Islamic Jurisprudence: Wajib and Haram

Questions and Answers

What is the term for an act that is forbidden by Allah in Islamic Jurisprudence?

Haram (correct)

Sunnah

Makruh

Wajib

Which of the following is an example of Haram li zatihi?

Pork (correct)

Eating food that produces foul smell in the mouth

Consuming chicken slaughtered in the name of other than Allah

Talking excessively during eating

What is the term for the dynamic body of Islamic religious law?

Hudud

Shari'ah (correct)

Qiyas

Fiqh

What is the ruling on eating food that produces foul smell in the mouth?

Makruh Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of Haram li ghairihi?

Consuming chicken slaughtered in the name of other than Allah Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for something that is obligatory in Islamic Jurisprudence?

Wajib Signup and view all the answers

What is the result when halal food is mixed with haram food?

The resulting mixture becomes haram Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the legal framework within which the public and private aspects of life are regulated according to principles of jurisprudence?

Shari'ah Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of disobeying Allah's command without a permissible excuse?

It is regarded as committing a sin that will be judged and punished in the afterlife. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of wajib?

Fasting during the month of Ramadhan Signup and view all the answers

What is the ruling on consuming food that is haram?

It is a sin and punishable in the afterlife. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of sunnah?

Reciting supplication before consuming food Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle of Istishab in Islamic law?

Anything that is not expressly prohibited or considered abominable by the Islamic Shari'ah is permissible. Signup and view all the answers

What is the ruling on acts that are disliked and offensive in Islamic law?

They are considered makruh and disliked but not prohibited. Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis for the general ruling that all things are permissible unless otherwise prohibited in Islamic law?

A passage from the Quran Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of omitting sunnat acts?

It will not be considered as committing a sin nor will it be punishable. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of applying Qiyas in Islamic jurisprudence?

To extend the ruling of the Qur'an and Sunnah to a new problem based on a similar operative cause Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the 11 generally accepted principles pertaining to halal and haram in Islam?

Humans have the right to make lawful and unlawful decisions Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying reason for the prohibition of wine consumption in Islam?

Its intoxicating nature removes the mindfulness towards Allah Signup and view all the answers

According to Islamic principles, what is the status of things created by God?

All things created by God are permitted, with a few exceptions that are specifically prohibited Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of prohibiting what is permitted and permitting what is prohibited in Islam?

It is similar to ascribing partners to God Signup and view all the answers

Who has the right to make lawful and unlawful decisions in Islam?

God alone Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the 11 generally accepted principles pertaining to halal and haram in Islam?

To provide guidance to Muslims in their customary practices Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic that determines the prohibition of a thing in Islam?

Its impurity and harmfulness Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following acts is considered makruh in Islamic jurisprudence?

Making bad remarks or insulting food/beverage Signup and view all the answers

What is the ruling on an act that is initially permissible but becomes prohibited due to certain circumstances?

Haram li ghairihi Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an act that is considered wajib in Islamic jurisprudence?

Performing the five daily prayers Signup and view all the answers

What is the ruling on consuming an animal that is halal but slaughtered in the name of other than Allah?

Haram li ghairihi Signup and view all the answers

What is the ruling on eating food that is permissible but produces a foul smell in the mouth?

Makruh Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following acts is considered sunnah in Islamic jurisprudence?

Praying additional prayers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of Haram li zatihi?

Eating pork Signup and view all the answers

What is the ruling on consuming food that is initially halal but mixed with haram food?

Haram Signup and view all the answers

What would be the consequence of fulfilling a wajib obligation?

Reward from Allah in the afterlife Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a sunnah act?

Reciting supplication before consuming food Signup and view all the answers

What is the status of an action that is not expressly prohibited or considered abominable by the Islamic Shari’ah?

Halal Signup and view all the answers

According to Principle 5, what is the nature of things prohibited by God?

They are unnecessary or dispensable with better alternatives Signup and view all the answers

What would be the consequence of committing a makruh act?

None, but it is considered offensive Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of having good intentions in performing a haram act?

The act remains haram Signup and view all the answers

What is the ruling on food that are permissible to consume?

Halal Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an act that is considered immoral and is regarded as committing a sin?

Disobedience to Allah's command Signup and view all the answers

What should a Muslim do when faced with doubtful things?

Avoid them as an act of piety Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a haram act?

Disobeying Allah's command Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of falsely representing unlawful as lawful?

It is considered a major sin Signup and view all the answers

According to Principle 6, what is the ruling on things that lead to the prohibited?

They are prohibited Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis for the general ruling that all things are permissible unless otherwise prohibited in Islamic law?

Quran, Surah Al-Baqarah:29 Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying principle behind the prohibition of certain things in Islam?

To protect the well-being of Muslims Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of representing lawful as unlawful?

It is considered a major sin Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consideration in determining the permissibility of an action in Islam?

The means used to achieve the action Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of food that is contaminated or mixed with non-halal substances?

Haram Signup and view all the answers

According to Shari'ah law, what is the classification of pigs and their derivatives?

Haram Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of food that comes into direct contact with Haram substances?

Haram Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of carrion or halal animals not slaughtered according to Shari'ah law?

Haram Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for something that is obligatory in Islamic Jurisprudence?

Wajib Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for something that is recommended in Islamic Jurisprudence?

Sunnah Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for something that is discouraged in Islamic Jurisprudence?

Makruh Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for something that is prohibited in Islamic Jurisprudence?

Haram Signup and view all the answers

Which type of animals are Haram for consumption?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Sertu ritual cleansing?

To cleanse from extreme najs, such as dogs and pigs Signup and view all the answers

What is the ruling on consuming an animal slaughtered without pronouncing the name of God on it?

It is Haram and prohibited Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of flowing or congealed blood?

Haram and prohibited Signup and view all the answers

What is the status of all foods in Islam, except for those explicitly prohibited?

Halal and permissible Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a category of prohibited food in Islam?

Vegetables grown with impure water Signup and view all the answers

What is the ruling on consuming food mixed with khamr?

It is Haram and prohibited Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of swine, including all by-products?

Haram and prohibited Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of disobeying Allah's command with a permissible excuse?

It is considered halal and has no consequences. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a wajib act that is not related to food or drink?

Pilgrimage to Mecca Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle of Istishab in Islamic law in relation to food and beverage?

All things are permissible unless otherwise prohibited. Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis of Islamic laws?

Universal applicability to all races, creeds, and sexes Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of omitting a sunnah act?

It will not be considered as committing a sin nor will it be punishable. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of Codex Alimentarius?

To promote food safety and standards Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of Islamic law that is often referred to in determining whether a food is halal or haram?

Qur’an Signup and view all the answers

What is the ruling on acts that are disliked and offensive in Islamic law?

They are considered makruh and abstaining from them is rewarding. Signup and view all the answers

What is the ruling on necessity in Islamic laws?

Necessity permits exceptions in prohibited things Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis for the general ruling that all things are permissible unless otherwise prohibited in Islamic law?

A passage from the Quran, Surah Al-Baqarah:29 Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of 'food' according to the Food Act 1983?

Every article manufactured, sold or represented for use as food and drink for human consumption Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a situation where Qiyas is used?

Drawing analogy from the essence of divine principles Signup and view all the answers

What is the status of an action that is not expressly prohibited or considered abominable by the Islamic Shari’ah?

It is considered halal and permissible. Signup and view all the answers

What should a Muslim do when faced with doubtful things?

Leave them to avoid falling into the unlawful Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the consensus of Islamic scholars?

Ijma’ Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of applying Islamic Jurisprudence in relation to food and drink?

To determine what is permissible and what is prohibited. Signup and view all the answers

What is the scope of prohibited things in Islam?

Narrow, but with strong emphasis on observing prohibitions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a source of Islamic law?

Tafsir Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of referring to the Hadith in Islamic jurisprudence?

To understand the sayings and deeds of Prophet Muhammad Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle behind the universality of Islamic laws?

No privileged classes in Islam Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of Islamic principles pertaining to halal and haram?

To provide guidance on halal and haram for all humanity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a situation where Ijma’ is used?

Determining the permissibility of eating animals slaughtered by people of the book Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of drawing analogy from the essence of divine principles?

Qiyas Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sources of Islamic law is used to establish the prohibition of eating donkeys?

Hadith Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary condition for a food to be considered halal according to MS1500:2019?

It does not consist of or contain any part of matter of an animal that is prohibited by Shariah law and fatwa. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of food according to Codex Alimentarius?

Any substance, whether processed, semi-processed or raw which is intended for human consumption, and includes drink, chewing gum and any substances which has been used in the manufacturing, preparation or treatment of ‘food’. Signup and view all the answers

According to MS1500:2019, what is the condition for halal food in terms of preparation, processing, or manufacturing?

It has not been prepared, processed or manufactured using any instrument that is contaminated with najs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of halal food according to MS1500:2019?

Food that is permitted under Shariah law and fatwa and fulfills certain conditions. Signup and view all the answers

According to MS1500:2019, what is the condition for halal food in terms of its ingredients?

It does not contain any part of matter of an animal that is prohibited by Shariah law and fatwa. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the halal standard MS1500:2019?

To provide guidelines for halal food, process, and outlets. Signup and view all the answers

According to Codex Alimentarius, what is excluded from the definition of food?

Cosmetic, tobacco, and substances used only as drugs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition for halal food in terms of its safety?

It is safe and not harmful. Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of food that comes into direct contact with najs?

Haram Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for objects discharged from the orifices of human beings or animals?

Najs Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of carrion or halal animals not slaughtered in accordance to Shari'ah law?

Haram Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of halal food contaminated or mixed with things that are non-halal?

Haram Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of pigs and their derivatives according to Shari'ah law?

Haram Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of blood and carrion?

Haram Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of dogs and their derivatives?

Haram Signup and view all the answers

What is the classification of urine, excrement, and vomit?

Haram Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Wajib (Obligatory)

Disobedience to Allah's command without a permissible excuse is immoral and considered a sin that will be judged and punished in the afterlife
Examples of wajib include:
- The 5 obligatory prayers
- Fasting during the month of Ramadhan
- Pilgrimage (hajj)
Muslims are also obliged to consume halal (permissible) food and avoid haram (prohibited) food

Sunnah (Recommended)

Refers to rulings that are purely recommended and advocated to be followed without prosecution for its omission or non-adherence
Practicing sunnah matters will be beneficial to an individual and shall be rewarded by the Creator (Allah)
Examples of sunnah include:
- Reciting supplication (dua) before consuming food
- Handling of food or drink with the right hand

Halal (Permissible)

Refers to actions that are neither forbidden nor recommended, and are religiously neutral
Halal can also be understood through the principle of Istishab (anything that is not expressly prohibited or considered abominable by the Islamic Shari’ah is permissible)
In relation to food and beverage, all things are permissible unless otherwise prohibited
The basis for this general ruling is a passage from the Qur’an: "It is He who had created for you all things that are on earth" (Quran, Surah Al-Baqarah:29)

Makruh (Discourage or Dislike)

Refers to acts which are disliked and offensive; and abstaining from it is rewarding but not haram
Examples of makruh include:
- Eating using the left hand
- Blowing air while consuming hot food/beverage
- Talking excessively during eating
- Making bad remarks or insulting food/beverage
- Eating food that produces foul smell in the mouth, i.e. garlic

Haram (Prohibited or Unlawful)

Refers to any act that is forbidden by Allah
Omissions of matters that are haram are praiseworthy and shall be rewarded by the Almighty
Haram can be divided into two categories:
- Haram li zatihi (prohibited by itself)
- Haram li ghairihi (prohibited due to others)
Examples of Haram li zatihi include:
- Pork
- Alcoholic drinks
- Blood
- Carrion
- Halal animals which are not slaughtered according to the guidelines of the Islamic Shari’ah
Examples of Haram li ghairihi include:
- Consumption of an animal that was initially permissible but prohibited due to certain circumstances, such as being slaughtered in the name of other than Allah
- Mixing halal food with haram food, resulting in a haram mixture

The Sources of Shariah

Shari’ah is the dynamic body of Islamic religious law
Qiyas is the process of establishing or obtaining a decision, a rule, and judgement for a case due to a certain cause, just because of the existence of the similar case, rule, and judgement in another particular case
Example of Qiyas:
- Extending the ruling against drinking wine to create an injunction against cocaine use due to its intoxicating nature

Islamic Principles Pertaining to Halal and Haram

There are 11 generally accepted principles that provide guidance to Muslims in their customary practices
Principle 1: The basic principle is that all things created by God are permitted, with a few exceptions that are specifically prohibited
Principle 2: To make lawful and unlawful is the right of God alone
Principle 3: Prohibiting what is permitted and permitting what is prohibited is similar to ascribing partners to God
Principle 4: The basic reasons for the prohibition of things are impurity and harmfulness

Fiqh: Islamic Jurisprudence

Fiqh is the dynamic body of Islamic religious law that regulates public and private aspects of life according to principles of jurisprudence.

Five Rulings in Islamic Jurisprudence (Fiqh)

Haram (Prohibited or Unlawful)
- Refers to any act that is forbidden by Allah
- Divided into two categories:
  - Haram li zatihi (prohibited by itself): something that is prohibited by itself, e.g., pork, alcoholic drinks, blood, carrion
  - Haram li ghairihi (prohibited due to others): something that was initially permissible but prohibited due to certain circumstances, e.g., halal food mixed with haram food, animal slaughtered in the name of other than Allah
Sunnah (Recommended)
- Refers to rulings that are purely recommended and advocated to be followed without prosecution for its omission
- Examples: reciting supplication (dua) before consuming food, handling food or drink with the right hand
Halal (Permissible)
- Refers to actions that are neither forbidden nor recommended, and are religiously neutral
- All things are permissible unless otherwise prohibited by the Islamic Shari'ah
Makruh (Discouraged or Disliked)
- Refers to acts that are disliked and offensive; abstaining from it is rewarding but not haram
- Examples: eating using the left hand, blowing air while consuming hot food/beverage, talking excessively during eating, making bad remarks or insulting food/beverage, eating food that produces foul smell in the mouth (e.g., garlic)

Islamic Principles Pertaining to Halal and Haram

Principle 5: what is permitted is sufficient, and what is prohibited is then superfluous; God prohibited only things that are unnecessary or dispensable while providing better alternatives
Principle 6: whatever is conducive to the prohibited is in itself prohibited
Principle 7: falsely representing unlawful as lawful is prohibited
Principle 8: good intentions do not make the unlawful acceptable
Principle 9: doubtful things should be avoided

Classification of Halal and Haram Food

Meat and Poultry: halal except for pigs, dogs, and their derivatives
Cereal and Confectionery: halal except for those containing haram ingredients
Fish and Seafoods: halal
Milk and Dairy: halal
Food Supplements: halal except for those containing haram ingredients
Alcohols: haram
Gelatin: haram if derived from pigs or dogs
Enzymes: haram if derived from pigs or dogs
Najs (Unclean or Unpure): things that are themselves not permissible, halal food contaminated or mixed with haram food, halal food that comes into direct contact with haram food, and liquids and objects discharged from human or animal orifices

Sanitation According to Syariah Law

Sertu: cleansing something from najis mughallazah (extreme najs) such as dogs, pigs, and their descendants
Najis Mughallazah: highest level of impurity or severe najis in Islam laws that concerns contamination from dogs, pigs, and their descendants
Halal Ritual Cleansing: only for cleansing najis mughallazah, requires pure water and soil/clay, and needs to be conducted, supervised, and verified by a Shariah competent person or authorized by the State of Islamic Affairs Department or professional sertu/samak cleaners certified by the Department of Islamic Department (JAKIM) in Malaysia.

Wajib (Obligatory)

Disobedience to Allah's command without a permissible excuse is immoral and considered a sin that will be judged and punished in the afterlife
Examples of wajib:
- The 5 obligatory prayers
- Fasting during the month of Ramadhan
- Pilgrimage (hajj)
Muslims are obliged to consume halal (permissible) food and avoid haram (prohibited) food

Sunnah (Recommended)

Refers to rulings that are purely recommended and advocated to be followed without prosecution for omission or non-adherence
Practicing sunnah matters will be beneficial to an individual and shall be rewarded by Allah
Omitting sunnah matters will not be considered a sin nor punishable
Examples of sunnah:
- Reciting supplication (dua) before consuming food
- Handling of food or drink with the right hand

Halal (Permissible)

Actions that are neither forbidden nor recommended, and are religiously neutral
Can also be understood through the principle of Istishab (anything that is not expressly prohibited or considered abominable by Islamic Shari'ah is permissible)
In relation to food and beverage, all things are permissible unless otherwise prohibited
The basis for this general ruling is a passage from the Qur'an: "It is He who had created for you all things that are on earth" (Quran, Surah Al-Baqarah:29)

Makruh (Discouraged or Disliked)

Refers to acts which are disliked and offensive; and abstaining from it is rewarding but not haram
In Islam, there are four major sources of jurisprudence:
- The Qur'an
- The Sunnah (sayings and deeds of Prophet Muhammad)
- Ijma (Islamic Scholars consensus)
- Qiyas (analogy)

Sources of Syariah

i. Qur'an
- The central religious text of Islam and the most important source of Islamic law
- Example: "He has only forbidden you dead meat, and blood, and the flesh of swine, and any (food) over which the name of other than Allah has been invoked. But if one is forced by necessity, without wilful disobedience, nor transgressing due limits, then Allah is Oft-Forgiving, Most Merciful" (Qur'an, Surah al-Nahl:115)
ii. Hadith
- The second fundamental source of Shari'ah law after the Qur'an
- Constitutes what Prophet Muhammad said, implied or tacitly approved and was noted down by his companions
- Examples:
  - The ruling on the prohibition of eating wild animals with canine teeth and donkeys
  - The rulings on the prohibition of eating frogs
iii. Ijma' (Consensus)
- The third source of Islamic law, after the divine revelation of the Qur'an and the prophetic practice or Hadith
- Ideally refers to the consensus of the Islamic scholars
- Example:
  - Scholars' consensus on the permissibility of eating animal slaughtered by people of the book (Ahl Al-Kitab)
iv. Qiyas (Analogy)
- In situations where no concrete rules exist under the sources, law scholars use various forms of reasoning, including by analogy
- Drawing analogy from the essence of divine principles is known as Qiyas

Islamic Principles Pertaining to Halal and Haram

Principle 10: Unlawful things are prohibited to everyone alike
Principle 11: Necessity dictates exceptions
Muhammad said (Sakr, 1994): "Halal is clear and haram is clear; in between these two are certain things that are suspected. Whosoever, leaves them, he is innocent toward his religion and his conscience. He is therefore, safe. Anyone who gets involved in any of these suspected items, he may fall into the unlawful and the prohibition"

Concepts of Halal Food

Food Act 1983 (Section 2): Defines 'food' as "every article manufactured, sold or represented for use as food and drink for human consumption or which enters into or is used in the composition, preparation, preservation, of any food or drink and includes confectionery, chewing substances and any ingredient of such food, drink or chewing substances"
Codex Alimentarius: A collection of internationally recognized standards, codes of practice, guidelines and other recommendations relating to foods, food production, and food safety under the aegis of consumer protection
Halal Food: JAKIM Perspective
- One of the Malaysian Standards on halal used by JAKIM as a guideline for halal food, halal process, and halal outlets
- Halal Standard MS1500:2019: Halal Food – General Requirements (Third Revision)
- Halal food covers foods and beverages and/or their ingredients permitted under the Shariah law and fatwa, and fulfills the following conditions:
  - Does not consist of or contains any part of matter of an animal that is prohibited by Shariah law and fatwa for a Muslim to consume or that has not been slaughtered in accordance with Shariah law and fatwa
  - Does not contain anything which is najs (impure) according to Shariah law and fatwa
  - Is safe and not harmful
  - Does not intoxicate according to Shariah Law and fatwa
  - Does not contain any part of a human being or its yield which are not allowed by Shariah law and fatwa
  - Is not poisonous or hazardous to health
  - Has not been prepared, processed, or manufactured using any instrument that is contaminated with najs (impurity) according to Shariah law and fatwa
  - Has not in the course of preparing, processing, or storing been in contact with mixed, or in close proximity to any food that fails to satisfy items (a) and (b)

Classification of Halal and Haram Food

Meat & Poultry
Cereal & Confectionary
Fish & Seafoods
Milk & Dairy
Food Supplements
Ingredients
Alcohols
Gelatin
Enzymes

Najis (Unclean or Impure)

According to Shari'ah law (MS 1500:2019), najis are:
- Things that are themselves not permissible, such as pigs, dogs, and all their derivatives, blood, and carrion
- Halal food that is contaminated or mixed with things that are non-halal
- Halal food that comes into direct contact with things that are non-halal
- Any liquid and objects discharged from the orifices of human beings or animals, such as urine, excrement, blood, vomit, pus, sperm, and ova of pigs and dogs, except for sperm and ova from other animals
- Carrion or halal animals that are not slaughtered in accordance with Shari'ah law

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Learn about the concept of wajib (obligatory) acts in Islam, including the 5 obligatory prayers, fasting, and pilgrimage, and understand the importance of consuming halal food and avoiding haram. Practice your knowledge with this quiz!