IT2402 Basics of Programming

Study Notes

A computer program consists of a sequential set of instructions (codes) written in a programming language for the computer to perform specific tasks.
Examples of software include system software, web browsers, utility software, multimedia software, and spreadsheet software.
Programs are executed sequentially unless specified otherwise, conveying tasks that a programming language supports.
A programming language is defined by grammatical rules that instruct a computer to perform functions or behaviors.

Programming involves creating codes that instruct computers on problem-solving and task execution.
Skills in programming lead to diverse careers such as software development, web development, data science, and artificial intelligence.
Developing programming skills enhances critical thinking, logical reasoning, and problem-solving abilities by breaking down complex tasks into smaller steps.

Initial programming was done using low-level machine code (binary).
The advent of high-level programming languages simplified the coding process, making it easier to write human-readable syntax.
Modern programming encompasses a wide range of languages and tools tailored to various programming paradigms and application needs.

A programming paradigm is a pattern for structuring and organizing code, providing a conceptual framework for problem-solving.
Selection of a programming language depends on project requirements, performance, community support, and available libraries or frameworks.

Syntax: Rules defining valid combinations of symbols in a programming language.
Command: Unique instructions given to a computer to perform tasks (e.g., “print”).
Integrated Development Environment (IDE): Software for coding, checking syntax, and running code; may support multiple languages or be language-specific.
Library: A collection of resources, such as functions and objects, usable individually but needing configuration to work together.
Interpreter: A program executing high-level language instructions directly without conversion to machine language.
Assembler: Converts assembly code into machine language.
Compiler: Converts high-level language code into machine-readable format.

An algorithm is a step-by-step set of operations leading to a solution for a problem and should be written in clear, understandable language.
Example: To calculate the volume of a rectangle, input length, width, and height, and use the formula: volume = length × width × height.
The problem-solving process includes problem analysis, algorithm design, coding, and execution.

A pseudocode is a simplified notation used to outline an algorithm's steps, making it easier for those with basic programming knowledge to follow.
Common symbols in pseudocode include arithmetic operations, comparisons, assignment, and logical commands.

A flowchart visually represents the steps of an algorithm using standard symbols to describe processes and decisions.
Two categories of flowcharts: Program flowcharts (focus on software logic) and System flowcharts (show system interactions and data flow).

Use only standard symbols and show flow from top to bottom and/or left to right.
Each symbol must have a single entry and exit point, except for decision symbols.
Expression within symbols should be language-independent and decision branches should be clearly labeled.