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What percentage of something is mentioned in the text?
What percentage of something is mentioned in the text?
What comes after 'اٌزقٍض'?
What comes after 'اٌزقٍض'?
What is mentioned after 'اٌف鮼الد'?
What is mentioned after 'اٌف鮼الد'?
What is mentioned in the sentence 'األهكْ'?
What is mentioned in the sentence 'األهكْ'?
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What is mentioned after 'رؾزْبط'?
What is mentioned after 'رؾزْبط'?
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What is mentioned in the sentence 'rzى ْٛ نٖ'?
What is mentioned in the sentence 'rzى ْٛ نٖ'?
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What comes after 'اٌزؼوف'?
What comes after 'اٌزؼوف'?
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What is mentioned in the sentence 'اٌجٍلاْ'?
What is mentioned in the sentence 'اٌجٍلاْ'?
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What comes after 'اٌزقٍفبد'?
What comes after 'اٌزقٍفبد'?
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What is mentioned in the sentence 'اٌيهاػ'?
What is mentioned in the sentence 'اٌيهاػ'?
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What is the main topic discussed in the passage?
What is the main topic discussed in the passage?
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What is the purpose of the diacritical mark "زُ" in the passage?
What is the purpose of the diacritical mark "زُ" in the passage?
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What is the function of the letter "اٌ" in the passage?
What is the function of the letter "اٌ" in the passage?
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What is the purpose of the diacritical mark "ّ" in the passage?
What is the purpose of the diacritical mark "ّ" in the passage?
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What is the function of the letter "و" in the passage?
What is the function of the letter "و" in the passage?
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What is the purpose of the diacritical mark "ٚ" in the passage?
What is the purpose of the diacritical mark "ٚ" in the passage?
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What is the function of the letter "ف" in the passage?
What is the function of the letter "ف" in the passage?
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What is the purpose of the diacritical mark "ػ" in the passage?
What is the purpose of the diacritical mark "ػ" in the passage?
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What is the main theme of the text?
What is the main theme of the text?
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What is the tone of the text?
What is the tone of the text?
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What is the author's purpose in writing the text?
What is the author's purpose in writing the text?
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What is the significance of the phrase 'اٌّجلأ اٌجَ' in the text?
What is the significance of the phrase 'اٌّجلأ اٌجَ' in the text?
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What is the author's attitude towards Islamic values?
What is the author's attitude towards Islamic values?
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What is the main idea of the text?
What is the main idea of the text?
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What is the author's tone towards the reader?
What is the author's tone towards the reader?
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What is the importance of 'اٌّفب' in the text?
What is the importance of 'اٌّفب' in the text?
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What is the author's intention in using the phrase 'اٌّجبد'?
What is the author's intention in using the phrase 'اٌّجبد'?
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What is the significance of the phrase 'اٌّو' in the text?
What is the significance of the phrase 'اٌّو' in the text?
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What is the percentage of رَبػل in the given text?
What is the percentage of رَبػل in the given text?
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What is the year mentioned in the text as ثلأ ثبٍزؼّبي?
What is the year mentioned in the text as ثلأ ثبٍزؼّبي?
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What is the given name of رُ رأ٘ in the text?
What is the given name of رُ رأ٘ in the text?
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What is the mentioned percentage of ر zev اٌغبىاد?
What is the mentioned percentage of ر zev اٌغبىاد?
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What is the mentioned name of ر婧 ر婧 in the text?
What is the mentioned name of ر婧 ر婧 in the text?
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What is the mentioned year of ر婧 ر婧 in the text?
What is the mentioned year of ر婧 ر婧 in the text?
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What is the mentioned name of اٌّغبىاد in the text?
What is the mentioned name of اٌّغبىاد in the text?
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What is the mentioned percentage of اٌزأص in the text?
What is the mentioned percentage of اٌزأص in the text?
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What is the mentioned name of اٌزأص in the text?
What is the mentioned name of اٌزأص in the text?
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What is the mentioned year of ثلأ ثبٍزؼّبي in the text?
What is the mentioned year of ثلأ ثبٍزؼّبي in the text?
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What is the main topic of the text?
What is the main topic of the text?
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What is the significance of 'اٌزقٍض' in the text?
What is the significance of 'اٌزقٍض' in the text?
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What is the relationship between 'اٌقطوح' and 'اٌف鮼الد'?
What is the relationship between 'اٌقطوح' and 'اٌف鮼الد'?
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What is the purpose of 'اٌjednーブد' in the text?
What is the purpose of 'اٌjednーブد' in the text?
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What is the result of 'اٌجبربد' in the text?
What is the result of 'اٌجبربد' in the text?
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What is the main benefit of 'اٌجزوخ' in the text?
What is the main benefit of 'اٌجزوخ' in the text?
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What is the role of 'اٌظلئخ' in the text?
What is the role of 'اٌظلئخ' in the text?
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What is the relationship between 'اٌزقٍض' and 'اٌفطوخ'?
What is the relationship between 'اٌزقٍض' and 'اٌفطوخ'?
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What is the purpose of 'اٌمٍخ' in the text?
What is the purpose of 'اٌمٍخ' in the text?
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What is the result of 'اٌيحخ' in the text?
What is the result of 'اٌيحخ' in the text?
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Study Notes
Solid Waste Management
- Industrialization and agricultural development have led to the emergence of non-biodegradable solid waste
- This was not a problem before as waste was largely biodegradable
- Solid waste disposal has become a major effort and expense worldwide
Sources and Characteristics of Solid Waste
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Identifying sources, quantities, and physical/chemical properties of solid waste is crucial for proper management
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Solid waste is a major concern requiring attention from scientists, engineers, decision-makers, and the public
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Approximately 13% of total solid waste comes from residential, commercial, and small industrial sources
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Solid waste consists of a heterogeneous mix of paper, cardboard, trash residues, glass, rubber, textiles, food waste, and plastics
Industrial Solid Waste
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In industrialized countries, mining/processing waste can account for over 75% of total solid waste
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This includes rocks, soil, and tailings from mining, extraction, and processing of various economic metals
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In humid climates, acid drainage and leaching of toxic elements from mining waste can contaminate water and soil sources
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Agricultural waste, including crop residues, livestock manure, and poultry litter, can also be an environmental issue
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In some countries like the US, agricultural waste can exceed 12% of total solid waste
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These wastes often contain valuable nutrients and can be recycled back into the natural cycle
Agricultural Waste
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Overuse of chemical fertilizers and concentrated animal/poultry farming have turned agricultural waste into an environmental problem
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Soil erosion and loss of organic matter can negatively impact the environment, especially through contamination of water bodies
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Some industrialized countries address agricultural waste by collection and anaerobic digestion to extract methane gas
Industrial Hazardous Waste
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Industrial waste differs by industry and production methods, excluding industrial hazardous waste
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Industrial solid waste includes paper, cardboard, wood, glass, plastics, organic and metallic materials, and other waste
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Disposal is typically through direct incineration or transfer to special or municipal waste landfills
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Some countries impose high fines on recyclable solid waste to encourage reuse and recycling, like for wood
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Solid waste was previously viewed as unusable material to be disposed of through burial, incineration, composting, or even export
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Waste is now seen as a natural resource in the wrong place
Advances in Solid Waste Management
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With advances in disposal technology, controlling any amount within public safety limits is now possible
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Due to scarcity of natural resources and rising extraction/transport costs, countries are encouraging more solid waste reuse and recycling
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This process is called "industrial recycling" in industrialized countries
Landfill Disposal
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Sanitary landfill is one of the main solid waste management methods
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Site selection involves detailed geological studies followed by appropriate engineering design and environmental monitoring
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The basic principle is to minimize waste volume through special compaction and daily soil cover to prevent permeability and leachate
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Landfill sites are chosen in dry areas with low precipitation and high evaporation, away from settlements, and downwind of prevailing winds
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Engineered liners and leachate collection/treatment systems are used to prevent groundwater contamination
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Some modern landfills also collect and utilize the methane gas generated from organic waste decomposition
Composting
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Composting helps reduce the organic fraction of solid waste by up to 75%
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Aerobic bacteria and microorganisms break down organic matter into a stable, soil-like material called compost
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Compost is a clean, lightweight material similar to soil, rich in organic matter, that can improve soil biological, chemical, and physical properties
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Potential toxicity of compost requires thorough thermal treatment before use
Hazardous Waste Management
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Hazardous wastes are generally toxic, corrosive, flammable, or radioactive, posing threats to the environment and human health
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In the past, improper handling and storage of hazardous waste led to severe environmental problems
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Hazardous waste comes from industrial, household, and agricultural activities, with the chemical industry as the major source
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Most hazardous wastes are either rapidly degradable (oils, fats, phenols, ammonia) or persistent (toxic chemicals, dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls)
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Household hazardous waste includes batteries, paints, pesticides, and solvents
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Industrialized countries have systems to separately collect and treat hazardous waste
Deep Well Disposal
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The Swaqa facility, located 60 km east of Amman in the Eastern Desert, is designed for hazardous waste disposal
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It uses advanced systems for leachate collection and disposal, impermeable plastic liners, and increased monitoring wells
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Deep wells (up to 700 m) are drilled into highly permeable and confined geological formations, isolated by impermeable layers
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This method is used for highly toxic waste where there are concerns about potential leakage into shallow aquifers
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However, there are issues with potential migration of hazardous contaminants through fissures or inactive faults, requiring monitoring wells
Ocean Dumping
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Oceans covering 70% of the Earth's surface play a vital role in biogeochemical cycles and are a major source of food and raw materials
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Some countries dump hazardous solid waste in the oceans, negatively impacting marine life through the transfer of toxins through food chains
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Industrialized countries are now studying deep ocean floor disposal as part of the geological cycle
Studying That Suits You
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Description
This quiz assesses knowledge of Islamic studies, covering topics such as faith, beliefs, and practices. It evaluates understanding of key concepts and principles in Islamic theology and jurisprudence.
