ISRO Missions and Launch Vehicles

Chandrayaan-1 (2008): India’s first lunar probe that discovered water molecules on the Moon's surface.
Mangalyaan (Mars Orbiter Mission, 2013): First Asian mission to Mars; cost-effective at approx. $74 million, demonstrating India's capabilities in interplanetary exploration.
Chandrayaan-2 (2019): Aimed to explore the lunar south pole; included an orbiter, lander (Vikram), and rover (Pragyan). The orbiter is successfully operational while the lander lost communication during landing.
Gaganyaan (Upcoming): India’s first crewed mission planned for 2025, aiming to send Indian astronauts into low Earth orbit.
NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation): Regional satellite navigation system providing accurate position information to users in India and surrounding regions.

PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle):
- Versatile and reliable; used for launching satellites into polar orbits.
- Notable for launching 104 satellites in a single mission (PSLV-C37, 2017).
GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle):
- Designed to launch heavier payloads into geosynchronous orbits.
- Utilizes indigenous cryogenic technology for improved payload capacity.
SSLV (Small Satellite Launch Vehicle):
- Newest launch vehicle aimed at the small satellite market; designed for quick turnaround and cost-effectiveness.

Commercial Launch Services: ISRO has launched satellites for various countries (over 300) using PSLV, generating significant revenue.
Collaborations with NASA: Joint missions and research projects, including the development of satellite technology and data sharing.
International Space Agency Partnerships: Collaborations with agencies such as ESA, Roscosmos, and CNES for shared research and satellite development.
Bilateral Agreements: Partnerships with countries like France, the USA, and Canada to enhance technological exchange and future missions.

Communication Satellites:
- INSAT series provides telecommunication, broadcasting, meteorology, and search and rescue operations.
- GSAT series focuses on enhancing telecommunication and broadcasting services.
Remote Sensing Satellites:
- IRS (Indian Remote Sensing) satellites provide critical data for agriculture, forestry, land-use mapping, and disaster management.
Navigation Satellites:
- NavIC satellites provide autonomous navigation capabilities and support regional applications.
Scientific Research Satellites:
- Missions like Astrosat (first Indian dedicated multi-wavelength space observatory) enhancing understanding of astronomical phenomena.

Chandrayaan-1 (2008): Pioneering lunar probe that confirmed the presence of water molecules on the Moon.
Mangalyaan (Mars Orbiter Mission, 2013): First Asian mission to Mars, launched at a cost of approximately $74 million; showcased India's interplanetary exploration proficiency.
Chandrayaan-2 (2019): Focused on lunar south pole exploration with an orbiter, lander (Vikram), and rover (Pragyan); successful orbiter operations noted while the lander failed to establish contact during descent.
Gaganyaan (Upcoming): Scheduled for 2025, this will be India’s inaugural crewed space mission aiming to send astronauts to low Earth orbit.
NavIC (Navigation with Indian Constellation): A regional satellite navigation system designed to provide precise positioning information within India and neighboring regions.

PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle): Recognized for its versatility and reliability; achieved the record of launching 104 satellites in a single mission (PSLV-C37, 2017).
GSLV (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle): Engineered to carry heavier payloads into geosynchronous orbits, it incorporates indigenous cryogenic technology to enhance payload capacity.
SSLV (Small Satellite Launch Vehicle): The latest addition to ISRO’s fleet, aimed at servicing the small satellite market with fast turnaround and cost efficiencies.

Commercial Launch Services: ISRO has successfully launched over 300 satellites for various nations using the PSLV, generating significant revenue.
Collaborations with NASA: Involves joint missions and research, focusing on satellite technology development and data sharing initiatives.
International Space Agency Partnerships: Active cooperation with agencies such as ESA, Roscosmos, and CNES for shared research ventures and satellite projects.
Bilateral Agreements: Strategic partnerships with countries like France, the USA, and Canada to facilitate technological exchange and future space missions.

Communication Satellites: The INSAT series offers services in telecommunication, broadcasting, meteorology, and emergency search and rescue operations; GSAT series further enhances telecommunication and broadcasting capabilities.
Remote Sensing Satellites: IRS (Indian Remote Sensing) satellites supply vital data for agriculture, forestry, land-use mapping, and disaster management purposes.
Navigation Satellites: The NavIC satellite network provides autonomous navigation services and supports various regional applications.
Scientific Research Satellites: Astrosat, India’s first dedicated multi-wavelength space observatory, aids in deepening the understanding of astronomical phenomena.