian Complicity
Scapegoating 19 Italians for Hennessy's death.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Elite Complicity
Elite Complicity
Mob violence against Italians was overlooked due to prejudice and economic motives.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Publicized Violence
Publicized Violence
Lynching was advertised in newspapers to attract crowds.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Italian Enclaves
Italian Enclaves
They formed neighborhoods, spoke native language, maintained Italian customs and conducted business with African-Americans
Signup and view all the flashcards
Site Index
Site Index
A list or catalog of items in a structured format on a website.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Site Information Navigation
Site Information Navigation
Legal and contact information including copyright, privacy, and terms of service.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Copyright Notice
Copyright Notice
A legal declaration protecting the creator's ownership of original works.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tammany Society
Tammany Society
Organization founded in 1789 in New York City that organized Columbus Day.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Baltimore Obelisk (1792)
Baltimore Obelisk (1792)
First public monument to Columbus in North America, erected in Baltimore.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin D. Roosevelt
President who made Columbus Day a federal holiday in 1937.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Columbia
Columbia
Name initially used to honor Columbus, referring to the 'land of Columbus'.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Columbia University
Columbia University
College founded as King's College, renamed after independence to honor Columbus.
Signup and view all the flashcards
"Hail, Columbia"
"Hail, Columbia"
Early national anthem, now played for the U.S. Vice President's appearances.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Philip Freneau
Philip Freneau
Poet who first referred to the U.S. as "Columbia".
Signup and view all the flashcards
Columbus and Indigenous Erasure
Columbus and Indigenous Erasure
Columbus provided a convenient way to forget about America's original inhabitants.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Founding Moment (Modern Nation-State)
Founding Moment (Modern Nation-State)
Ethnic cleansing and overseas colonialism were co-constituted at this time.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Co-Constituted Colonialism
Co-Constituted Colonialism
The belief that European colonialism and the modern state developed together, not separately.
Signup and view all the flashcards
"Discovery" Critique
"Discovery" Critique
The idea that Columbus 'discovered' already inhabited lands, framing future narratives with Eurocentric bias.
Signup and view all the flashcards
October 12, 1492 (Indigenous Perspective)
October 12, 1492 (Indigenous Perspective)
Indigenous people view it as a symbol of domination and genocide.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Trouillot on 'Discovery'
Trouillot on 'Discovery'
To call 'discovery' the first invasions of inhabited lands by Europeans is an exercise in Eurocentric power that already frames future narratives of the event so described.
Signup and view all the flashcards
1792 Tricentenary
1792 Tricentenary
The first formal celebration of Columbus in the United States.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ethnic Cleansing in Iberia
Ethnic Cleansing in Iberia
The Castilian monarchy sought to establish a Christian Spanish homeland by expelling or converting non-Christians.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Columbus's Actual Landing
Columbus's Actual Landing
Columbus wasn't headed to this continent, but landed on an island now called the Bahamas.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus
The anglicized name given to Colón, used to represent the United States' founder.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Imperialism
Imperialism
The idea of expanding a nation's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny
A 19th-century belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across the North American continent.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Westward the Course of Empire
Westward the Course of Empire
Mural symbolizing U.S. continental imperialism, reflecting 'Manifest Destiny'.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Emanuel Leutze
Emanuel Leutze
Painter of 'Westward the Course of Empire' and 'Washington Crossing the Delaware'.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Nation-state born in 1492
Nation-state born in 1492
Argument that nation-states like the US were founded on white supremacy and ethnic cleansing.
Signup and view all the flashcards
History in US Schools
History in US Schools
Courses introduced in the early 19th century to indoctrinate children with myths.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Columbus' Renewed Significance
Columbus' Renewed Significance
Increased significance with the rise of the Roman Catholic Church due to immigration.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ethnicity as a Lobby
Ethnicity as a Lobby
The idea that ethnicity, specifically being associated with Columbus, helped Italian-Americans gain acceptance in U.S. society.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Connecticut Catholic
Connecticut Catholic
An Irish American Catholic newspaper that reported on the founding of the Knights of Columbus.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Knights of Columbus
Knights of Columbus
A Catholic cooperative benefit order formed in 1882 to unite men.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Father McGivney
Father McGivney
Proposed Columbus as patron of the Knights of Columbus order.
Signup and view all the flashcards
James T. Mullen
James T. Mullen
Suggested the full name 'Knights of Columbus' to evoke the order's ritualistic nature.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Matthew C.O'Connor
Matthew C.O'Connor
Asserted that as Catholic descendants of Columbus, they "were entitled to all rights and privileges due to such a discovery by one of our fathers."
Signup and view all the flashcards
Columbus as a Symbol
Columbus as a Symbol
Columbus was embraced as a symbol of authentic U.S. identity helping remove from them the stigma of nativism.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Social Legitimacy and Patriotism
Social Legitimacy and Patriotism
Provided social legitimacy and patriotic loyalty for Catholic Americans.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Columbianism
Columbianism
Displayed pride in American Catholic heritage and affirmed the 'discovery' of America as a Catholic event.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Columbus's role as a citizen maker
Columbus's role as a citizen maker
Catholics' allegiance to Rome did not preempt their attachment to the United States.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Knights of Columbus Emphasis
Knights of Columbus Emphasis
The shaping of citizen culture.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Quadricentennial Celebrations
Quadricentennial Celebrations
Celebrations of Columbus in 1892-1893.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Americanization Project
Americanization Project
An 'Americanization project' was at work, capped by quadricentennial celebrations.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Trouillot's Note
Trouillot's Note
Columbus played a leading role in creating US citizens by example.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Knights of Columbus Spread
Knights of Columbus Spread
Rapid growth of the organization in the Northeast.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Columbus Day Festivities
Columbus Day Festivities
Celebrations honoring Christopher Columbus that gained popularity in US cities.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Columbian Exposition (1893)
Columbian Exposition (1893)
World's Fair in Chicago coinciding with the Wounded Knee Massacre.
Signup and view all the flashcards
"White City"
"White City"
Nickname for the Chicago World's Fair, symbolizing capitalism's triumph through grand, temporary architecture.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ferris Wheel
Ferris Wheel
Invented for the Chicago World's Fair.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fred Jackson Turner
Fred Jackson Turner
Historian who identified the end of the 'first period' of US history occurring around 1890.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bellamy's Pledge
Bellamy's Pledge
A pledge intended to instill patriotism through flag salutes and recitations in schools.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mamdani's Thesis
Mamdani's Thesis
Ethnic cleansing and overseas colonization are interconnected processes.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Year 1492
Year 1492
Marks the start of the modern nation-state, intertwining ethnic cleansing and colonialism.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Co-Constituted
Co-Constituted
Modern colonialism and the formation of modern states developed simultaneously.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Columbus's Voyage
Columbus's Voyage
Seeking a new route to India, he instead landed in the Bahamas.
Signup and view all the flashcards
"Discovery" Questioned
"Discovery" Questioned
Indigenous people already inhabited and cultivated the Americas.
Signup and view all the flashcards
October 12, 1492
October 12, 1492
A symbol of invasion, domination, slavery, and genocide, especially among Indigenous and African peoples.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Eurocentric Power
Eurocentric Power
Framing future narratives from a European-centric perspective, marginalizing Indigenous perspectives.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Columbus Celebration
Columbus Celebration
To associate Italian-Americans with the American origin story.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Columbus Obelisk
Columbus Obelisk
Erected in Baltimore in 1792. First to honor Columbus in North America.
Signup and view all the flashcards
FDR's Columbus Day
FDR's Columbus Day
Declared Columbus Day an official federal holiday in 1937 due to pressure from the Knights of Columbus.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Columbus's role
Columbus's role
Provided a justification to ignore America's original inhabitants.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Columbus's Name
Columbus's Name
His name in Spanish is Cristóbal Colón.
Signup and view all the flashcards
"Grand idea of Columbus"
"Grand idea of Columbus"
The vision of expanding US territory, linked to Columbus's westward voyage.
Signup and view all the flashcards
"Divine command"
"Divine command"
Belief that the "White race" was destined to conquer and populate new lands.
Signup and view all the flashcards
US as a White Republic
US as a White Republic
The idea that the United States was founded as a white republic based on white supremacy.
Signup and view all the flashcards
History in US School Curricula
History in US School Curricula
History courses in schools that introduced children to Columbus.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ethnicity's Role
Ethnicity's Role
According to Trouillot, it gave Columbus advocates and was needed for success in the U.S.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Columbus symbolic meaning
Columbus symbolic meaning
Columbus symbolizes that as Catholic descendants they are entitled to all rights and privileges due such discovery by one of their fathers.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Columbus Symbolism
Columbus Symbolism
Allowed Irish and other Catholic Americans to embrace American identity without nativist stigma
Signup and view all the flashcards
Knights of Columbus (name)
Knights of Columbus (name)
To convey the ritualistic character of the new organization.
Signup and view all the flashcards
McGivney's Beatification
McGivney's Beatification
McGivney's beatification opens way for potential sainthood.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vatican's Support
Vatican's Support
Illustrates continued Vatican backing of the doctrine of discovery.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Knights of Columbus Size
Knights of Columbus Size
Largest body of Catholic laymen.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Columbus as Patron
Columbus as Patron
Displayed pride in American Catholic roots.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Knights' Impact
Knights' Impact
Shaping citizen culture.
Signup and view all the flashcards
1892-93 Celebrations
1892-93 Celebrations
Height of Americanization.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Quadrisentenary
Quadrisentenary
Quadrisentenary celebrations marking 400 years since Columbus's voyage.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Columbian Exposition
Columbian Exposition
Celebration of Columbus and colonial triumph at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Wounded Knee Massacre
Wounded Knee Massacre
The US Seventh Cavalry's massacre of Lakota refugees in 1890.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Carnivalesque Midway
Carnivalesque Midway
The Ferris wheel was invented for this event.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bellamy's Pledge of Allegiance
Bellamy's Pledge of Allegiance
Pledge of Allegiance promoted patriotism and assimilation by saluting the flag.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bellamy's stated goal
Bellamy's stated goal
A way of honoring Columbus by saluting the flag.
Signup and view all the flashcards
