Developing Lifespan 1 (pt. 2)

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Questions and Answers

How might a stressful home life primarily contribute to insecure attachment in infants?

  • It consistently provides an environment of predictability, making it easier for the infant to seek help.
  • The parents, dealing with their stressors, might be inconsistently responsive to the infant's needs. (correct)
  • It encourages the child to seek attachment figures outside the home.
  • It allows the infant to become isolated from interactions of parents.

In Erikson's psychosocial theory, what is the central conflict during the initiative vs. guilt stage (ages 3-5)?

  • Balancing a sense of purpose and direction with feelings of remorse. (correct)
  • Developing a sense of competence versus feeling inadequate.
  • Learning to trust caregivers versus experiencing mistrust.
  • Establishing independence versus feeling shame and doubt.

Why is it crucial for parents to allow a baby to signal their needs and then respond accordingly?

  • It ensures that the child is obedient from a young age.
  • It reduces the amount of time caregivers must spend actively caring for the infant.
  • It helps the baby learn how to manipulate their caregivers.
  • It establishes a pattern of predictable responsiveness, fostering secure attachment. (correct)

According to Ainsworth's "Strange Situation," which attachment style is characterized by infants who are not particularly distressed when their mother leaves and do not seek contact upon her return?

<p>Insecure-avoidant attachment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does an authoritative parenting style foster higher grades and cooperative behavior in children?

<p>By establishing clear expectations, explaining rules, and being responsive to the child's needs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Under what circumstances would attachment styles be likely to change over time?

<p>Significant life events and changes in trusted relationships could shift attachment styles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How would a child who experienced deprivation of attachment view new relationships?

<p>Difficulty forming good relationships. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the ethological theory explain attachment within social development during infancy?

<p>Babies have biologically programmed behaviors that prompt others to care for them. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might the observed correlation between infant attractiveness and maternal affection lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy?

<p>Attractive infants receive more affection, reinforcing their positive self-image and social interactions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what specific way does the 'industry vs. inferiority' stage of Erikson's psychosocial theory (ages 6-11) influence a child's approach to learning and skill development?

<p>Children assess their abilities compared to peers, influencing their willingness to take on new challenges. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor would cause insecure attachment?

<p>Parents blaming the mother. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A parent that expects kids to get starlight A's has _________

<p>Low warmth and high control (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are children with secure attachments like as adults?

<p>adult as secure base from which to explore (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An authoritative parent has what attributes?

<p>Explains rules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following outcomes is LEAST likely associated with permissive parenting?

<p>High levels of self-reliance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Baumrind's parenting styles, which combination of dimensions defines the uninvolved parenting style?

<p>Low warmth, low control (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In attachment theory, what is the primary significance of a caregiver serving as a "secure base" for a child?

<p>The caregiver acts as a consistently available figure, allowing the child to confidently explore their world. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within the context of attachment styles, how do infants with an anxious-ambivalent attachment typically react in Ainsworth's Strange Situation when their caregiver returns after a brief absence?

<p>They may display anger and resistance, struggling to be comforted. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Baumrind's authoritative parenting style differ fundamentally from the authoritarian style in its approach to discipline and control?

<p>Authoritative parents set clear expectations, explain the reasoning behind rules, and are responsive to their child's needs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might growing up in a Romanian orphanage, characterized by deprivation of attachment, uniquely affect an adopted child's ability to form lasting interpersonal relationships?

<p>They may struggle with trust and emotional intimacy due to early lack of consistent care and social interaction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, how does the successful resolution of the "trust vs. mistrust" stage (birth to 1 year) specifically influence later social and emotional development?

<p>It lays the foundation for forming intimate relationships based on security and confidence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the long term effect on attachment?

<p>Size of vocab (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which parenting style is most optimal?

<p>Authoratative (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the least effective and most detrimental parenting style?

<p>Uninvolved (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes a child raised with an authoritarian parenting style?

<p>Lower self-esteem (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can deprivation of attachment cause?

<p>Difficulty developing social bonds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rhesus monkeys preferred which 'mother'?

<p>Cloth (no food) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During toddlerhood, what is a risk?

<p>I cant do things on my own (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary task during Erikson's autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage (ages 1-3)?

<p>Establishing independence and self-control. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information, what lasting effect does a secure attachment style in infancy have during adolescence?

<p>Long term realtionships. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are two dimensions that Baumrind talks about when discussing parenting styles?

<p>Warmth and control (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you were born younger then 6 months, what might you be able to have?

<p>Able to form good relationships (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Langlois et al., 1995, mothers paid more attention to less cute children and gave less affection to their babies. What did the mothers in this study do with the time and attention saved by not interacting with their babies?

<p>Paid attention to other people (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the traits of a permissive parent?

<p>High warmth and low control (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An avoidant attachment style is often a result of _____________?

<p>Superficial relationships or no relationships (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a child consistently experiences high warmth but low control from their parents, which of Baumrind's parenting styles is being demonstrated?

<p>Permissive (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Langlois' research, how might a mother's differential treatment based on an infant's perceived attractiveness affect the infant's development?

<p>Less attractive infants may receive less attention and affection, potentially impacting their social and emotional development. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the 'trust vs. mistrust' stage, as conceptualized by Erikson, contribute to an individual's future capacity for developing intimate relationships?

<p>Mastering trust during infancy lays the foundational groundwork for developing secure and intimate relationships in adulthood. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Bowlby's ethological attachment theory, why do infants develop biologically programmed behaviors?

<p>To actively solicit care and attention from caregivers, thus ensuring their survival. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles, and how does it impact a child's development?

<p>Authoritative parenting balances warmth and control, fostering independence and cooperation, while authoritarian parenting focuses on strict obedience, potentially lowering self-esteem. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Attractiveness and Affection

Infants rated as more attractive receive more affection and attention.

Authoritarian Parenting

Parenting style with low warmth and high control

Permissive Parenting

Parenting style with high warmth and low control

Secure Attachment

Consistent parenting leading to baby being secure

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Attachment Security Effects

Emotional, social, and cognitive competence.

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Attachment Deprivation

Difficulties in developing social bonds due to little contact.

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Ethological Theory (Bowlby)

Babies have programmed behaviors to prompt to care for them.

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Strange Situation

Ainsworth's procedure to observe attachment security in children.

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Secure Attachment Style

Babies cried when mom left, glad to see her when she returned.

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Uninvolved Parenting

Low in warmth, low in control, least effective for child development.

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Authoritative Parenting

High in warmth, high in control, the most optimal

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Trust vs Mistrust(birth-1 year)

Develops with sensitive and consistent caregiving.

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Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt(1-3 years)

Independence and self-control.

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Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11 years)

Children compare themselves to others, develop a sense of competence.

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Initiative vs Gulit (3-6)

Getting approval from othered establishing if they’re good or bad

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Study Notes

Social Development in Infancy - Attachment

  • Infants were rated for attractiveness
  • Mothers were observed interacting with their infants, and their behavior was rated
  • Results indicated a correlation between attractiveness and affection/attention
  • Babies rated as less cute may receive less attention and affection
  • More attention is paid to other people

Parenting Styles

  • Styles are important for child development
  • Baumrind identified two dimensions to parenting: warmth (responsiveness) and control (demandingness)
  • There are four styles of discipline, high and low

Authoritarian

  • Low warmth, high control
  • Emphasizes controlling, demanding behavior, and obedience
  • Very restrictive with lots of rules

Permissive

  • High warmth, low control
  • Few rules or restrictions

Uninvolved (Neglectful)

  • Low warmth, low control
  • Least effective and most detrimental

Authoritative

  • High warmth, high control
  • Not overly demanding or hostile
  • Child-centered: kids get both things they need
  • Parents have rules but will explain them

Parenting Styles - Child Outcomes

  • Authoritative parenting is the most optimal
  • Children have higher grades and are cooperative
  • Authoritarian parenting in children leads to lower grades and lower self-esteem
  • Permissive parenting: Children are easily frustrated and have low self-control
  • Uninvolved (neglectful) parenting: Children have low self-esteem and are emotionally detached

What Causes Insecure Attachment?

  • Temperament
  • Stressful home life
  • Parenting
  • Consistent parental response produces secure attachment

Long-Term Effects of Attachment

  • Attachment security affects emotional, social, and cognitive competence
  • Size of vocabulary
  • Interpersonal interaction
  • Emotions

Erikson's Psychosocial Theory

  • Trust vs. Mistrust (birth-1 year): Task is based upon attachment
    • Trust allows the formation of intimate relationships
    • Develops when caregiving is sensitive, responsive, and consistent
  • Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1-3 years)
    • Autonomy is independence and self-control
  • Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5 years): preschool age:
    • Question is "Am I good or bad?"
  • Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11 years)
    • Sense of competence or inadequacy
    • Comparing themselves to other

Social Development (Infant) - Attachment

  • Attachment is an enduring, emotional bond between an infant and another person
  • Harlow's research showed that soft contact is important
  • Rhesus monkeys preferred a cloth mother (no food) vs. a wire mother (food)

Deprivation of Attachment

  • Romanian orphanages: Little contact
  • Difficulty developing social bonds
  • Younger than 6 months were able to form good relationships with adoptive parents
  • Those that were older had a harder time or did not form relationships

Social Development in Infancy - Attachment

  • Ethological theory (Bowlby): Babies have biologically programmed behaviors that prompt others to care for them

Social Development in Infancy - Attachment

  • Strange situation (Ainsworth, 1978):
    • Mother brings baby into a lab, plays with toys, observed when the mother leaves and what the babies do when they are left and a stranger enters the room
  • Attachment styles include:
    • Secure: babies cried when the mom left but when the mom came back they did not cry
    • Adults use secure attachment as a secure base from which to explore
    • Insecure-anxious/ambivalent (resistant):
      • Babies would cry when mom left but when the mom came back the babies show a resistance/are glad to see you but also show that they are mad and unable to trust
      • Back and forth, push and pull
    • Insecure-avoidant: Babies did not cry when mom left, when mom came back they did not go to her or acknowledge her

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