Indian Space Mission and ISRO

Established on August 15, 1969, under the leadership of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai. ISRO focuses on using space technology for national progress and scientific discoveries.

India's first satellite, successfully launched on April 19, 1975, from the Soviet Union's Kapustin Yar using a Kosmos-3M launch vehicle. It conducted scientific experiments in astronomy, solar physics, and X-ray aeronomy.

Aryabhata, India's first satellite, was launched on April 19, 1975, from the Soviet Union's Kapustin Yar using a Kosmos-3M launch vehicle. This 360-kilogram satellite was primarily designed for conducting scientific experiments in astronomy, solar physics, and X-ray aeronomy. Although Aryabhata faced technical issues shortly after reaching orbit, leading to the loss of onboard telemetry data, it was a critical achievement for ISRO. The mission marked the beginning of India's foray into space, providing valuable lessons in satellite design, fabrication, and operation, which paved the way for future missions.

Launched on July 18, 1980, the mission successfully placed the Rohini satellite into orbit. This made India the first country to launch its own satellite using an indigenously built rocket.

Launched on November 5, 2013. It successfully put India's first spacecraft into orbit around Mars. This was a major milestone as India achieved this on its very first attempt.

Mangalyaan, also known as the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), marked a historic milestone in India's space exploration journey. Launched on November 5, 2013, Mangalyaan made India the first country to reach Mars orbit on its first attempt, a feat only achieved by ISRO.

The SLV-3 was India's first indigenously built rocket, capable of placing a satellite into orbit. It was a significant milestone as India successfully developed and launched it on its own.

Mangalyaan was notable for its cost-effectiveness, with a budget of around $74 million, making it one of the most inexpensive Mars missions ever undertaken.

Mangalyaan's primary objective was to develop the technologies needed for interplanetary missions.

Mangalyaan carried five scientific instruments to study Martian surface, morphology, atmosphere, and mineralogy from orbit.

Chandrayaan-1 was India's first mission to the Moon, launched in 2008, carrying 11 scientific instruments from various international space agencies to explore the lunar surface.

A groundbreaking discovery of Chandrayaan-1 was the detection of water molecules on the Moon, particularly in the permanently shadowed craters near the lunar poles.

Chandrayaan-2 aimed to further explore the lunar surface, especially the unexplored south pole region, building upon the success of Chandrayaan-1.

Chandrayaan-3 focused on achieving a successful soft landing on the Moon, furthering India's lunar scientific contributions.

Chandrayaan-2, launched in 2019, aimed to land a spacecraft on the Moon's surface. While the lander experienced a setback during its descent, the orbiter successfully captured valuable data.

Chandrayaan-3, launched in 2023, aimed to achieve a soft landing on the Moon's south pole. It included a lander and a rover, and it successfully landed, making India the first country to achieve a soft landing in this region.

Aditya-L1, launched in 2023, is India's first dedicated solar mission aimed at studying the Sun's outermost layers. Its objective is to enhance our understanding of solar activities and their impact on space weather.

Gaganyaan is India's ambitious project to launch a manned orbital spaceflight, aiming to send a crew of three into orbit for a three-day mission.

ISRO, the Indian Space Research Organisation, is responsible for developing and launching India's space programs, including satellites, rockets, and manned missions.

The Gaganyaan project aims to demonstrate India's capability in human spaceflight by launching a team of three astronauts into orbit for a three-day mission, showcasing its commitment to space exploration.

The initial Gaganyaan spaceflight will carry a two-astronaut crew. The capsule will be designed to accommodate three people, but for early missions, it will carry two astronauts.

The rocket that will launch the Gaganyaan mission will be a modified version of ISRO's planned Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark 2, incorporating safety and reliability enhancements for crew-launching missions.

The Gaganyaan mission aims to launch an Indian astronaut into space, demonstrating the country's advanced space technology and capabilities.

Before actual human spaceflight, the Gaganyaan mission involves various precursor missions like the Integrated Air Drop Test, Pad Abort Test, and Test Vehicle flights. These missions test the critical systems and ensure the safety and reliability of the human-rated launch vehicle.

The LVM3 rocket, a proven heavy-lift launcher, is reconfigured to meet human rating requirements for the Gaganyaan mission. This modified version, called the Human Rated LVM3 (HLVM3), is designed to safely launch the crew module to a 400 km low Earth orbit.

The HLVM3 includes a Crew Escape System (CES) powered by high burn rate solid motors. This system ensures the safety of the crew by quickly and safely carrying the Crew Module away in case of an emergency during launch or ascent.

Shukrayaan I, a planned mission to Venus, includes a high-resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) that can penetrate clouds to examine the planet's surface. This advanced technology helps study Venus's geological activity, wind speed, cloud cover, and other characteristics.

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is a technique used in Shukrayaan I to produce high-resolution images of Venus. It can penetrate clouds and darkness, allowing for data collection day and night, regardless of weather conditions.

The Shukrayaan I mission aims to study Venus's geological and volcanic activity, surface emissions, wind speed, cloud cover, and other planetary characteristics from an elliptical orbit around the planet.

The Gaganyaan mission emphasizes the importance of developing human-rated launch vehicles, life support systems, crew escape systems, and robust crew management strategies for the successful completion of a human spaceflight mission.