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Questions and Answers
The greater the ______, the greater the current produced.
The greater the ______, the greater the current produced.
abundance
These current values are used in combination with the ​______ times to produce a spectra print-out.
These current values are used in combination with the ​______ times to produce a spectra print-out.
flight
During the ionisation process, a 2+ charged ______ may be produced.
During the ionisation process, a 2+ charged ______ may be produced.
ion
Its mass to charge ratio (m/z) is halved, resulting in a trace at ______ the expected m/z value.
Its mass to charge ratio (m/z) is halved, resulting in a trace at ______ the expected m/z value.
The spectra produced by the mass spectrometry of chlorine display a characteristic pattern in a 3:1 ratio for Cl​+​ ions and a 3:6:9 ratio for Cl​2​+​ ions due to one isotope being more ______ than the other.
The spectra produced by the mass spectrometry of chlorine display a characteristic pattern in a 3:1 ratio for Cl​+​ ions and a 3:6:9 ratio for Cl​2​+​ ions due to one isotope being more ______ than the other.
Electrons are held in clouds of negative charge called ______.
Electrons are held in clouds of negative charge called ______.
Each orbital can hold a different number of electrons before the next one is filled: s-orbital = 2 electrons p-orbital = 6 electrons ______ = 10 electrons
Each orbital can hold a different number of electrons before the next one is filled: s-orbital = 2 electrons p-orbital = 6 electrons ______ = 10 electrons
The energy of the orbitals increases from s to ______ meaning the orbitals are filled in this order.
The energy of the orbitals increases from s to ______ meaning the orbitals are filled in this order.
Each orbital is filled before the next one is used to hold electrons. Example: Sodium has 11 electrons. These would be written in the following configuration: Na = 1s2 2s2 2p6 ______
Each orbital is filled before the next one is used to hold electrons. Example: Sodium has 11 electrons. These would be written in the following configuration: Na = 1s2 2s2 2p6 ______
It has 3 energy levels and 4 ______ holding the 11 electrons.
It has 3 energy levels and 4 ______ holding the 11 electrons.
Within an orbital, electrons pair up with opposite spin so that the atom is as stable as possible. Electrons in the same orbital must have opposite ______.
Within an orbital, electrons pair up with opposite spin so that the atom is as stable as possible. Electrons in the same orbital must have opposite ______.
Overall there are three rules for writing out electron configurations: 1. The lowest energy orbital is filled first. 2. Electrons with the same spin fill up an orbital first before pairing begins. 3. No single orbital holds more than 2 ______.
Overall there are three rules for writing out electron configurations: 1. The lowest energy orbital is filled first. 2. Electrons with the same spin fill up an orbital first before pairing begins. 3. No single orbital holds more than 2 ______.
Time of Flight (TOF) Mass Spectrometry records the time it takes for ions of each isotope to reach a ______.
Time of Flight (TOF) Mass Spectrometry records the time it takes for ions of each isotope to reach a ______.
Using Time of Flight (TOF) Mass Spectrometry, spectra can be produced showing ______ present.
Using Time of Flight (TOF) Mass Spectrometry, spectra can be produced showing ______ present.
Ionisation involves a sample of an element being vapourized and injected into the mass spectrometer where a high voltage is passed over the chamber causing electrons to be removed from the atoms, leaving +1 charged ______ in the chamber.
Ionisation involves a sample of an element being vapourized and injected into the mass spectrometer where a high voltage is passed over the chamber causing electrons to be removed from the atoms, leaving +1 charged ______ in the chamber.
In Acceleration step of mass spectrometry, positively charged ions are accelerated towards a negatively charged ______.
In Acceleration step of mass spectrometry, positively charged ions are accelerated towards a negatively charged ______.
Ion Drift step involves the ions being deflected by a magnetic field into a curved ______.
Ion Drift step involves the ions being deflected by a magnetic field into a curved ______.
When positive ions hit the negatively charged detection plate, they gain an electron producing a flow of ______.
When positive ions hit the negatively charged detection plate, they gain an electron producing a flow of ______.
Study Notes
Isotopes
- Hydrogen, Deuterium, and Tritium are isotopes with 1 proton and 0, 1, and 2 neutrons respectively
Ions and Ionisation
- Ions are formed when an atom loses or gains electrons, resulting in an overall charge
- Ionisation is the process of removing electrons from atoms, resulting in positively charged ions
Mass Spectrometry
- A technique used to identify different isotopes and find the overall relative atomic mass of an element
- Time of Flight (TOF) Mass Spectrometry records the time it takes for ions of each isotope to reach a detector
TOF Mass Spectrometry Process
- Ionisation: a sample is vapourised and injected into the mass spectrometer, where a high voltage is passed, removing electrons and leaving +1 charged ions
- Acceleration: positively charged ions are accelerated towards a negatively charged detection plate
- Ion Drift: ions are deflected by a magnetic field into a curved path, dependent on the charge and mass of the ion
- Detection: positive ions hit the negatively charged detection plate, gaining an electron and producing a flow of charge
Atomic Orbitals
- Orbitals are clouds of negative charge that hold electrons
- There are different types of orbitals: s, p, d, and f
- Each orbital can hold a different number of electrons before the next one is filled: s-orbital = 2 electrons, p-orbital = 6 electrons, d-orbital = 10 electrons
- Energy of orbitals increases from s to d, meaning they are filled in this order
Electron Configuration
- Electrons pair up with opposite spin within an orbital to make the atom as stable as possible
- Electrons in the same orbital must have opposite spin
- Spin is represented by arrows
- Three rules for writing electron configurations:
- Lowest energy orbital is filled first
- Electrons with the same spin fill up an orbital first before pairing begins
- No single orbital holds more than 2 electrons
Analysis and Spectra
- The current values are used in combination with flight times to produce a spectra print-out with the relative abundance of each isotope displayed
- A 2+ charged ion may be produced during ionisation, affecting the magnetic field and resulting in a smaller radius curved path
- The mass to charge ratio (m/z) of a 2+ charged ion is halved and appears as a trace at half the expected m/z value on the spectra
Chlorine Spectra
- Chlorine spectra display a characteristic pattern in a 3:1 ratio for Cl+ ions and a 3:6:9 ratio for Cl2+ ions
- This is due to the relative abundance of isotopes and the formation of chlorine molecules in different combinations
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Description
Test your knowledge on isotopes, ions, and mass spectrometry. Learn about the differences in atomic structures, how ions are formed, and the analytical technique of mass spectrometry for identifying isotopes and determining atomic mass.
