Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the role of Count Camillo di Cavour in the Italian unification?
Which of the following best describes the role of Count Camillo di Cavour in the Italian unification?
- He directly commanded troops in major battles against Austria, securing key victories.
- He was a military leader who led the conquest of Southern Italy.
- He masterminded diplomatic strategies and alliances, particularly with France, to weaken Austrian influence. (correct)
- He was primarily responsible for inspiring nationalist sentiment through philosophical writings.
What was the significance of the Franco-Austrian War of 1859 in the context of Italian unification?
What was the significance of the Franco-Austrian War of 1859 in the context of Italian unification?
- It weakened Austrian control over Lombardy-Venetia, paving the way for northern states to join Piedmont-Sardinia. (correct)
- It led to direct French control over key Italian territories.
- It established a lasting peace treaty that prevented further conflicts in the region.
- It resulted in the annexation of Rome into the Kingdom of Italy.
How did Giuseppe Garibaldi contribute to the Italian unification?
How did Giuseppe Garibaldi contribute to the Italian unification?
- He negotiated the treaties that formally recognized the unified Italian state by other European powers.
- He provided crucial financial support to Cavour's diplomatic efforts.
- He led military campaigns in Southern Italy, enabling its annexation into the Kingdom of Italy. (correct)
- He served as the first king of a unified Italy.
Which of the following events directly led to the incorporation of Rome into the Kingdom of Italy?
Which of the following events directly led to the incorporation of Rome into the Kingdom of Italy?
What was Mazzini's primary contribution to the Italian unification?
What was Mazzini's primary contribution to the Italian unification?
Bismarck's political approach, known as Realpolitik, is best characterized by which of the following?
Bismarck's political approach, known as Realpolitik, is best characterized by which of the following?
How did William II's approach to foreign policy differ from that of Bismarck?
How did William II's approach to foreign policy differ from that of Bismarck?
Which of the following best describes the political climate in Germany immediately following Bismarck's dismissal in 1890?
Which of the following best describes the political climate in Germany immediately following Bismarck's dismissal in 1890?
What was the eventual result of William II's foreign policy?
What was the eventual result of William II's foreign policy?
What was the state of Germany after William II abdicated?
What was the state of Germany after William II abdicated?
Bismarck's primary goal in instigating the Franco-Prussian War was to:
Bismarck's primary goal in instigating the Franco-Prussian War was to:
The Ems Dispatch was significant because:
The Ems Dispatch was significant because:
What guarantee did Napoleon III seek from Kaiser Wilhelm I?
What guarantee did Napoleon III seek from Kaiser Wilhelm I?
Bismarck's strategy for unifying Germany involved which of the following approaches toward European powers?
Bismarck's strategy for unifying Germany involved which of the following approaches toward European powers?
The Frankfurt Peace Treaty of 1871 included which of the following terms?
The Frankfurt Peace Treaty of 1871 included which of the following terms?
Which of the following describes Bismarck's initial approach to Russia in securing neutrality for his unification plans?
Which of the following describes Bismarck's initial approach to Russia in securing neutrality for his unification plans?
Why was the territory of Alsace-Lorraine valuable to France?
Why was the territory of Alsace-Lorraine valuable to France?
Which event immediately preceded France's declaration of war against Prussia?
Which event immediately preceded France's declaration of war against Prussia?
Bismarck waited for the opportunity to expose Austria as what, regarding the German states?
Bismarck waited for the opportunity to expose Austria as what, regarding the German states?
What was the key issue that Bismarck used to instigate conflict with Austria, ultimately leading to war?
What was the key issue that Bismarck used to instigate conflict with Austria, ultimately leading to war?
What was the result of the Battle of Sedan in 1870?
What was the result of the Battle of Sedan in 1870?
Which territory was annexed by Prussia as a result of the Franco-Prussian War?
Which territory was annexed by Prussia as a result of the Franco-Prussian War?
Following the German-Danish War of 1864, how were Schleswig and Holstein initially administered?
Following the German-Danish War of 1864, how were Schleswig and Holstein initially administered?
Why did Austria wrongly expect victory against Prussia, leading them to declare war?
Why did Austria wrongly expect victory against Prussia, leading them to declare war?
Why did the South German states remain neutral during the conflict between Austria and Prussia?
Why did the South German states remain neutral during the conflict between Austria and Prussia?
According to Bismarck, what was the primary means by which the 'great questions of the day' would be resolved?
According to Bismarck, what was the primary means by which the 'great questions of the day' would be resolved?
What was the PRIMARY goal of Bismarck's strategy in the Seven Weeks War?
What was the PRIMARY goal of Bismarck's strategy in the Seven Weeks War?
How did Bismarck exploit the Schleswig-Holstein crisis?
How did Bismarck exploit the Schleswig-Holstein crisis?
Following Austria's defeat in the Seven Weeks' War, what significant political structure emerged?
Following Austria's defeat in the Seven Weeks' War, what significant political structure emerged?
What was the significance of universal male suffrage in the context of Bismarck's political strategy?
What was the significance of universal male suffrage in the context of Bismarck's political strategy?
Why did the South German states hesitate to join the North German Confederation?
Why did the South German states hesitate to join the North German Confederation?
What was the purpose of Bismarck circulating Napoleon III's 'shopper's list'?
What was the purpose of Bismarck circulating Napoleon III's 'shopper's list'?
Why was it crucial for Bismarck that France appear as the aggressor in a potential war?
Why was it crucial for Bismarck that France appear as the aggressor in a potential war?
What domestic and foreign problems did Napoleon face that made him susceptible to Bismarck's manipulations in instigating war?
What domestic and foreign problems did Napoleon face that made him susceptible to Bismarck's manipulations in instigating war?
What key change in international relations occurred after the defeat and exile of Napoleon in 1815?
What key change in international relations occurred after the defeat and exile of Napoleon in 1815?
What critical factor initially hindered German unification, particularly highlighting the rivalry between major German states?
What critical factor initially hindered German unification, particularly highlighting the rivalry between major German states?
Otto von Bismarck is credited with achieving German unification in 1871. Beyond his political skills, what broader impact did this unification have on Europe?
Otto von Bismarck is credited with achieving German unification in 1871. Beyond his political skills, what broader impact did this unification have on Europe?
Before unification, German intellectuals promoted the idea of Volksgeist. What was its intended impact on the German states?
Before unification, German intellectuals promoted the idea of Volksgeist. What was its intended impact on the German states?
What was the primary reason for the failure of the Frankfurt Assembly to achieve German unification in 1848?
What was the primary reason for the failure of the Frankfurt Assembly to achieve German unification in 1848?
Why did Austria ultimately reject the idea of a 'Greater Germany' during discussions about unification?
Why did Austria ultimately reject the idea of a 'Greater Germany' during discussions about unification?
How did the Zollverein contribute to the eventual unification of Germany?
How did the Zollverein contribute to the eventual unification of Germany?
What impact did the Zollverein have on the movement of people and goods within the German Confederation?
What impact did the Zollverein have on the movement of people and goods within the German Confederation?
In the Prussian political system, what was the role of the Junkers?
In the Prussian political system, what was the role of the Junkers?
What was the unique relationship between the state and the army in Prussia?
What was the unique relationship between the state and the army in Prussia?
What disagreement within the Prussian Diet led to a power struggle that eventually resulted in Bismarck's appointment as Chancellor?
What disagreement within the Prussian Diet led to a power struggle that eventually resulted in Bismarck's appointment as Chancellor?
Upon becoming Chancellor, what was Bismarck's primary goal?
Upon becoming Chancellor, what was Bismarck's primary goal?
Bismarck is described as a practitioner of Realpolitik. What does this imply about his political approach?
Bismarck is described as a practitioner of Realpolitik. What does this imply about his political approach?
How did Bismarck exploit the conflicts within the Prussian parliament to strengthen the military?
How did Bismarck exploit the conflicts within the Prussian parliament to strengthen the military?
What statement encapsulates Bismarck's view on constitutions and their role in a nation's progress?
What statement encapsulates Bismarck's view on constitutions and their role in a nation's progress?
How did the French occupation of the Italian peninsula during the Napoleonic era MOST significantly contribute to the later unification of Italy?
How did the French occupation of the Italian peninsula during the Napoleonic era MOST significantly contribute to the later unification of Italy?
Mazzini's vision for a unified Italy MOST closely aligned with which political ideology?
Mazzini's vision for a unified Italy MOST closely aligned with which political ideology?
What was the PRIMARY reason for Piedmont-Sardinia's leadership role in the Italian unification movement of 1859?
What was the PRIMARY reason for Piedmont-Sardinia's leadership role in the Italian unification movement of 1859?
What was the intended outcome of Cavour's diplomatic efforts prior to the Franco-Austrian War of 1859?
What was the intended outcome of Cavour's diplomatic efforts prior to the Franco-Austrian War of 1859?
Besides Rome and Venetia, what was the MAIN obstacle that remained to the complete unification of Italy following the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861?
Besides Rome and Venetia, what was the MAIN obstacle that remained to the complete unification of Italy following the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861?
What impact did German unification have on the European balance of power?
What impact did German unification have on the European balance of power?
What was the significance of the 'Volksgeist' in the context of German unification?
What was the significance of the 'Volksgeist' in the context of German unification?
Why did the Frankfurt Assembly ultimately fail to achieve German unification in 1848?
Why did the Frankfurt Assembly ultimately fail to achieve German unification in 1848?
What was a key reason for Austria's rejection of the 'Greater Germany' concept during the discussions about German unification?
What was a key reason for Austria's rejection of the 'Greater Germany' concept during the discussions about German unification?
How did the Zollverein contribute to the process of German unification beyond just economic integration?
How did the Zollverein contribute to the process of German unification beyond just economic integration?
Within the Prussian political system, what was the PRIMARY role of the Junkers?
Within the Prussian political system, what was the PRIMARY role of the Junkers?
How did the relationship between the state and military in Prussia DIFFER from that in other European countries?
How did the relationship between the state and military in Prussia DIFFER from that in other European countries?
What was the MAIN point of contention between the Prussian industrialists and Junkers that led to a power struggle in the Prussian Diet?
What was the MAIN point of contention between the Prussian industrialists and Junkers that led to a power struggle in the Prussian Diet?
Upon becoming Chancellor of Prussia, what did Bismarck consider his MOST important priorities?
Upon becoming Chancellor of Prussia, what did Bismarck consider his MOST important priorities?
How did Bismarck leverage the disagreements within the Prussian parliament to strengthen the military despite parliamentary opposition?
How did Bismarck leverage the disagreements within the Prussian parliament to strengthen the military despite parliamentary opposition?
What was the SIGNIFICANCE of Austria and Prussia being the most powerful in the German Confederation?
What was the SIGNIFICANCE of Austria and Prussia being the most powerful in the German Confederation?
What was the PRIMARY goal of Bismarck's policy of 'appeasing' European powers?
What was the PRIMARY goal of Bismarck's policy of 'appeasing' European powers?
Prior to the Seven Weeks' War, how did Bismarck ensure Russia's neutrality?
Prior to the Seven Weeks' War, how did Bismarck ensure Russia's neutrality?
What was Bismarck's strategy regarding the South German states during the Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks' War)?
What was Bismarck's strategy regarding the South German states during the Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks' War)?
How did Bismarck PRIMARILY exploit the Schleswig-Holstein crisis to advance Prussian interests?
How did Bismarck PRIMARILY exploit the Schleswig-Holstein crisis to advance Prussian interests?
What was the PRIMARY political outcome of Austria's defeat in the Seven Weeks' War?
What was the PRIMARY political outcome of Austria's defeat in the Seven Weeks' War?
How did the introduction of universal male suffrage in the North German Confederation primarily serve Bismarck's political aims?
How did the introduction of universal male suffrage in the North German Confederation primarily serve Bismarck's political aims?
Why did Bismarck circulate Napoleon III's 'shopper's list' (demands for territory) among other European states?
Why did Bismarck circulate Napoleon III's 'shopper's list' (demands for territory) among other European states?
Why was it crucial for Bismarck that France be perceived as the aggressor in a potential war with Prussia?
Why was it crucial for Bismarck that France be perceived as the aggressor in a potential war with Prussia?
What domestic and foreign vulnerabilities did Napoleon III face that made him susceptible to Bismarck's manipulations in instigating war?
What domestic and foreign vulnerabilities did Napoleon III face that made him susceptible to Bismarck's manipulations in instigating war?
Why did Bismarck edit the Ems Dispatch before releasing it to the public?
Why did Bismarck edit the Ems Dispatch before releasing it to the public?
What was Bismarck's PRIMARY aim after instigating the Franco-Prussian War?
What was Bismarck's PRIMARY aim after instigating the Franco-Prussian War?
What did the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine signify for France?
What did the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine signify for France?
What was the MAIN impact of German unification on the Junkers?
What was the MAIN impact of German unification on the Junkers?
How did Bismarck's Realpolitik contribute to maintaining peace in Europe?
How did Bismarck's Realpolitik contribute to maintaining peace in Europe?
Which of the following BEST describes a consequence of William II's foreign policy compared to that of Bismarck?
Which of the following BEST describes a consequence of William II's foreign policy compared to that of Bismarck?
What was the result of William II's abdication in 1918?
What was the result of William II's abdication in 1918?
How did German military power impact Europe and the world after unification?
How did German military power impact Europe and the world after unification?
What action instigated by Bismarck MOST directly prompted France to declare war in 1870, thus igniting the Franco-Prussian War?
What action instigated by Bismarck MOST directly prompted France to declare war in 1870, thus igniting the Franco-Prussian War?
How did Bismarck PRIMARILY ensure that Austria was isolated diplomatically prior to the Austro-Prussian War?
How did Bismarck PRIMARILY ensure that Austria was isolated diplomatically prior to the Austro-Prussian War?
Following the German-Danish War of 1864 over Schleswig and Holstein, what action taken by Bismarck FIRST signaled his intent to provoke Austria?
Following the German-Danish War of 1864 over Schleswig and Holstein, what action taken by Bismarck FIRST signaled his intent to provoke Austria?
What INITIAL guarantee did Bismarck provide to the South German states to ensure their neutrality during the Austro-Prussian War?
What INITIAL guarantee did Bismarck provide to the South German states to ensure their neutrality during the Austro-Prussian War?
In the context of 19th-century European politics, what does Bismarck's concept of 'Blood and Iron' represent?
In the context of 19th-century European politics, what does Bismarck's concept of 'Blood and Iron' represent?
How did the French occupation of the Italian peninsula during the Napoleonic era primarily influence Italian unification?
How did the French occupation of the Italian peninsula during the Napoleonic era primarily influence Italian unification?
What was the main goal of the secret societies that formed in Italy during the early 19th century?
What was the main goal of the secret societies that formed in Italy during the early 19th century?
Why did Mazzini express disappointment when Italy was declared a kingdom?
Why did Mazzini express disappointment when Italy was declared a kingdom?
How did the Revolutions of 1848 across Europe impact the Italian states?
How did the Revolutions of 1848 across Europe impact the Italian states?
Why was Piedmont-Sardinia well-positioned to lead the Italian unification movement in 1859?
Why was Piedmont-Sardinia well-positioned to lead the Italian unification movement in 1859?
What was the significance of the Battle of Solferino during the Franco-Austrian War of 1859?
What was the significance of the Battle of Solferino during the Franco-Austrian War of 1859?
After the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861, which of the following regions remained outside the new kingdom's control?
After the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861, which of the following regions remained outside the new kingdom's control?
What inspired figures such as Nehru and Che Guevara because of Garibaldi?
What inspired figures such as Nehru and Che Guevara because of Garibaldi?
What key change in international relations occurred after Napoleon's defeat and exile in 1815?
What key change in international relations occurred after Napoleon's defeat and exile in 1815?
What political structure was created by European powers after the defeat of Napoleon to reorganize Germany?
What political structure was created by European powers after the defeat of Napoleon to reorganize Germany?
How did the rivalry between Austria and Prussia impact German unification?
How did the rivalry between Austria and Prussia impact German unification?
How did German unification impact the European balance of power?
How did German unification impact the European balance of power?
How did the European powers perceive a potential unified Germany?
How did the European powers perceive a potential unified Germany?
What was the 'Volksgeist' promoted by German intellectuals intended to do?
What was the 'Volksgeist' promoted by German intellectuals intended to do?
The Frankfurt Assembly of 1848 aimed to achieve German unification. Why did it fail?
The Frankfurt Assembly of 1848 aimed to achieve German unification. Why did it fail?
Why did Austria reject the 'Greater Germany' concept during discussions about German unification?
Why did Austria reject the 'Greater Germany' concept during discussions about German unification?
What economic impact did the Zollverein have on the movement toward German unification?
What economic impact did the Zollverein have on the movement toward German unification?
How can militarism be described in the context of 19th century German states?
How can militarism be described in the context of 19th century German states?
In the Prussian political system, how were members of the upper chamber of the Diet/Parliament selected?
In the Prussian political system, how were members of the upper chamber of the Diet/Parliament selected?
What was unique about the relationship between the state and the army in Prussia?
What was unique about the relationship between the state and the army in Prussia?
What was the initial disagreement within the Prussian Diet that led to Bismarck's appointment as Chancellor?
What was the initial disagreement within the Prussian Diet that led to Bismarck's appointment as Chancellor?
What were Bismarck's priorities when he became Chancellor of Prussia?
What were Bismarck's priorities when he became Chancellor of Prussia?
What characteristic describes Bismarck due to his political approach?
What characteristic describes Bismarck due to his political approach?
How did Bismarck capitalize on the hostility within the chambers of parliament?
How did Bismarck capitalize on the hostility within the chambers of parliament?
What was the primary approach of Bismarck in managing European powers to achieve German unification?
What was the primary approach of Bismarck in managing European powers to achieve German unification?
Toward Austria, what was Bismarck's strategy?
Toward Austria, what was Bismarck's strategy?
What was Bismarck's approach to Russia in securing neutrality for his unification plans?
What was Bismarck's approach to Russia in securing neutrality for his unification plans?
Bismarck played the role of what to the German states?
Bismarck played the role of what to the German states?
Bismarck waited for the opportunity to 'blow the whistle' on who?
Bismarck waited for the opportunity to 'blow the whistle' on who?
What was the key issue that Bismarck used to instigate conflict with Austria?
What was the key issue that Bismarck used to instigate conflict with Austria?
How did Bismarck cleverly manipulate the administration of Schleswig and Holstein to further his goals?
How did Bismarck cleverly manipulate the administration of Schleswig and Holstein to further his goals?
How did Bismarck ensure that the South German states remained neutral during the Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks' War)?
How did Bismarck ensure that the South German states remained neutral during the Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks' War)?
In the context of the North German Confederation, what role did universal male suffrage play?
In the context of the North German Confederation, what role did universal male suffrage play?
What was crucial for Bismarck regarding a potential war with France?
What was crucial for Bismarck regarding a potential war with France?
What was the issue of the 'Spanish Throne'?
What was the issue of the 'Spanish Throne'?
After the meeting was had where the 'Kaiser declined the offer', what action was taken by Bismarck?
After the meeting was had where the 'Kaiser declined the offer', what action was taken by Bismarck?
What did the conditions of the Frankfurt Peace Treaty of 1871 do?
What did the conditions of the Frankfurt Peace Treaty of 1871 do?
Why was Alsace-Lorraine valuable to France?
Why was Alsace-Lorraine valuable to France?
What was the significance of signing the Frankfurt Peace Treaty in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles?
What was the significance of signing the Frankfurt Peace Treaty in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles?
What was the MOST significant impact of German unification on the Junkers?
What was the MOST significant impact of German unification on the Junkers?
According to the content, what was the PRIMARY goal of Bismarck's Realpolitik in maintaining peace in Europe?
According to the content, what was the PRIMARY goal of Bismarck's Realpolitik in maintaining peace in Europe?
According to the content, what was the result of William II's abdication in 1918?
According to the content, what was the result of William II's abdication in 1918?
How did Bismarck primarily ensure that Austria was diplomatically isolated before the Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks' War)?
How did Bismarck primarily ensure that Austria was diplomatically isolated before the Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks' War)?
When the Frankfurt Assembly convened in 1848, which proposed solution was rejected by Austria and why?
When the Frankfurt Assembly convened in 1848, which proposed solution was rejected by Austria and why?
Why was the annexation of Schleswig-Holstein so important to instigating the Austro-Prussian War?
Why was the annexation of Schleswig-Holstein so important to instigating the Austro-Prussian War?
What was the role of German intellectuals and the Volksgeist in the context of German unification?
What was the role of German intellectuals and the Volksgeist in the context of German unification?
How did the establishment of the Zollverein contribute to German Unification?
How did the establishment of the Zollverein contribute to German Unification?
Flashcards
Who was Mazzini?
Who was Mazzini?
An Italian politician, journalist and activist for the unification of Italy. He also helped define the modern European movement for popular democracy in a republican state.
Who was Count Camillo di Cavour?
Who was Count Camillo di Cavour?
Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, he secured an alliance with France against Austria, paving the way for Italian unification.
What was the Franco-Austrian War of 1859?
What was the Franco-Austrian War of 1859?
A conflict in 1859 where Piedmont-Sardinia and France allied to defeat Austria, leading to the annexation of Lombardy.
Who was Giuseppe Garibaldi?
Who was Giuseppe Garibaldi?
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Who are the Red Shirts?
Who are the Red Shirts?
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Blood and Iron
Blood and Iron
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Bismarck's Strategy
Bismarck's Strategy
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Placating France
Placating France
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Exploiting Austria-Russia Tension
Exploiting Austria-Russia Tension
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Austria as Aggressor
Austria as Aggressor
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Schleswig & Holstein
Schleswig & Holstein
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Joint Administration
Joint Administration
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Provoking Austria
Provoking Austria
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Unification of Germany
Unification of Germany
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Balance of Power (1815)
Balance of Power (1815)
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German Confederation
German Confederation
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Austria in the German Confederation
Austria in the German Confederation
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Prussia
Prussia
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German Unification (1871)
German Unification (1871)
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Volksgeist
Volksgeist
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Frankfurt Assembly
Frankfurt Assembly
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Greater Germany
Greater Germany
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Smaller Germany
Smaller Germany
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Militarism
Militarism
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Zollverein
Zollverein
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Junkers
Junkers
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Chancellor
Chancellor
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Realpolitik
Realpolitik
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Ems Dispatch
Ems Dispatch
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Bismarck's Unification Aim
Bismarck's Unification Aim
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Frankfurt Peace Treaty (1871)
Frankfurt Peace Treaty (1871)
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Alsace-Lorraine
Alsace-Lorraine
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Battle of Sedan (1870)
Battle of Sedan (1870)
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Territorial concession of France
Territorial concession of France
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France becomes a Republic
France becomes a Republic
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Declaration of the 2nd Reich
Declaration of the 2nd Reich
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Bismarck's War Guarantee
Bismarck's War Guarantee
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Seven Weeks War
Seven Weeks War
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North German Confederation
North German Confederation
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Kaiser of Prussia's Role
Kaiser of Prussia's Role
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Universal Male Suffrage Benefit
Universal Male Suffrage Benefit
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Napoleon III's Compensation Request
Napoleon III's Compensation Request
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Bismarck's 'Shopper’s List'
Bismarck's 'Shopper’s List'
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Bismarck's Aggression Strategy
Bismarck's Aggression Strategy
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Who was Bismarck?
Who was Bismarck?
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What is Realpolitik?
What is Realpolitik?
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Who was William II?
Who was William II?
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What was William II's foreign policy?
What was William II's foreign policy?
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What was the Weimer Republic?
What was the Weimer Republic?
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Fragmented Italy (pre-unification)
Fragmented Italy (pre-unification)
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Risorgimento
Risorgimento
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Victor Emmanuel II
Victor Emmanuel II
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Rome and Venetia
Rome and Venetia
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Impact of French Occupation on Italy
Impact of French Occupation on Italy
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The year 1815
The year 1815
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Militarism in Germany
Militarism in Germany
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Bismarck Needed War
Bismarck Needed War
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Study Notes
Unification of Italy
- The Italian peninsula was politically fragmented
- Revolutionary France invaded the Italian peninsula in 1792
- Revolutionary France combined many of the Italian states and turned them into republics
- Austrian and Russian armies pushed the French out of the Italian peninsula in 1799
French Occupation Effects
- Revolutionary ideas were initiated
- The last traces of feudalism came to an end
- Ideals of freedom, equality, and nationalism were introduced
Seeds of Unity
- A concept of a united Italy took root
- Secret societies formed to oppose the conservative regimes
- Italian nationalism and a unified Italian political state were promoted
Young Italy
- Giuseppe Mazzini founded a society called Young Italy
- Mazzini promoted Italian unification
- Risorgimento (resurgence) means Italian unification
- The idea flourished by mid-century
Mazzini's Influence
- Mazzini greatly influenced Italian and European republican movements
- He became a God-like figure for the people
- Mazzini felt disappointed when Italy was declared a kingdom
- He said "I thought I was awakening the soul of Italy, I see only the corpse before me,”
The Revolutions of 1848
- 1848 was a year of revolutions that spread all over Europe
- Nationalist sentiment was ignited
- Italian cities Lombardy-Venetia and Milan tried to rise up against Austrian rule
- Piedmont-Sardinia sent troops to help, but the revolt was eventually crushed by the Austrians
The Final Push
- In 1859, Piedmont-Sardinia led the unification effort
- Piedmont-Sardinia was the strongest and most liberal state
- Count Camillo di Cavour prepared a program as Prime Minister
- Cavour was a skilled diplomat
Franco-Austrian War
- In 1859, Cavour secured an alliance with France against Austria
- The Battle of Solferino was the last battle of the War of Italian Independence
- Austria was defeated
Kingdom of Italy
- The Northern states joined Piedmont-Sardinia
- The Southern states joined, thanks to the efforts of Giuseppe Garibaldi
- Garibaldi was the leader of the Hunters of the Alps and the "Thousand"
- In 1860, he landed in Sicily and moved north to Naples
- In 1861, the Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed
- Victor Emmanuel II became the king
Completing Unification
- Rome and Venetia were two major regions still outside the Kingdom
- Venetia joined in 1866 after the Austro-Prussian War
- In 1870, the Italian army entered Rome, taking advantage of the war
- In 1871, the capital moved from Florence to Rome
Garibaldi's Legacy
- Garibaldi was the hero
- Garibaldi became an international model for independence and republican ideals
- Nehru and Che Guevara were inspred by Garibaldi
- His "Red Shirts," i.e., volunteers, were later copied by Mussolini and Hitler
Unification of Germany
- German unification was revolutionary
- The unification of Germany radically changed the European balance of power
After Napoleon
- In 1815, Napoleon was defeated and exiled
- European powers broke down the French Empire
- Powers agreed no country should possess disproportionate power
German Confederation
- New borders were drawn
- The German Confederation, a Bund of 39 German states was created
- Austria and Prussia were the most powerful German states
Austria's Role
- Austria was historically the strongest among the German states
- The Emperor of Austria was known as the Holy Roman Emperor
- The Emperor theoretically ruled over the German Confederation
Prussia's Rise
- Prussia eventually became Austria’s challenger/enemy
- Duality between the two would become a major factor in slowing down German unification
German Unification (Reality)
- In 1871, German unification became a reality
- The unification was a major diplomatic and political achievement
- Otto von Bismarck gets credit for it
- Bismarck was undoubtedly a political genius who controlled and charmed supporters and opponents alike
Impact of Germany's Unification
- The balance of power was changed
- An aggressive Germany was shaped
- Formation of powerful France, Britain, and Russia occurred
- The USA became involved in Europe as a result
European Powers and Germany
- European powers were anxious about a united Germany
- They were aware it would be a strong adversary
- German intellectuals pursued unification
- The idea of Volksgeist spread
Frankfurt Assembly
- In 1848, German intellectuals called a non-governmental meeting in Frankfurt
- The goal was to discuss the possibility of unification
- Delegates from all German states participated in the Frankfurt Assembly
Viewpoints
- The Frankfurt Assembly faced two opposite viewpoints
- The first was a Greater Germany, all German in one state, including Austria
- The second was a Smaller Germany, north German states without Austria
- The meeting failed because of the polarity between Austria and Prussia
Austria's Rejection
- Austria rejected Greater Germany
- Austria had non-German states under its wing
- Hungary was Austria's most important ally
Militarism Defined
- States should maintain a strong military force
- States should be prepared to use it aggressively
- Should states defend or promote national interests
- Militarism became the key strategy of German States
Prussia's Leadership
- Prussia gradually assumed leadership of all German States
- Prussia started a Customs Union called Zollverein
- Zollverein was a coalition of German states
- Zollverein managed tariffs and economic policies within their territories
Zollverein Benefits
- Zollverein eliminated problems of border crossings
- Unified custom duties
- Established one currency system
- Created same weights and measurements
Zollverein Success
- Zollverein resulted in better interaction among Germans
- The Zollverein facilitated building railway lines in 1829
- Helped Germans got closer without political pressure
- Unification became more acceptable and more advantageous due to Zollverein
Prussia's Political System
- The Kaiser, from the Hohenzollern dynasty, was first
- The Chancellor was the prime minister appointed by the Kaiser, second
- A Diet/Parliament existed with two chambers, third
- An upper chamber was appointed from Junkers landed aristocracy
- A lower chamber was elected
The Junkers
- Junkers were the landowning aristocracy of Prussia and Eastern Germany
- They exercised extensive political power
- Junkers were an important part of Prussian military, political & diplomatic leadership
- The majority of army officers were Junkers
Prussia's Priority
- Its prestige was based on the strength of its army
- In any country the army serves the state, but Prussia STATE served the army
Prussian Power Struggle
- The Prussian military needed financing for improvements
- A power struggle in the DIET ensued
- Industrialists agreed to finance the program but asked to share in the decisions
- Junkers had the power but refused any interference
Power and Bismarck
- The power struggle continued nonstop
- Finally, the Cabinet resigned
- The Kaiser appointed Bismarck as the new chancellor of Prussia
Bismarck's Power
- Kaiser William I delivered all power/authority to Bismarck
- Bismarck bypassed/ignored all officials
- His priorities were his own career and the greatness of Prussia
Bismarck's Motives
- Bismarck was Prussian more than German Above all,
- He aimed at uniting all Germans under Prussian hegemony
- Bismarck was a man of peace & negotiations
- He would go to war only if necessary and after exhausting diplomacy
Bismarck's Realpolitik
- He was an extraordinary politician & diplomat
- A man of Realpolitik/Pragmatism
- Bismarck had no ideology, no moral or ethics
- "END JUSTIFIES THE MEANS"
Parliament vs Bismarck
- Bismarck was aware the army was Prussia's strongest advantage
- He exploited the hostility between chambers of parliament
- He FULLY supported the military
- Parliament declared his actions unconstitutional
Bismarck's Response
- "Constitutions should move a nation forward, NOT pull it back.
- Germans admire Prussia's military NOT its constitution.
- Great questions of the day are NOT solved by votes or speeches, but by BLOOD & IRON”
Bismarck Overview Questions
- How did Bismarck approach the challenge of Unification?
- Who stood in his way?
- How did he bypass Austria?
- How was he able to succeed?
Overcoming Obstacles
- Bismarck placated/appeased European powers
- He guaranteed their neutrality in war
- France was backed in Italian wars of independence
- Austria had an ineffective, rundown military and was an enemy of France in the Italian war
Russia's Neutrality
- Supported Russia against Polish rebels
- Exploited the troubled relations between Austria and Russia
- Austria had supported Ottomans against Russia in the: Russo-Turkish War 1828–1829
Bismarck's Foreign Policy Success
- Austria was left caught between a Napoleonic France and an angry Russia
- England favored isolation
Isolating Austria
- Bismarck played the role of friend & protector to German states
- Waited for the opportunity to blow the whistle on Austria as aggressor
- His chance came over the issue of Schleswig & Holstein
Schleswig-Holstein
- Schleswig-Holstein are two states in the German Confederation
- In 1864 the King of Denmark annexed both states
- The German Confederation commissioned Austria and Prussia to free both
German-Danish War
- During the German-Danish War in 1864, Denmark was defeated
- Austria & Prussia jointly administered the two states
- Bismarck convinced Austria to take Schleswig in the North
- Prussia took Holstein in the South
Bismarck's Provocation
- Bismarck cleverly provoked Austria into declaring war
- Austria wrongly expected victory
- German state in general were anxious about Prussia's rising power
- South German States were Austria's allies
- European Powers were also Austria's allies
Austria Isolated
- Austria was wrong on all counts
- Sent complaints to the German Confederation but got no reaction
- Austria was left on her own to face the formidable Prussian army
Gaining Allies
- South German States remained neutral, why?
- Bismarck guaranteed that war would not involve South German States
- In case of Prussian victory, South German States would be welcomed in a new German Confederation
- Bismarck promised democratic reforms
Seven Week War
- Austria was defeated in the Seven Weeks War in record time
- Austria Lost 44,000; Prussia 9000
- Bismarck did not create the Schleswig-Holstein crisis, but was able to exploit it to perfection
North German Confederation
- Austrian defeat resulted in the formation of the North German Confederation
- In 1866, 21 states became under the leadership of Prussia
- Austria & Southern States were excluded
Constitution for the Confederacy
- The Kaiser of Prussia was President
- Parliament with TWO chambers existed
- The Upper Chamber: Represents the States
- The Lower Chamber: Elected by universal male suffrage
- Universal male suffrage
Universal Suffrage
- Gave Bismarck public support
- 25 million Germans now under Prussia
- Unification was still incomplete without South German States
Southern States
- Emperor of France Napoleon III had his eye on South German States
- South German States were aware that in case of war they stand no chance against France
Playing Both Sides
- Bismarck exploited their fears
- He played the role of friend and protector
- Napoleon III gave Bismarck another golden opportunity
Napoleon's Requests
- Napoleon was anxious about German Confederation
- Requested compensations for his neutrality
- Asked Bismarck to enable French annexation of parts of Belgium & Luxembourg
Bismarck's Leak
- The agreement was supposedly top secret
- Bismarck circulated Napoleon's request (what he called Shopper's List.)
- It alarmed Southern States
- Embarrassed Napoleon with other European states
No Allies for Napoleon
- Napoleon's request created anxiety in Europe
- He looked for allies but found none
- British policy was against military engagements in Europe
- Russia was already neutralized
Depending on Prussia
- In case of FRENCH attack, Prussia was the South German States' only hope
- Bismarck won this battle by diplomacy
Unification Through War
- Unification was not yet complete
- To persuade South States, Bismarck needed war with France
- FRANCE should act first to be seen as the aggressor
- In this case PRUSSIA would be South States' only hope
Provoking War
- Why would France declare war?
- Napoleon had domestic & foreign problems
- Victory would would make Napoleon III a hero
- Questions of the Spanish Throne provided a situation for Bismarck push Napoleon to declare war
Spanish Throne
- The opportunity came over the issue of the Spanish throne
- In 1868, a 'Glorious Revolution' in Spain occurred
- Queen Isabella II was deposed
- Finding a king proved problematic
- SPAIN offered the throne to LEOPOLD a member of the PRUSSIAN Hohenzollern Dynasty
Ems Dispatch
- The KAISER declined the offer
- Matters could have ended there but NAPOLEON was anxious
- He demanded guarantee from Kaiser
- That no Hohenzollern will EVER be candidate for Spanish throne
- The KAISER declined to give one
- The French ambassador visited Kaiser at his retreat at EMS
- The Kaiser refused to commit Prussia to an indefinite future
- The two departed “calmly” without incident
- BISMARCK was in Berlin (596 km from Ems)
- KAISER sent Bismarck a message/dispatch about the encounter
- BISMARCK released an EDITED version of the message to the press
- It became known as EMS DISPATCH
Bismarck's Version
- In Bismarck's edited version
- BOTH parties appear as insulting each other FRANCE by their REQUEST, KAISER by his REFUSAL
- Improper translation got people furious
- FRENCH demanded retribution
- GERMAN reaction was equally intense It was
- EXACTLY WHAT BISMARCK WANTED
War with France
- FRANCE declares war
- BATTLE SEDAN 1870 record swift
- Prussia won a decisive victory
- French lost 17,000; Prussia 2,320
- NAPOLEON was taken prisoner with 21,000 French soldiers
- NAPOLEON exiled to England
The Prussian Siege
- Prussians marched on Paris Fighting continued
- The Siege of Paris involved laying siege to the city for 4 months
- French defended heroically
- In January 1870, the French negotiate for peace
Bismarck's Focus
- Bismarck never lost focus
- France was not on his agenda
- "His aim was UNIFICATION of Germans under Prussian control
- South German States finally became part of this structure
Peace Terms
- The Frankfurt Peace Treaty was signed in 1871 in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles
- This was adding insult to injury
- Bismarck declared the 2nd Reich
- Kaiser William would be king
- Austria remained outside
Treaty Terms
- FRANCE would be a Republic
- FRANCE would pay large war indemnity
- PRUSSIAN army remains on borders until the amount is settled
- ALSACE-LORRAINE would go to Prussia
Importance of Alsace
- Lorraine Alsace-Lorraine was very valuable to France on both levels:
- ECONOMIC & NATIONAL
- Major industrial region
- Abundant raw material
- Large number of French population
A Concluded Unification
- Bismarck took his chances and won
- Germans were united under the Hohenzollern Dynasty of Prussia
- German life was standardized on the Prussian model
- Junkers remained the principle power-group
An Iron Ruler
- Bismarck was the master of complex politics
- His diplomacy of REALPOLITIK and powerful rule at home gained him the nickname, Iron Chancellor
- As long as he was in power His shrewd politics maintained peace in Europe
Dismissal under William II
- WILLIAM II opposed Bismarck on ALL issues
- In 1890, he dismissed Bismarck
- His ambition was to make Germany a world power
- But he disrupted the Established balance of European order
Germany without Bismarck
- Bismarck had become an icon, the all-wise, all-knowing statesman
- The Iron Chancellor embodied and manifested the greatness of Germany
- When he fell the institutions ceased to work
- The young Kaiser William II wanted to enjoy 'personal rule'
- William II would find a group of dedicated flatterers who encouraged his megalomania
William's Foreign Policy
- WILLIAM’S foreign policy aimed at super Military Power
- He failed to understand that Bismarck carefully manipulated international rivalries
- Bismarck used military force only as a last resort, after exhausting diplomacy
Arms Race
- WILLIAM II reversed Bismarck’s policy of diplomacy
- His expansionist policy alarmed all European powers
- He triggered ARMS RACE with Britain Competed in the colonies
- A FRENCH-BRITISH alliance was signed against him
World War I & Abdication
- Eventually, William II's actions led to WWI
- William was forced to abdicate in 1918
- His abdication ended the German Empire
- Germany was proclaimed as Weimer Rebublic
Germany, A Threat
- The Unification of Germany challenged Europe and the World
- Its military power became a THREAT
- Germans flaunted their power enough to cause general ANXIETY
- The result was WWI
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Description
Explore the unification processes of Italy and Germany, focusing on key figures like Cavour, Garibaldi, Mazzini, and Bismarck. Understand Realpolitik, the Franco-Prussian War, and the impact of leaders like William II. Analyzing the political climates and significant events that shaped these nations.
