Questions and Answers
What is the term for an act that is forbidden by Allah in Islamic Jurisprudence?
Which of the following is an example of Haram li zatihi?
What is the term for the dynamic body of Islamic religious law?
What is the ruling on eating food that produces foul smell in the mouth?
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Which of the following is an example of Haram li ghairihi?
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What is the term for something that is obligatory in Islamic Jurisprudence?
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What is the result when halal food is mixed with haram food?
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What is the term for the legal framework within which the public and private aspects of life are regulated according to principles of jurisprudence?
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What is the consequence of disobeying Allah's command without a permissible excuse?
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Which of the following is an example of wajib?
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What is the ruling on consuming food that is haram?
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Which of the following is an example of sunnah?
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What is the principle of Istishab in Islamic law?
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What is the ruling on acts that are disliked and offensive in Islamic law?
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What is the basis for the general ruling that all things are permissible unless otherwise prohibited in Islamic law?
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What is the consequence of omitting sunnat acts?
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What is the primary objective of applying Qiyas in Islamic jurisprudence?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the 11 generally accepted principles pertaining to halal and haram in Islam?
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What is the underlying reason for the prohibition of wine consumption in Islam?
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According to Islamic principles, what is the status of things created by God?
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What is the consequence of prohibiting what is permitted and permitting what is prohibited in Islam?
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Who has the right to make lawful and unlawful decisions in Islam?
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What is the purpose of the 11 generally accepted principles pertaining to halal and haram in Islam?
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What is the primary characteristic that determines the prohibition of a thing in Islam?
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Which of the following acts is considered makruh in Islamic jurisprudence?
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What is the ruling on an act that is initially permissible but becomes prohibited due to certain circumstances?
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Which of the following is an example of an act that is considered wajib in Islamic jurisprudence?
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What is the ruling on consuming an animal that is halal but slaughtered in the name of other than Allah?
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What is the ruling on eating food that is permissible but produces a foul smell in the mouth?
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Which of the following acts is considered sunnah in Islamic jurisprudence?
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Which of the following is an example of Haram li zatihi?
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What is the ruling on consuming food that is initially halal but mixed with haram food?
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What would be the consequence of fulfilling a wajib obligation?
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Which of the following is an example of a sunnah act?
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What is the status of an action that is not expressly prohibited or considered abominable by the Islamic Shari’ah?
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According to Principle 5, what is the nature of things prohibited by God?
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What would be the consequence of committing a makruh act?
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What is the consequence of having good intentions in performing a haram act?
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What is the ruling on food that are permissible to consume?
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What is the term for an act that is considered immoral and is regarded as committing a sin?
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What should a Muslim do when faced with doubtful things?
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Which of the following is an example of a haram act?
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What is the result of falsely representing unlawful as lawful?
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According to Principle 6, what is the ruling on things that lead to the prohibited?
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What is the basis for the general ruling that all things are permissible unless otherwise prohibited in Islamic law?
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What is the underlying principle behind the prohibition of certain things in Islam?
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What is the consequence of representing lawful as unlawful?
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What is the primary consideration in determining the permissibility of an action in Islam?
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What is the classification of food that is contaminated or mixed with non-halal substances?
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According to Shari'ah law, what is the classification of pigs and their derivatives?
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What is the classification of food that comes into direct contact with Haram substances?
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What is the classification of carrion or halal animals not slaughtered according to Shari'ah law?
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What is the term for something that is obligatory in Islamic Jurisprudence?
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What is the term for something that is recommended in Islamic Jurisprudence?
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What is the term for something that is discouraged in Islamic Jurisprudence?
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What is the term for something that is prohibited in Islamic Jurisprudence?
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Which type of animals are Haram for consumption?
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What is the purpose of Sertu ritual cleansing?
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What is the ruling on consuming an animal slaughtered without pronouncing the name of God on it?
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What is the classification of flowing or congealed blood?
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What is the status of all foods in Islam, except for those explicitly prohibited?
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Which of the following is NOT a category of prohibited food in Islam?
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What is the ruling on consuming food mixed with khamr?
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What is the classification of swine, including all by-products?
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What is the consequence of disobeying Allah's command with a permissible excuse?
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Which of the following is an example of a wajib act that is not related to food or drink?
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What is the principle of Istishab in Islamic law in relation to food and beverage?
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What is the basis of Islamic laws?
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What is the consequence of omitting a sunnah act?
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What is the purpose of Codex Alimentarius?
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What is the primary source of Islamic law that is often referred to in determining whether a food is halal or haram?
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What is the ruling on acts that are disliked and offensive in Islamic law?
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What is the ruling on necessity in Islamic laws?
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What is the basis for the general ruling that all things are permissible unless otherwise prohibited in Islamic law?
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What is the definition of 'food' according to the Food Act 1983?
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Which of the following is an example of a situation where Qiyas is used?
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What is the status of an action that is not expressly prohibited or considered abominable by the Islamic Shari’ah?
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What should a Muslim do when faced with doubtful things?
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What is the term for the consensus of Islamic scholars?
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What is the primary objective of applying Islamic Jurisprudence in relation to food and drink?
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What is the scope of prohibited things in Islam?
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Which of the following is NOT a source of Islamic law?
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What is the purpose of referring to the Hadith in Islamic jurisprudence?
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What is the principle behind the universality of Islamic laws?
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What is the goal of Islamic principles pertaining to halal and haram?
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Which of the following is an example of a situation where Ijma’ is used?
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What is the term for the process of drawing analogy from the essence of divine principles?
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Which of the following sources of Islamic law is used to establish the prohibition of eating donkeys?
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What is the primary condition for a food to be considered halal according to MS1500:2019?
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What is the definition of food according to Codex Alimentarius?
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According to MS1500:2019, what is the condition for halal food in terms of preparation, processing, or manufacturing?
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What is the definition of halal food according to MS1500:2019?
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According to MS1500:2019, what is the condition for halal food in terms of its ingredients?
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What is the purpose of the halal standard MS1500:2019?
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According to Codex Alimentarius, what is excluded from the definition of food?
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What is the condition for halal food in terms of its safety?
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What is the classification of food that comes into direct contact with najs?
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What is the term for objects discharged from the orifices of human beings or animals?
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What is the classification of carrion or halal animals not slaughtered in accordance to Shari'ah law?
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What is the classification of halal food contaminated or mixed with things that are non-halal?
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What is the classification of pigs and their derivatives according to Shari'ah law?
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What is the classification of blood and carrion?
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What is the classification of dogs and their derivatives?
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What is the classification of urine, excrement, and vomit?
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Study Notes
Wajib (Obligatory)
- Disobedience to Allah's command without a permissible excuse is immoral and considered a sin that will be judged and punished in the afterlife
- Examples of wajib include:
- The 5 obligatory prayers
- Fasting during the month of Ramadhan
- Pilgrimage (hajj)
- Muslims are also obliged to consume halal (permissible) food and avoid haram (prohibited) food
Sunnah (Recommended)
- Refers to rulings that are purely recommended and advocated to be followed without prosecution for its omission or non-adherence
- Practicing sunnah matters will be beneficial to an individual and shall be rewarded by the Creator (Allah)
- Examples of sunnah include:
- Reciting supplication (dua) before consuming food
- Handling of food or drink with the right hand
Halal (Permissible)
- Refers to actions that are neither forbidden nor recommended, and are religiously neutral
- Halal can also be understood through the principle of Istishab (anything that is not expressly prohibited or considered abominable by the Islamic Shari’ah is permissible)
- In relation to food and beverage, all things are permissible unless otherwise prohibited
- The basis for this general ruling is a passage from the Qur’an: "It is He who had created for you all things that are on earth" (Quran, Surah Al-Baqarah:29)
Makruh (Discourage or Dislike)
- Refers to acts which are disliked and offensive; and abstaining from it is rewarding but not haram
- Examples of makruh include:
- Eating using the left hand
- Blowing air while consuming hot food/beverage
- Talking excessively during eating
- Making bad remarks or insulting food/beverage
- Eating food that produces foul smell in the mouth, i.e. garlic
Haram (Prohibited or Unlawful)
- Refers to any act that is forbidden by Allah
- Omissions of matters that are haram are praiseworthy and shall be rewarded by the Almighty
- Haram can be divided into two categories:
- Haram li zatihi (prohibited by itself)
- Haram li ghairihi (prohibited due to others)
- Examples of Haram li zatihi include:
- Pork
- Alcoholic drinks
- Blood
- Carrion
- Halal animals which are not slaughtered according to the guidelines of the Islamic Shari’ah
- Examples of Haram li ghairihi include:
- Consumption of an animal that was initially permissible but prohibited due to certain circumstances, such as being slaughtered in the name of other than Allah
- Mixing halal food with haram food, resulting in a haram mixture
The Sources of Shariah
- Shari’ah is the dynamic body of Islamic religious law
- Qiyas is the process of establishing or obtaining a decision, a rule, and judgement for a case due to a certain cause, just because of the existence of the similar case, rule, and judgement in another particular case
- Example of Qiyas:
- Extending the ruling against drinking wine to create an injunction against cocaine use due to its intoxicating nature
Islamic Principles Pertaining to Halal and Haram
- There are 11 generally accepted principles that provide guidance to Muslims in their customary practices
- Principle 1: The basic principle is that all things created by God are permitted, with a few exceptions that are specifically prohibited
- Principle 2: To make lawful and unlawful is the right of God alone
- Principle 3: Prohibiting what is permitted and permitting what is prohibited is similar to ascribing partners to God
- Principle 4: The basic reasons for the prohibition of things are impurity and harmfulness
Fiqh: Islamic Jurisprudence
- Fiqh is the dynamic body of Islamic religious law that regulates public and private aspects of life according to principles of jurisprudence.
Five Rulings in Islamic Jurisprudence (Fiqh)
-
Haram (Prohibited or Unlawful)
- Refers to any act that is forbidden by Allah
- Divided into two categories:
- Haram li zatihi (prohibited by itself): something that is prohibited by itself, e.g., pork, alcoholic drinks, blood, carrion
- Haram li ghairihi (prohibited due to others): something that was initially permissible but prohibited due to certain circumstances, e.g., halal food mixed with haram food, animal slaughtered in the name of other than Allah
-
Sunnah (Recommended)
- Refers to rulings that are purely recommended and advocated to be followed without prosecution for its omission
- Examples: reciting supplication (dua) before consuming food, handling food or drink with the right hand
-
Halal (Permissible)
- Refers to actions that are neither forbidden nor recommended, and are religiously neutral
- All things are permissible unless otherwise prohibited by the Islamic Shari'ah
-
Makruh (Discouraged or Disliked)
- Refers to acts that are disliked and offensive; abstaining from it is rewarding but not haram
- Examples: eating using the left hand, blowing air while consuming hot food/beverage, talking excessively during eating, making bad remarks or insulting food/beverage, eating food that produces foul smell in the mouth (e.g., garlic)
Islamic Principles Pertaining to Halal and Haram
- Principle 5: what is permitted is sufficient, and what is prohibited is then superfluous; God prohibited only things that are unnecessary or dispensable while providing better alternatives
- Principle 6: whatever is conducive to the prohibited is in itself prohibited
- Principle 7: falsely representing unlawful as lawful is prohibited
- Principle 8: good intentions do not make the unlawful acceptable
- Principle 9: doubtful things should be avoided
Classification of Halal and Haram Food
- Meat and Poultry: halal except for pigs, dogs, and their derivatives
- Cereal and Confectionery: halal except for those containing haram ingredients
- Fish and Seafoods: halal
- Milk and Dairy: halal
- Food Supplements: halal except for those containing haram ingredients
- Alcohols: haram
- Gelatin: haram if derived from pigs or dogs
- Enzymes: haram if derived from pigs or dogs
- Najs (Unclean or Unpure): things that are themselves not permissible, halal food contaminated or mixed with haram food, halal food that comes into direct contact with haram food, and liquids and objects discharged from human or animal orifices
Sanitation According to Syariah Law
- Sertu: cleansing something from najis mughallazah (extreme najs) such as dogs, pigs, and their descendants
- Najis Mughallazah: highest level of impurity or severe najis in Islam laws that concerns contamination from dogs, pigs, and their descendants
- Halal Ritual Cleansing: only for cleansing najis mughallazah, requires pure water and soil/clay, and needs to be conducted, supervised, and verified by a Shariah competent person or authorized by the State of Islamic Affairs Department or professional sertu/samak cleaners certified by the Department of Islamic Department (JAKIM) in Malaysia.
Wajib (Obligatory)
- Disobedience to Allah's command without a permissible excuse is immoral and considered a sin that will be judged and punished in the afterlife
- Examples of wajib:
- The 5 obligatory prayers
- Fasting during the month of Ramadhan
- Pilgrimage (hajj)
- Muslims are obliged to consume halal (permissible) food and avoid haram (prohibited) food
Sunnah (Recommended)
- Refers to rulings that are purely recommended and advocated to be followed without prosecution for omission or non-adherence
- Practicing sunnah matters will be beneficial to an individual and shall be rewarded by Allah
- Omitting sunnah matters will not be considered a sin nor punishable
- Examples of sunnah:
- Reciting supplication (dua) before consuming food
- Handling of food or drink with the right hand
Halal (Permissible)
- Actions that are neither forbidden nor recommended, and are religiously neutral
- Can also be understood through the principle of Istishab (anything that is not expressly prohibited or considered abominable by Islamic Shari'ah is permissible)
- In relation to food and beverage, all things are permissible unless otherwise prohibited
- The basis for this general ruling is a passage from the Qur'an: "It is He who had created for you all things that are on earth" (Quran, Surah Al-Baqarah:29)
Makruh (Discouraged or Disliked)
- Refers to acts which are disliked and offensive; and abstaining from it is rewarding but not haram
- In Islam, there are four major sources of jurisprudence:
- The Qur'an
- The Sunnah (sayings and deeds of Prophet Muhammad)
- Ijma (Islamic Scholars consensus)
- Qiyas (analogy)
Sources of Syariah
- i. Qur'an
- The central religious text of Islam and the most important source of Islamic law
- Example: "He has only forbidden you dead meat, and blood, and the flesh of swine, and any (food) over which the name of other than Allah has been invoked. But if one is forced by necessity, without wilful disobedience, nor transgressing due limits, then Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful" (Qur'an, Surah al-Nahl:115)
- ii. Hadith
- The second fundamental source of Shari'ah law after the Qur'an
- Constitutes what Prophet Muhammad said, implied or tacitly approved and was noted down by his companions
- Examples:
- The ruling on the prohibition of eating wild animals with canine teeth and donkeys
- The rulings on the prohibition of eating frogs
- iii. Ijma' (Consensus)
- The third source of Islamic law, after the divine revelation of the Qur'an and the prophetic practice or Hadith
- Ideally refers to the consensus of the Islamic scholars
- Example:
- Scholars' consensus on the permissibility of eating animal slaughtered by people of the book (Ahl Al-Kitab)
- iv. Qiyas (Analogy)
- In situations where no concrete rules exist under the sources, law scholars use various forms of reasoning, including by analogy
- Drawing analogy from the essence of divine principles is known as Qiyas
Islamic Principles Pertaining to Halal and Haram
- Principle 10: Unlawful things are prohibited to everyone alike
- Principle 11: Necessity dictates exceptions
- Muhammad said (Sakr, 1994): "Halal is clear and haram is clear; in between these two are certain things that are suspected. Whosoever, leaves them, he is innocent toward his religion and his conscience. He is therefore, safe. Anyone who gets involved in any of these suspected items, he may fall into the unlawful and the prohibition"
Concepts of Halal Food
- Food Act 1983 (Section 2): Defines 'food' as "every article manufactured, sold or represented for use as food and drink for human consumption or which enters into or is used in the composition, preparation, preservation, of any food or drink and includes confectionery, chewing substances and any ingredient of such food, drink or chewing substances"
- Codex Alimentarius: A collection of internationally recognized standards, codes of practice, guidelines and other recommendations relating to foods, food production, and food safety under the aegis of consumer protection
- Halal Food: JAKIM Perspective
- One of the Malaysian Standards on halal used by JAKIM as a guideline for halal food, halal process, and halal outlets
- Halal Standard MS1500:2019: Halal Food – General Requirements (Third Revision)
- Halal food covers foods and beverages and/or their ingredients permitted under the Shariah law and fatwa, and fulfills the following conditions:
- Does not consist of or contains any part of matter of an animal that is prohibited by Shariah law and fatwa for a Muslim to consume or that has not been slaughtered in accordance with Shariah law and fatwa
- Does not contain anything which is najs (impure) according to Shariah law and fatwa
- Is safe and not harmful
- Does not intoxicate according to Shariah Law and fatwa
- Does not contain any part of a human being or its yield which are not allowed by Shariah law and fatwa
- Is not poisonous or hazardous to health
- Has not been prepared, processed, or manufactured using any instrument that is contaminated with najs (impurity) according to Shariah law and fatwa
- Has not in the course of preparing, processing, or storing been in contact with mixed, or in close proximity to any food that fails to satisfy items (a) and (b)
Classification of Halal and Haram Food
- Meat & Poultry
- Cereal & Confectionary
- Fish & Seafoods
- Milk & Dairy
- Food Supplements
- Ingredients
- Alcohols
- Gelatin
- Enzymes
Najis (Unclean or Impure)
- According to Shari'ah law (MS 1500:2019), najis are:
- Things that are themselves not permissible, such as pigs, dogs, and all their derivatives, blood, and carrion
- Halal food that is contaminated or mixed with things that are non-halal
- Halal food that comes into direct contact with things that are non-halal
- Any liquid and objects discharged from the orifices of human beings or animals, such as urine, excrement, blood, vomit, pus, sperm, and ova of pigs and dogs, except for sperm and ova from other animals
- Carrion or halal animals that are not slaughtered in accordance with Shari'ah law
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Learn about the concept of wajib (obligatory) acts in Islam, including the 5 obligatory prayers, fasting, and pilgrimage, and understand the importance of consuming halal food and avoiding haram. Practice your knowledge with this quiz!