Istorija umetnosti - Umetnost i stilovi

Japanese Music

• Japanese music, both vocal and instrumental, differs significantly from Western music.
• Vocal music is based on human breathing intervals instead of mathematical timing.
• Japanese musicians prioritize spiritual self-mastery and the value of performance over purely technical perfection.

Japanese Musical Instruments (Percussion)

• Odaiko: A large drum, its physical energy and excitement are hallmarks of Japanese festivals (matsuri).
• Tsuzumi: An hourglass-shaped drum, with smaller kotsuzumi and larger otsuzumi varieties. Used in Noh and Kabuki performances. Tone is altered by squeezing the laces.
• Tsuridaiko: A large hanging barrel drum.
• Taiko: A Japanese drum in various sizes, used in diverse musical genres. Has become popular in percussion ensembles.
• These are membranophones (instruments that use a stretched membrane to produce sound).

Japanese Musical Instruments (String)

• Koto: A 13-string zither, approximately two meters long, made of Paulownia wood. Played by plucking the strings using picks, with the left hand used to modify pitch and tone. Used in Gagaku (music ensembles) and solo.
• Shamisen: A plucked stringed instrument similar to a guitar or banjo. Features a fretless neck, and is slimmer than a guitar or banjo.
• Biwa: A short-necked fretted lute, often used in narrative storytelling. Considered the instrument of the Shinto goddess Benten.

Japanese Musical Instruments (Wind)

• Shakuhachi: A famous bamboo flute, with four or five finger holes and a thumbhole. Originally imported from China for gagaku (court music).
• Nokan: A parallel bamboo flute (fue) used exclusively in Noh theatre. The melody does not have a specific pitch relationship to the chanting.
• Hichiriki: A double reed flute (fue) used in Japanese Gagaku music.
• Sho: A Japanese free reed musical instrument. Introduced from China during the Nara period.
• Shinobue: A Japanese transverse flute, also called takebue, with a high-pitched sound.

Vocal Music of Japan

• Japanese vocal music uses two main modes: Yo-sen and In-sen.
• Both modes are based on five primary tones from a seven-tone scale, with two auxiliary tones.
• Melodies commonly shift between these modes and often emphasize the second or fourth tone.

Chinese Music

• Traditional Chinese people believed that sound influenced universal harmony.
• The first emperor of each dynasty established the dynasty's standard of pitch.
• Chinese music was traditionally opposed to entertainment-only music.

Chinese Musical Instruments (Various)

• Yueqin: A moon-shaped lute with a shorter neck and four strings. Used to accompany local operas.
• Pipa: A four-stringed lute with 30 frets and a pear-shaped body. It has a wide dynamic range and expressive power.
• Erhu: A two-stringed fiddle, a popular Chinese instrument used in solo settings, small ensembles, and large orchestras.
• Yunluo: A set of ten tuned gongs mounted in a wooden frame. Gong thicknesses affect pitch.
• Sheng: A Chinese mouth organ, resembling panpipes, with 12 to 36 bamboo pipes. Brass reeds allow simultaneous notes for melodies and chords.
• Dizi: A traditional Chinese flute, which can have a membrane for a rattle effect. Played by blowing across the mouthpiece and stopping holes to produce different notes.
• Zheng: An ancient Chinese instrument with an arched surface and elongated-trapezoid shape. Has 13 to 21 strings stretched over individual bridges, with a playing range spanning three to four octaves.
• Pengling: Two small bells made of high-tin bronze, without internal clappers, and shaped like a hemispherical or bottomless gourd.. A coloring rhythmic instrument used in ensembles or theatrical music, evoking an effect of peaceful dreams.

Korean Music

• Korean folk music is energetic, with bright rhythms and melodies.
• It contrasts with classical Korean music.
• Folk music reflects the soul and sound of Korean villages, including folk songs, instrumental pieces, pansori, and shaman ritual music.

Korean Musical Instruments (Various)

• Chong-ak: Correct music, combining instrumental and vocal music. Primarily used amongst the upper class. Includes a-ak, tang-ak, and hyang-ak.
• Sog-ak (Minsogak): Korean music associated with the lower classes. Features vibrant and energetic genres like pansori and minyo.
• Pansori: A type of Korean music featuring skilled vocal singers and drummers. Sung in various situations, ranging from everyday life to times of hardship.
• Kayagum (Gayageum): A zither-like string instrument with 12 strings. Variants with 21+ strings exist. A well-known traditional Korean instrument.
• Geomungo: A six-string plucked zither in the zither family. Scholars associate its name with Goguryeo or with the colour "black crane". Played with bridges and frets.
• Haegum: A two-stringed vertical fiddle with a rod-like neck and wooden soundbox. Held on the performer's knee and played with a bow.
• *Piri: A bamboo wind instrument, notable for its large reed and cylindrical bore, resulting in a mellower sound than other oboe types.
• Changgo: A popular hourglass-shaped drum with two animal skin heads, used in traditional Korean music. The different pitches and timbres of the heads are believed to represent man and woman.