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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a non-modifiable risk factor for hemorrhagic stroke?
Which of the following is a non-modifiable risk factor for hemorrhagic stroke?
- Anticoagulation
- Heavy alcohol consumption
- Hypertension
- Age (correct)
What is the most common cause associated with intracerebral hemorrhage?
What is the most common cause associated with intracerebral hemorrhage?
- Thrombolytic therapy
- Illicit drug use
- Anticoagulation
- Uncontrolled hypertension (correct)
Which diagnostic test is used to determine carotid stenosis?
Which diagnostic test is used to determine carotid stenosis?
- Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)
- Carotid doppler (CD) (correct)
- Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE)
- Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
What is the main difference between subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)?
What is the main difference between subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)?
What is the approximate number of neurons destroyed for every minute of delayed stroke treatment?
What is the approximate number of neurons destroyed for every minute of delayed stroke treatment?
Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for hemorrhagic stroke?
Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for hemorrhagic stroke?
What is the most common cause associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)?
What is the most common cause associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)?
Which of the following is a focal symptom of stroke?
Which of the following is a focal symptom of stroke?
What is the leading cause of adult disability in the U.S.?
What is the leading cause of adult disability in the U.S.?
What percentage of strokes in the U.S. are estimated to be ischemic?
What percentage of strokes in the U.S. are estimated to be ischemic?
What is the approximate annual incidence of new or recurrent strokes in the U.S.?
What is the approximate annual incidence of new or recurrent strokes in the U.S.?
What is the estimated percentage of adults over 45 in the U.S. reporting at least one stroke symptom?
What is the estimated percentage of adults over 45 in the U.S. reporting at least one stroke symptom?
What is the annual cost of stroke in the U.S.?
What is the annual cost of stroke in the U.S.?
What is the leading cause of death in the U.S.?
What is the leading cause of death in the U.S.?
Which type of ischemic stroke primarily results from atherosclerosis in major cerebral arteries or the carotid artery?
Which type of ischemic stroke primarily results from atherosclerosis in major cerebral arteries or the carotid artery?
What is the term for cerebral ischemia of unknown origin, diagnosed in the absence of atherogenic and thrombogenic medical history?
What is the term for cerebral ischemia of unknown origin, diagnosed in the absence of atherogenic and thrombogenic medical history?
Which risk factor for ischemic stroke is non-modifiable?
Which risk factor for ischemic stroke is non-modifiable?
What accounts for approximately 50% of ischemic strokes and is often associated with chronic atrial fibrillation (AF) and other sources of cerebral embolism?
What accounts for approximately 50% of ischemic strokes and is often associated with chronic atrial fibrillation (AF) and other sources of cerebral embolism?
Which type of ischemic stroke involves occlusion of small arteries in the brain and presents with specific clinical syndromes?
Which type of ischemic stroke involves occlusion of small arteries in the brain and presents with specific clinical syndromes?
What is the term for transient symptoms without evidence of infarction, often preceding ischemic strokes and serving as a strong risk factor for stroke?
What is the term for transient symptoms without evidence of infarction, often preceding ischemic strokes and serving as a strong risk factor for stroke?
What is the leading cause of adult disability in the U.S.?
What is the leading cause of adult disability in the U.S.?
What percentage of strokes in the U.S. are ischemic?
What percentage of strokes in the U.S. are ischemic?
What is the annual incidence of new or recurrent strokes in the U.S.?
What is the annual incidence of new or recurrent strokes in the U.S.?
What is another term for cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?
What is another term for cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?
What percentage of adults over 45 report experiencing at least one stroke symptom?
What percentage of adults over 45 report experiencing at least one stroke symptom?
What is the annual cost of stroke in the U.S.?
What is the annual cost of stroke in the U.S.?
Which type of stroke primarily results from atherosclerosis in major cerebral arteries or the carotid artery?
Which type of stroke primarily results from atherosclerosis in major cerebral arteries or the carotid artery?
What is the primary cause of ischemic stroke?
What is the primary cause of ischemic stroke?
Which condition is characterized by transient symptoms without evidence of infarction, often preceding ischemic strokes?
Which condition is characterized by transient symptoms without evidence of infarction, often preceding ischemic strokes?
What accounts for approximately 50% of ischemic strokes and is often associated with chronic atrial fibrillation?
What accounts for approximately 50% of ischemic strokes and is often associated with chronic atrial fibrillation?
Which type of stroke refers to cerebral ischemia of unknown origin and is diagnosed in the absence of atherogenic and thrombogenic medical history?
Which type of stroke refers to cerebral ischemia of unknown origin and is diagnosed in the absence of atherogenic and thrombogenic medical history?
What are the non-modifiable risk factors for ischemic stroke?
What are the non-modifiable risk factors for ischemic stroke?
What is the leading cause of adult disability in the U.S.?
What is the leading cause of adult disability in the U.S.?
What is the approximate annual incidence of new or recurrent strokes in the U.S.?
What is the approximate annual incidence of new or recurrent strokes in the U.S.?
What is another term for cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?
What is another term for cerebrovascular accident (CVA)?
What percentage of adults over 45 in the U.S. report experiencing at least one stroke symptom?
What percentage of adults over 45 in the U.S. report experiencing at least one stroke symptom?
What is the annual cost of stroke in the U.S.?
What is the annual cost of stroke in the U.S.?
Which of the following is a non-modifiable risk factor for hemorrhagic stroke?
Which of the following is a non-modifiable risk factor for hemorrhagic stroke?
What is the most common cause associated with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)?
What is the most common cause associated with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)?
What is the term for transient symptoms without evidence of infarction, often preceding ischemic strokes and serving as a strong risk factor for stroke?
What is the term for transient symptoms without evidence of infarction, often preceding ischemic strokes and serving as a strong risk factor for stroke?
What is the approximate annual incidence of new or recurrent strokes in the U.S.?
What is the approximate annual incidence of new or recurrent strokes in the U.S.?
Which of the following is a focal symptom of stroke?
Which of the following is a focal symptom of stroke?
Which type of stroke involves occlusion of small arteries in the brain and presents with specific clinical syndromes?
Which type of stroke involves occlusion of small arteries in the brain and presents with specific clinical syndromes?
What is the primary cause of ischemic stroke?
What is the primary cause of ischemic stroke?
What accounts for approximately 50% of ischemic strokes and is often associated with chronic atrial fibrillation (AF) and other sources of cerebral embolism?
What accounts for approximately 50% of ischemic strokes and is often associated with chronic atrial fibrillation (AF) and other sources of cerebral embolism?
What is the term for cerebral ischemia of unknown origin and is diagnosed in the absence of atherogenic and thrombogenic medical history?
What is the term for cerebral ischemia of unknown origin and is diagnosed in the absence of atherogenic and thrombogenic medical history?
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Study Notes
Ischemic Stroke Overview
- Ischemic stroke results from the occlusion of a cerebral artery, with various risk factors including previous transient ischemic attacks (TIAs).
- Non-modifiable risk factors for ischemic stroke include age, race/ethnicity, and sex, while modifiable risk factors include cigarette smoking, hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM), and atrial fibrillation (AF).
- Ischemic stroke is caused by the occlusion of a cerebral artery due to atherosclerosis, small artery damage, or cardiogenic emboli, which disrupts cerebral autoregulation and leads to ischemic penumbra and subsequent cellular damage.
- The pathophysiology of ischemic stroke involves hypoperfusion, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and cellular necrosis, leading to brain damage, disability, and potentially death.
- Ischemic stroke can be classified into large vessel thrombotic stroke, small vessel thrombotic stroke (lacunar stroke), cardioembolic stroke, and cryptogenic stroke (embolic stroke of undetermined source - ESUS).
- Large vessel thrombotic stroke primarily results from atherosclerosis in major cerebral arteries or the carotid artery, while small vessel thrombotic stroke involves occlusion of small arteries in the brain and presents with specific clinical syndromes.
- Cardioembolic stroke accounts for approximately 50% of ischemic strokes and is often associated with chronic atrial fibrillation (AF) and other sources of cerebral embolism.
- Cryptogenic stroke, also known as ESUS, refers to cerebral ischemia of unknown origin and is diagnosed in the absence of atherogenic and thrombogenic medical history.
- Transient ischemic attack (TIA) is characterized by transient symptoms without evidence of infarction, often preceding ischemic strokes and serving as a strong risk factor for stroke.
- Post-hospitalization rehabilitation and nursing home care for ischemic stroke patients can be expensive, and the condition can lead to various neurological symptoms and deficits, including aphasia, hemiplegia, sensory loss, hemineglect, and vertigo.
- The classification of ischemic stroke includes mechanisms, brain territory involvement, and symptoms, with specific manifestations related to anterior cerebral artery (ACA), middle cerebral artery (MCA), and posterior cerebral artery (PCA) territories.
- Symptom terminology review for ischemic stroke includes definitions of aphasia, contralateral, dysarthria, hemiparesis, hemiplegia, homonymous hemianopia, monoparesis, and vertigo, among others.
Ischemic Stroke Overview
- Ischemic stroke results from the occlusion of a cerebral artery, with various risk factors including previous transient ischemic attacks (TIAs).
- Non-modifiable risk factors for ischemic stroke include age, race/ethnicity, and sex, while modifiable risk factors include cigarette smoking, hypertension (HTN), diabetes mellitus (DM), and atrial fibrillation (AF).
- Ischemic stroke is caused by the occlusion of a cerebral artery due to atherosclerosis, small artery damage, or cardiogenic emboli, which disrupts cerebral autoregulation and leads to ischemic penumbra and subsequent cellular damage.
- The pathophysiology of ischemic stroke involves hypoperfusion, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and cellular necrosis, leading to brain damage, disability, and potentially death.
- Ischemic stroke can be classified into large vessel thrombotic stroke, small vessel thrombotic stroke (lacunar stroke), cardioembolic stroke, and cryptogenic stroke (embolic stroke of undetermined source - ESUS).
- Large vessel thrombotic stroke primarily results from atherosclerosis in major cerebral arteries or the carotid artery, while small vessel thrombotic stroke involves occlusion of small arteries in the brain and presents with specific clinical syndromes.
- Cardioembolic stroke accounts for approximately 50% of ischemic strokes and is often associated with chronic atrial fibrillation (AF) and other sources of cerebral embolism.
- Cryptogenic stroke, also known as ESUS, refers to cerebral ischemia of unknown origin and is diagnosed in the absence of atherogenic and thrombogenic medical history.
- Transient ischemic attack (TIA) is characterized by transient symptoms without evidence of infarction, often preceding ischemic strokes and serving as a strong risk factor for stroke.
- Post-hospitalization rehabilitation and nursing home care for ischemic stroke patients can be expensive, and the condition can lead to various neurological symptoms and deficits, including aphasia, hemiplegia, sensory loss, hemineglect, and vertigo.
- The classification of ischemic stroke includes mechanisms, brain territory involvement, and symptoms, with specific manifestations related to anterior cerebral artery (ACA), middle cerebral artery (MCA), and posterior cerebral artery (PCA) territories.
- Symptom terminology review for ischemic stroke includes definitions of aphasia, contralateral, dysarthria, hemiparesis, hemiplegia, homonymous hemianopia, monoparesis, and vertigo, among others.
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