Podcast
Questions and Answers
How might a stressful home life primarily contribute to insecure attachment in infants?
How might a stressful home life primarily contribute to insecure attachment in infants?
- It consistently provides an environment of predictability, making it easier for the infant to seek help.
- The parents, dealing with their stressors, might be inconsistently responsive to the infant's needs. (correct)
- It encourages the child to seek attachment figures outside the home.
- It allows the infant to become isolated from interactions of parents.
In Erikson's psychosocial theory, what is the central conflict during the initiative vs. guilt stage (ages 3-5)?
In Erikson's psychosocial theory, what is the central conflict during the initiative vs. guilt stage (ages 3-5)?
- Balancing a sense of purpose and direction with feelings of remorse. (correct)
- Developing a sense of competence versus feeling inadequate.
- Learning to trust caregivers versus experiencing mistrust.
- Establishing independence versus feeling shame and doubt.
Why is it crucial for parents to allow a baby to signal their needs and then respond accordingly?
Why is it crucial for parents to allow a baby to signal their needs and then respond accordingly?
- It ensures that the child is obedient from a young age.
- It reduces the amount of time caregivers must spend actively caring for the infant.
- It helps the baby learn how to manipulate their caregivers.
- It establishes a pattern of predictable responsiveness, fostering secure attachment. (correct)
According to Ainsworth's "Strange Situation," which attachment style is characterized by infants who are not particularly distressed when their mother leaves and do not seek contact upon her return?
According to Ainsworth's "Strange Situation," which attachment style is characterized by infants who are not particularly distressed when their mother leaves and do not seek contact upon her return?
How does an authoritative parenting style foster higher grades and cooperative behavior in children?
How does an authoritative parenting style foster higher grades and cooperative behavior in children?
Under what circumstances would attachment styles be likely to change over time?
Under what circumstances would attachment styles be likely to change over time?
How would a child who experienced deprivation of attachment view new relationships?
How would a child who experienced deprivation of attachment view new relationships?
How does the ethological theory explain attachment within social development during infancy?
How does the ethological theory explain attachment within social development during infancy?
How might the observed correlation between infant attractiveness and maternal affection lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy?
How might the observed correlation between infant attractiveness and maternal affection lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy?
In what specific way does the 'industry vs. inferiority' stage of Erikson's psychosocial theory (ages 6-11) influence a child's approach to learning and skill development?
In what specific way does the 'industry vs. inferiority' stage of Erikson's psychosocial theory (ages 6-11) influence a child's approach to learning and skill development?
Which factor would cause insecure attachment?
Which factor would cause insecure attachment?
A parent that expects kids to get starlight A's has _________
A parent that expects kids to get starlight A's has _________
What are children with secure attachments like as adults?
What are children with secure attachments like as adults?
An authoritative parent has what attributes?
An authoritative parent has what attributes?
Which of the following outcomes is LEAST likely associated with permissive parenting?
Which of the following outcomes is LEAST likely associated with permissive parenting?
According to Baumrind's parenting styles, which combination of dimensions defines the uninvolved parenting style?
According to Baumrind's parenting styles, which combination of dimensions defines the uninvolved parenting style?
In attachment theory, what is the primary significance of a caregiver serving as a "secure base" for a child?
In attachment theory, what is the primary significance of a caregiver serving as a "secure base" for a child?
Within the context of attachment styles, how do infants with an anxious-ambivalent attachment typically react in Ainsworth's Strange Situation when their caregiver returns after a brief absence?
Within the context of attachment styles, how do infants with an anxious-ambivalent attachment typically react in Ainsworth's Strange Situation when their caregiver returns after a brief absence?
How does Baumrind's authoritative parenting style differ fundamentally from the authoritarian style in its approach to discipline and control?
How does Baumrind's authoritative parenting style differ fundamentally from the authoritarian style in its approach to discipline and control?
How might growing up in a Romanian orphanage, characterized by deprivation of attachment, uniquely affect an adopted child's ability to form lasting interpersonal relationships?
How might growing up in a Romanian orphanage, characterized by deprivation of attachment, uniquely affect an adopted child's ability to form lasting interpersonal relationships?
According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, how does the successful resolution of the "trust vs. mistrust" stage (birth to 1 year) specifically influence later social and emotional development?
According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, how does the successful resolution of the "trust vs. mistrust" stage (birth to 1 year) specifically influence later social and emotional development?
What is one of the long term effect on attachment?
What is one of the long term effect on attachment?
Which parenting style is most optimal?
Which parenting style is most optimal?
Which of the following is the least effective and most detrimental parenting style?
Which of the following is the least effective and most detrimental parenting style?
Which of the following accurately describes a child raised with an authoritarian parenting style?
Which of the following accurately describes a child raised with an authoritarian parenting style?
What can deprivation of attachment cause?
What can deprivation of attachment cause?
Rhesus monkeys preferred which 'mother'?
Rhesus monkeys preferred which 'mother'?
During toddlerhood, what is a risk?
During toddlerhood, what is a risk?
What is the primary task during Erikson's autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage (ages 1-3)?
What is the primary task during Erikson's autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage (ages 1-3)?
According to the information, what lasting effect does a secure attachment style in infancy have during adolescence?
According to the information, what lasting effect does a secure attachment style in infancy have during adolescence?
What are two dimensions that Baumrind talks about when discussing parenting styles?
What are two dimensions that Baumrind talks about when discussing parenting styles?
If you were born younger then 6 months, what might you be able to have?
If you were born younger then 6 months, what might you be able to have?
According to Langlois et al., 1995, mothers paid more attention to less cute children and gave less affection to their babies. What did the mothers in this study do with the time and attention saved by not interacting with their babies?
According to Langlois et al., 1995, mothers paid more attention to less cute children and gave less affection to their babies. What did the mothers in this study do with the time and attention saved by not interacting with their babies?
What are the traits of a permissive parent?
What are the traits of a permissive parent?
An avoidant attachment style is often a result of _____________?
An avoidant attachment style is often a result of _____________?
If a child consistently experiences high warmth but low control from their parents, which of Baumrind's parenting styles is being demonstrated?
If a child consistently experiences high warmth but low control from their parents, which of Baumrind's parenting styles is being demonstrated?
According to Langlois' research, how might a mother's differential treatment based on an infant's perceived attractiveness affect the infant's development?
According to Langlois' research, how might a mother's differential treatment based on an infant's perceived attractiveness affect the infant's development?
In what way does the 'trust vs. mistrust' stage, as conceptualized by Erikson, contribute to an individual's future capacity for developing intimate relationships?
In what way does the 'trust vs. mistrust' stage, as conceptualized by Erikson, contribute to an individual's future capacity for developing intimate relationships?
According to Bowlby's ethological attachment theory, why do infants develop biologically programmed behaviors?
According to Bowlby's ethological attachment theory, why do infants develop biologically programmed behaviors?
What is the primary distinction between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles, and how does it impact a child's development?
What is the primary distinction between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles, and how does it impact a child's development?
Flashcards
Attractiveness and Affection
Attractiveness and Affection
Infants rated as more attractive receive more affection and attention.
Authoritarian Parenting
Authoritarian Parenting
Parenting style with low warmth and high control
Permissive Parenting
Permissive Parenting
Parenting style with high warmth and low control
Secure Attachment
Secure Attachment
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Attachment Security Effects
Attachment Security Effects
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Attachment Deprivation
Attachment Deprivation
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Ethological Theory (Bowlby)
Ethological Theory (Bowlby)
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Strange Situation
Strange Situation
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Secure Attachment Style
Secure Attachment Style
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Uninvolved Parenting
Uninvolved Parenting
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Authoritative Parenting
Authoritative Parenting
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Trust vs Mistrust(birth-1 year)
Trust vs Mistrust(birth-1 year)
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Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt(1-3 years)
Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt(1-3 years)
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Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11 years)
Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11 years)
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Initiative vs Gulit (3-6)
Initiative vs Gulit (3-6)
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Study Notes
Social Development in Infancy - Attachment
- Infants were rated for attractiveness
- Mothers were observed interacting with their infants, and their behavior was rated
- Results indicated a correlation between attractiveness and affection/attention
- Babies rated as less cute may receive less attention and affection
- More attention is paid to other people
Parenting Styles
- Styles are important for child development
- Baumrind identified two dimensions to parenting: warmth (responsiveness) and control (demandingness)
- There are four styles of discipline, high and low
Authoritarian
- Low warmth, high control
- Emphasizes controlling, demanding behavior, and obedience
- Very restrictive with lots of rules
Permissive
- High warmth, low control
- Few rules or restrictions
Uninvolved (Neglectful)
- Low warmth, low control
- Least effective and most detrimental
Authoritative
- High warmth, high control
- Not overly demanding or hostile
- Child-centered: kids get both things they need
- Parents have rules but will explain them
Parenting Styles - Child Outcomes
- Authoritative parenting is the most optimal
- Children have higher grades and are cooperative
- Authoritarian parenting in children leads to lower grades and lower self-esteem
- Permissive parenting: Children are easily frustrated and have low self-control
- Uninvolved (neglectful) parenting: Children have low self-esteem and are emotionally detached
What Causes Insecure Attachment?
- Temperament
- Stressful home life
- Parenting
- Consistent parental response produces secure attachment
Long-Term Effects of Attachment
- Attachment security affects emotional, social, and cognitive competence
- Size of vocabulary
- Interpersonal interaction
- Emotions
Erikson's Psychosocial Theory
- Trust vs. Mistrust (birth-1 year): Task is based upon attachment
- Trust allows the formation of intimate relationships
- Develops when caregiving is sensitive, responsive, and consistent
- Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3 years)
- Autonomy is independence and self-control
- Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5 years): preschool age:
- Question is "Am I good or bad?"
- Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11 years)
- Sense of competence or inadequacy
- Comparing themselves to other
Social Development (Infant) - Attachment
- Attachment is an enduring, emotional bond between an infant and another person
- Harlow's research showed that soft contact is important
- Rhesus monkeys preferred a cloth mother (no food) vs. a wire mother (food)
Deprivation of Attachment
- Romanian orphanages: Little contact
- Difficulty developing social bonds
- Younger than 6 months were able to form good relationships with adoptive parents
- Those that were older had a harder time or did not form relationships
Social Development in Infancy - Attachment
- Ethological theory (Bowlby): Babies have biologically programmed behaviors that prompt others to care for them
Social Development in Infancy - Attachment
- Strange situation (Ainsworth, 1978):
- Mother brings baby into a lab, plays with toys, observed when the mother leaves and what the babies do when they are left and a stranger enters the room
- Attachment styles include:
- Secure: babies cried when the mom left but when the mom came back they did not cry
- Adults use secure attachment as a secure base from which to explore
- Insecure-anxious/ambivalent (resistant):
- Babies would cry when mom left but when the mom came back the babies show a resistance/are glad to see you but also show that they are mad and unable to trust
- Back and forth, push and pull
- Insecure-avoidant: Babies did not cry when mom left, when mom came back they did not go to her or acknowledge her
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