Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the defining characteristic of isomers?
What is the defining characteristic of isomers?
- Different elements but same properties
- Same number of atoms and no relation in properties
- Same molecular formula but different structures (correct)
- Different molecular formulas but same structure
What is the difference between structural isomers?
What is the difference between structural isomers?
- Number of atoms
- Type of elements
- Molecular weight
- Arrangement of atoms (correct)
Which of the following is an example of structural isomerism, differing in the chain type?
Which of the following is an example of structural isomerism, differing in the chain type?
- Functional isomerism
- Chain isomerism (correct)
- Tautomerism
- Positional isomerism
What distinguishes positional isomers?
What distinguishes positional isomers?
What is the difference between functional isomers?
What is the difference between functional isomers?
What is the main characteristic of tautomerism?
What is the main characteristic of tautomerism?
Stereoisomers are differences in arrangement specifically in?
Stereoisomers are differences in arrangement specifically in?
What are the 2 main types of streoisomers?
What are the 2 main types of streoisomers?
What gives rise to conformational isomers?
What gives rise to conformational isomers?
How does the stability of trans isomers compare to cis isomers?
How does the stability of trans isomers compare to cis isomers?
What is key to assigning priority based on the 'E' and 'Z' system of nomenclature?
What is key to assigning priority based on the 'E' and 'Z' system of nomenclature?
What does "E" represent in the E and Z system?
What does "E" represent in the E and Z system?
What is the name of the process that uses polarized light to interact molecules in different ways?
What is the name of the process that uses polarized light to interact molecules in different ways?
What are interactions with plane polarized light termed?
What are interactions with plane polarized light termed?
If a compound rotates plane-polarized light to the right, it is?
If a compound rotates plane-polarized light to the right, it is?
What is a key requirement for tetrahedral molecules to qualify as optically active?
What is a key requirement for tetrahedral molecules to qualify as optically active?
What term is used for the central atom in an optically active compound?
What term is used for the central atom in an optically active compound?
What is another term for optically active?
What is another term for optically active?
What are isomers that are mirror images of each other called?
What are isomers that are mirror images of each other called?
How many optically active molecules result from a molecule with one asymmetric carbon?
How many optically active molecules result from a molecule with one asymmetric carbon?
What term describes non-mirror image stereoisomers?
What term describes non-mirror image stereoisomers?
What is described as a meso compound?
What is described as a meso compound?
What is a racemic mixture?
What is a racemic mixture?
What process separates racemic mixtures?
What process separates racemic mixtures?
What components are needed for a polarimeter?
What components are needed for a polarimeter?
What is the component D-line of sodium in polarimetry?
What is the component D-line of sodium in polarimetry?
What term describes the rotation by 1.0g of an optically active substance in 1.0ml?
What term describes the rotation by 1.0g of an optically active substance in 1.0ml?
Which describes the role of functional groups?
Which describes the role of functional groups?
What type of reaction forms hemiacetals and hemiketals?
What type of reaction forms hemiacetals and hemiketals?
What characterises a nucleophile?
What characterises a nucleophile?
What characterises an electrophile?
What characterises an electrophile?
What is an open system in thermodynamics?
What is an open system in thermodynamics?
What happens in a closed thermodynamic system?
What happens in a closed thermodynamic system?
What is an isolated system?
What is an isolated system?
What is the definition of 'work' for the first law of thermodynamics?
What is the definition of 'work' for the first law of thermodynamics?
What is the definition of 'enthalpy'?
What is the definition of 'enthalpy'?
When is a reaction condisered exothermic?
When is a reaction condisered exothermic?
The measure of disorder is?
The measure of disorder is?
What does free energy measure?
What does free energy measure?
Flashcards
What are isomers?
What are isomers?
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements.
What are structural isomers?
What are structural isomers?
Isomers that differ in how constituent atoms are connected.
What is chain isomerism?
What is chain isomerism?
Structural isomers differing in the arrangement of the carbon chain.
What is positional isomerism?
What is positional isomerism?
Structural isomers differing in the placement of the functional group.
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What is functional isomerism?
What is functional isomerism?
Structural isomers differing in the type of functional group present.
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What is tautomerism?
What is tautomerism?
Isomers where functional groups are in dynamic equilibrium, interconverting.
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What are stereoisomers?
What are stereoisomers?
Isomers with different arrangements of atoms in 3D space.
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What are conformational isomers?
What are conformational isomers?
Stereoisomers resulting from the possibility of free rotation around a single bond.
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What are configurational isomers?
What are configurational isomers?
Stereoisomers that cannot be interconverted without breaking bonds.
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What are geometric isomers?
What are geometric isomers?
Configurational isomers with different arrangements around a double bond or ring.
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What is the E/Z system?
What is the E/Z system?
A system for naming alkenes based on priority of groups attached to the double bond.
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What are optical isomers?
What are optical isomers?
Isomers that rotate plane-polarized light.
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What is a chiral center?
What is a chiral center?
A carbon atom bonded to four different groups.
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What are enantiomers?
What are enantiomers?
Isomers that are non-superimposable mirror images.
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What is a racemic mixture?
What is a racemic mixture?
A mixture containing equal amounts of both enantiomers.
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What is resolution?
What is resolution?
Separation of a racemic mixture into its component enantiomers.
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What is affinity chromatography?
What is affinity chromatography?
A technique where a column contains a ligand that binds one enantiomer.
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What are same physical properties?
What are same physical properties?
Properties of enantiomers that are identical.
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What is a polarimeter?
What is a polarimeter?
An instrument for measuring the rotation of plane-polarized light by a substance.
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What is a functional group?
What is a functional group?
A group of atoms that determines a molecule's properties.
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What is a hemiacetal?
What is a hemiacetal?
A compound formed by addition of an alcohol to an aldehyde.
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What is a hemiketal?
What is a hemiketal?
A compound formed by addition of an alcohol to a ketone.
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What is an acetal?
What is an acetal?
A compound formed by reaction of an aldehyde with two alcohols.
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What is a ketal?
What is a ketal?
A compound formed by reaction of a ketone with two alcohols.
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What is nucleophilic addition?
What is nucleophilic addition?
A reaction where a nucleophile attacks a carbonyl carbon.
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What is thermodynamics?
What is thermodynamics?
Energy transformation and reaction spontaneity.
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What is a universe (thermodynamic)?
What is a universe (thermodynamic)?
The system and its surroundings.
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What is an open system?
What is an open system?
System that exchanges matter and energy with surroundings.
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What is a closed system?
What is a closed system?
System that exchanges energy but not matter.
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What is an isolated system?
What is an isolated system?
System with surroundings exchanges neither matter nor energy.
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What is heat?
What is heat?
Energy transferred via temperature differences.
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What is a state function?
What is a state function?
It is a function that is path independent.
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What is an extensive property?
What is an extensive property?
Property dependent on the quantity of material.
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What is an intensive property?
What is an intensive property?
Property independent of the amount of substance.
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What is enthalpy?
What is enthalpy?
The measure of heat evolved during a reaction.
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What is entropy?
What is entropy?
Measure of disorder in a system.
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What is free energy?
What is free energy?
The energy to do work, constant Temp and Pressure.
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What is a coupled reaction?
What is a coupled reaction?
Linked reactions; a favorable linked an unfavorable
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What are energy-rich compounds?
What are energy-rich compounds?
Compounds releases high free energy when hydrolyzed.
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- Course outlines includes the lecture, topic, and date
- The lectures include elemental composition of cells, atomic structure (1 and 2), types of chemical bonds (1 and 2), isomerism, thermodynamics (1 and 2), chemical kinetics, carbohydrates, and revision
Isomerism
- Isomers are compounds that share a molecular formula but have different structural representations
Structural Isomerism
- Structural isomers vary in the way their constituent atoms are connected
- Chain isomerism differs in the chain type; for example, C4H10
- Functional isomerism differs in the functional groups; for example, CH3CH2OH, ethanol, and CH3-O-CH3, ether
- Positional isomerism differs in the placement of the functional group
- Tautomerism describes functional groups in dynamic equilibrium where isomers are mutually interconvertible
Stereoisomerism
- This term describes the differences in the arrangement of atoms in the three-dimensional space of a compound
- There are two types of stereoisomers: conformational/rotational and configurational
Conformational or Rotational Stereoisomerism
- Involves the arrangement of different atoms
- Results from the possibility of free rotation around a C-C single covalent bond
- Individual structures are conformers
- There are two types of conformers: eclipsed and staggered
Configurational Stereoisomerism
- There are two types: geometric and optical
- Geometric (cis and trans) isomers feature a trans isomer that is more stable than the cis isomer due to the bulky groups being further apart
- Ring compounds can create rigid molecules, leading to geometric isomerism; for example, 1,2-dimethylcyclopropane
E and Z System of Nomenclature
- In E and Z isomers, there are three or four different groups attached to the C=C bond
- E represents across while, Z represents together
- System is based on assigning priorities, where the highest atomic number receives the highest priority
- F<Cl
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