Islamic Theology: The Concept of Al-Akhirah
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Questions and Answers

What does the term 'al-Akhirah' primarily refer to in Islamic theology?

  • The immediate values of the world
  • The process of earthly existence
  • The cycle of life and death
  • The ultimate destiny of mankind (correct)
  • Which of the following best contrasts with the concept of 'al-Akhirah'?

  • Divine judgment
  • Ultimate enlightenment
  • Eternal paradise
  • Al-Dunyā (correct)
  • How is 'al-Akhirah' understood in terms of existence?

  • As a temporary state of bliss
  • As a life of everlasting duration (correct)
  • As a state of non-existence
  • As the finality of earthly pleasures
  • In the context of eschatology, what does 'al-Akhirah' imply?

    <p>A definitive end to earthly life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of 'al-Akhirah' related to blessings?

    <p>It focuses on the good of the ultimate state in the hereafter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen to the teachings of Islam if the concept of the afterlife were denied?

    <p>They would lose their significance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the afterlife concept relate to the overall teachings of Islam?

    <p>It is central to the moral framework.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way is the belief in Al-Akhirah essential from an eschatological perspective?

    <p>It emphasizes final judgment and accountability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the implication of denying the afterlife on Islamic cosmology?

    <p>It would validate human actions as meaningless.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From a theological standpoint, what role does belief in Al-Akhirah play in the understanding of divine justice?

    <p>It ensures accountability for one’s actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the phrase 'the Hereafter is better' imply about life after death?

    <p>Life after death is of higher quality and enduring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which philosophical view is primarily concerned with the nature of existence and what lies beyond this life?

    <p>Eschatology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of resolving disputes and conflicts in human orientations?

    <p>It enhances human coherence and unity in understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which area of study would the assertion about the Hereafter being 'more enduring' likely be discussed?

    <p>Eschatology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What underlying theme can be inferred from the assertion regarding conflicts of human orientations?

    <p>Conflicts can lead to enlightenment and resolution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Philosophy & Islamic Worldview

    • The course is titled "Basic Philosophy & Islamic Worldview"
    • It's part of UNGS 1301
    • Materials were compiled between 2018 and 2019
    • Materials come from the Department of Fundamental and Interdisciplinary Studies at the International Islamic University Malaysia.

    Week 1: Worldview

    • Worldview is defined as a set of beliefs
    • Key aspects of reality surrounding us: perception, knowledge, and action
    • Related to a philosophy of life, a perception of the world and a study of the world and its aspects.
    • The importance of philosophy lies in exploring wisdom, intellectual culture and the search for knowledge.
    • This includes fundamental questions like the nature of existence, knowledge, the universe, and the nature of values.
    • There are different kinds of philosophy: Western, Middle Eastern, Indian, Indigenous American and African philosophies, Eastern philosophy.

    Week 1: Kinds of Philosophy

    • Western philosophy traditionally started with pre-Socratic thinkers in 6th-century Greece
    • Western philosophy is categorized into Ancient (Greco-Roman), Medieval (Christian European), and Modern eras.
    • Middle Eastern philosophy originated with early philosophical wisdom literature in the regions of the Fertile Crescent, Iran, and Arabia, and is now primarily associated with Islamic culture.
    • Indian philosophy encompasses diverse traditions arising from ancient times on the Indian subcontinent. Jainism and Buddhism originated before Hinduism, and Hinduism represents a fusion of various traditions.
    • Indigenous American philosophy is formed of beliefs and traditions among various American cultures.
    • African philosophy describes philosophy developed by African people, including worldviews, ideas, themes and philosophical methods.
    • Eastern or Asian philosophy includes Chinese, Indian (including Hindu, Jain, Buddhist and Sikh), South East Asian, Japanese and Korean philosophies.

    Week 1: Specific Concepts of Indian Philosophy

    • Key concepts include dharma (upholds or supports), karma (act or action), artha (wealth), kama (desire), and dukkha (suffering).

    Week 1: Importance of Philosophy

    • Philosophy is important to all cultures and societies
    • Philosophical questions include who are we? Why are we created?  Is there God? How should we live? What is the nature of reality?

    Week 2: Modern & Contemporary Worldviews

    • Naturalism
    • Secular Humanism
    • Post-Modernism

    Week 2: Naturalism

    • Naturalism is a materialistic theory of life and the universe that is atheistic, focusing on the mechanical view of nature.
    • Naturalism denies the existence of a Creator or supernatural realities.
    • Naturalism focuses on how science and technology affect society and how society and genetics affect individuals.
    • Naturalism relates the scientific method to philosophy.
    • It can be recognized as a "religion" and was developed by Greek and Roman Sophists.
    • Concepts of naturalism were discussed by Darwin, Zola, Ibsen, Gorky, Chekhov and Gogol.

    Week 2: Secular Humanism

    • Secular refers to worldly, non-religious aspects of life.
    • Humanism emphasizes a naturalistic worldview, limiting the physical world to all that exists or is real
    • It emphasizes scientific inquiry and rejects revealed knowledge or theistic morality.
    • It arose from the ethical movement in the US.

    Week 2: Postmodernism

    • Postmodernism, reacting to modernist dominance, applies broadly across all fields of knowledge and human affairs.
    • It is a continuation of modernism but with new perspectives.
    • It is a reaction to modernism's cultural dominance.
    • Important concepts include skepticism, anti-dualism and questioning texts.
    • Important figures include Lyotard, Derrida, Foucault.

    Week 3: Islamic Worldview

    • Islamic worldview is a theistic and ethical worldview contrasting with secularistic, materialistic, naturalistic and post-modern worldviews.
    • It encompasses a study of perceptions of the universe, philosophies of life, worldviews, ideologies, and faiths.

    Week 3-4, 5, 6, and 7: Islamic Worldview

    • Included are several definitions of the Islamic worldview from different Muslim scholars (e.g., Sayyid Qutb, Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Abdul Hamid Abu Sulayman, M. Kamal Hassan, S.M. Naquib Al-Attas, Alparslan Acikgenc, and Choudhury)
    • Covered a scope of Islamic worldview including metaphysics, theology, cosmology, anthropology, ontology, epistemology, teleology, axiology and eschatology.
    • Included numerous characteristics of Islamic worldview.

    Week 3-4, 5, 6, and 7: Tawhid

    • Tawhid represents the oneness of God.
    • It is the absolute and uncompromising belief that there is no God but Allah, and that there is no one worthy of worship, praise, veneration, or obedience except Allah (swt)
    • Tawhid permeates all aspects of Islamic life throughout time.
    • Man's inherent nature (fitrah) is to worship God (or, Allah).
    • The importance of the Qur'ān.

    Week 3-4, 5, 6, and 7: Further Islamic Concepts

    • Included other key Islamic concepts such as  al-Rabbaniyyah (the divine origin), al-Tawhid (oneness), al-Thabat (permanence), al-Shumul (completeness), al-Tawazun/al-Wasatiyyah (balance), al-Waqiyyah (realism) and al-Ijabiyyah (dynamism).

    Week 8 and 9: Al-Nubuwwah & Al-Akhirah

    • Al-Nubuwwah refers to the Prophets and their role in conveying God's (Allah's) message to humankind.
    • Al-Nubuwwah highlights the Prophets as role models who convey and explain the divine message to people and advise people against wrong-doings.
    • Al-Akhirah refers to the afterlife and encompasses the concept of ultimate destiny of humankind
    • Islamic belief regarding the afterlife.

    Week 8 and 9: Additional Details - Al-Nubuwwah

    • The institution of Nubuwwah (“Prophethood”) has ended with Muhammad (peace be upon him) as the final prophet.
    • Following the Sunnah of the Prophet is a Muslim's obligation.
    • Severe punishment befalls those who do not follow the Prophet's teachings.

    Week 8 and 9: Additional Details - Al-Akhirah

    • The concept of the afterlife is essential to Islam and it is where people's deeds will be assessed.
    • Belief in Al-Akhirah underscores the importance of divine justice.
    • Benefits of believing in Al-Akhirah for the individual and society are included.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the concept of 'al-Akhirah' in Islamic theology, emphasizing its significance in relation to the afterlife and eschatology. Participants will assess their understanding of how 'al-Akhirah' contrasts with earthly existence and its implications for Islamic teachings on divine justice and cosmology.

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