Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
The greater the ______, the greater the current produced.
abundance
These current values are used in combination with the ______ times to produce a spectra print-out.
flight
During the ionisation process, a 2+ charged ______ may be produced.
ion
Its mass to charge ratio (m/z) is halved, resulting in a trace at ______ the expected m/z value.
Signup and view all the answers
The spectra produced by the mass spectrometry of chlorine display a characteristic pattern in a 3:1 ratio for Cl+ ions and a 3:6:9 ratio for Cl2+ ions due to one isotope being more ______ than the other.
Signup and view all the answers
Electrons are held in clouds of negative charge called ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Each orbital can hold a different number of electrons before the next one is filled: s-orbital = 2 electrons p-orbital = 6 electrons ______ = 10 electrons
Signup and view all the answers
The energy of the orbitals increases from s to ______ meaning the orbitals are filled in this order.
Signup and view all the answers
Each orbital is filled before the next one is used to hold electrons. Example: Sodium has 11 electrons. These would be written in the following configuration: Na = 1s2 2s2 2p6 ______
Signup and view all the answers
It has 3 energy levels and 4 ______ holding the 11 electrons.
Signup and view all the answers
Within an orbital, electrons pair up with opposite spin so that the atom is as stable as possible. Electrons in the same orbital must have opposite ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Overall there are three rules for writing out electron configurations: 1. The lowest energy orbital is filled first. 2. Electrons with the same spin fill up an orbital first before pairing begins. 3. No single orbital holds more than 2 ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Time of Flight (TOF) Mass Spectrometry records the time it takes for ions of each isotope to reach a ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Using Time of Flight (TOF) Mass Spectrometry, spectra can be produced showing ______ present.
Signup and view all the answers
Ionisation involves a sample of an element being vapourized and injected into the mass spectrometer where a high voltage is passed over the chamber causing electrons to be removed from the atoms, leaving +1 charged ______ in the chamber.
Signup and view all the answers
In Acceleration step of mass spectrometry, positively charged ions are accelerated towards a negatively charged ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Ion Drift step involves the ions being deflected by a magnetic field into a curved ______.
Signup and view all the answers
When positive ions hit the negatively charged detection plate, they gain an electron producing a flow of ______.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Isotopes
- Hydrogen, Deuterium, and Tritium are isotopes with 1 proton and 0, 1, and 2 neutrons respectively
Ions and Ionisation
- Ions are formed when an atom loses or gains electrons, resulting in an overall charge
- Ionisation is the process of removing electrons from atoms, resulting in positively charged ions
Mass Spectrometry
- A technique used to identify different isotopes and find the overall relative atomic mass of an element
- Time of Flight (TOF) Mass Spectrometry records the time it takes for ions of each isotope to reach a detector
TOF Mass Spectrometry Process
- Ionisation: a sample is vapourised and injected into the mass spectrometer, where a high voltage is passed, removing electrons and leaving +1 charged ions
- Acceleration: positively charged ions are accelerated towards a negatively charged detection plate
- Ion Drift: ions are deflected by a magnetic field into a curved path, dependent on the charge and mass of the ion
- Detection: positive ions hit the negatively charged detection plate, gaining an electron and producing a flow of charge
Atomic Orbitals
- Orbitals are clouds of negative charge that hold electrons
- There are different types of orbitals: s, p, d, and f
- Each orbital can hold a different number of electrons before the next one is filled: s-orbital = 2 electrons, p-orbital = 6 electrons, d-orbital = 10 electrons
- Energy of orbitals increases from s to d, meaning they are filled in this order
Electron Configuration
- Electrons pair up with opposite spin within an orbital to make the atom as stable as possible
- Electrons in the same orbital must have opposite spin
- Spin is represented by arrows
- Three rules for writing electron configurations:
- Lowest energy orbital is filled first
- Electrons with the same spin fill up an orbital first before pairing begins
- No single orbital holds more than 2 electrons
Analysis and Spectra
- The current values are used in combination with flight times to produce a spectra print-out with the relative abundance of each isotope displayed
- A 2+ charged ion may be produced during ionisation, affecting the magnetic field and resulting in a smaller radius curved path
- The mass to charge ratio (m/z) of a 2+ charged ion is halved and appears as a trace at half the expected m/z value on the spectra
Chlorine Spectra
- Chlorine spectra display a characteristic pattern in a 3:1 ratio for Cl+ ions and a 3:6:9 ratio for Cl2+ ions
- This is due to the relative abundance of isotopes and the formation of chlorine molecules in different combinations
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on isotopes, ions, and mass spectrometry. Learn about the differences in atomic structures, how ions are formed, and the analytical technique of mass spectrometry for identifying isotopes and determining atomic mass.
