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Questions and Answers
What is Ischemic Heart Disease?
What is Ischemic Heart Disease?
- A disease that only affects the lungs
- A condition in which the heart beats too fast
- A condition in which there is an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand (correct)
- A condition in which the heart pumps too much blood
What are the four closely related conditions/syndromes that come under Ischemic Heart Disease?
What are the four closely related conditions/syndromes that come under Ischemic Heart Disease?
- Atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, hypertension, and cardiac arrest
- Myocardial infarction, heart failure, angina, and hypertension
- Cardiac arrest, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and chronic ischemic heart disease
- Angina, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death (correct)
Why does the heart muscle need a constant supply of oxygen?
Why does the heart muscle need a constant supply of oxygen?
- To increase heart rate
- To reduce blood pressure
- To pump blood more efficiently
- To function properly (correct)
What can happen if myocardial ischemia persists?
What can happen if myocardial ischemia persists?
What is a coronary artery anomaly?
What is a coronary artery anomaly?
What is coronary artery spasm?
What is coronary artery spasm?
What can trigger coronary artery spasm?
What can trigger coronary artery spasm?
What is the main cause of Ischemic Heart Disease?
What is the main cause of Ischemic Heart Disease?
What percentage of vessel lumen obstruction is generally considered critical stenosis?
What percentage of vessel lumen obstruction is generally considered critical stenosis?
What is the primary cause of unstable angina and infarction?
What is the primary cause of unstable angina and infarction?
What is a major risk factor for developing angina?
What is a major risk factor for developing angina?
What is the effect of smoking on the heart?
What is the effect of smoking on the heart?
What is the effect of high blood pressure on the arteries?
What is the effect of high blood pressure on the arteries?
Where is angina typically located?
Where is angina typically located?
What is the effect of high cholesterol levels on the heart?
What is the effect of high cholesterol levels on the heart?
What is a common trigger for angina pain?
What is a common trigger for angina pain?
What is the effect of diabetes on blood vessels?
What is the effect of diabetes on blood vessels?
What is a key difference between angina and indigestion or heartburn?
What is a key difference between angina and indigestion or heartburn?
What is the benefit of regular exercise on the heart?
What is the benefit of regular exercise on the heart?
What is a non-modifiable risk factor for angina?
What is a non-modifiable risk factor for angina?
Why are men more susceptible to angina?
Why are men more susceptible to angina?
What happens to the risk of angina in women after menopause?
What happens to the risk of angina in women after menopause?
What is T-wave inversion an abnormal change in?
What is T-wave inversion an abnormal change in?
What is the primary goal of managing angina?
What is the primary goal of managing angina?
What type of medication is prescribed to reduce the risk of blood clots forming?
What type of medication is prescribed to reduce the risk of blood clots forming?
What is the function of Nitroglycerin?
What is the function of Nitroglycerin?
What is the purpose of Statin medications?
What is the purpose of Statin medications?
What is Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) commonly known as?
What is Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) commonly known as?
What is the purpose of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)?
What is the purpose of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)?
What is Cardiac Rehabilitation?
What is Cardiac Rehabilitation?
What type of imaging test uses sound waves to create images of the heart?
What type of imaging test uses sound waves to create images of the heart?
Which test involves injecting a radioactive tracer into the bloodstream?
Which test involves injecting a radioactive tracer into the bloodstream?
What is the purpose of a Cardiac CT Scan?
What is the purpose of a Cardiac CT Scan?
What is the significance of ST-segment depression on an ECG?
What is the significance of ST-segment depression on an ECG?
Which test is considered the gold standard for diagnosing significant coronary artery disease?
Which test is considered the gold standard for diagnosing significant coronary artery disease?
What is the purpose of injecting a contrast dye into the coronary arteries during Coronary Angiography?
What is the purpose of injecting a contrast dye into the coronary arteries during Coronary Angiography?
What is the characteristic change seen on an ECG during an angina episode?
What is the characteristic change seen on an ECG during an angina episode?
What is the purpose of an Echocardiogram?
What is the purpose of an Echocardiogram?
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Study Notes
Ischemic Heart Disease
- Ischemic heart disease (IHD) occurs when there is an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand, leading to myocardial hypoxia and accumulation of waste metabolites.
- Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries is the most common cause of IHD.
- Four closely related conditions/syndromes that come under IHD are:
- Angina (stable and unstable)
- Acute myocardial infarction (MI)
- Heart failure
- Sudden cardiac death
Causes of Myocardial Ischemia
- Atherosclerotic causes of ischemia:
- Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries
- Non-atherosclerotic causes of ischemia:
- Coronary artery anomalies (e.g., narrowing, abnormal origin or course of the arteries, or fistulas)
- Coronary artery spasm (temporary narrowing of the coronary arteries caused by a sudden contraction of the muscles in the arterial walls)
Angina Pectoris
- Angina is a condition in which there is a temporary reduction in blood flow to the heart muscle, leading to chest pain or discomfort.
- Angina can be stable (predictable and triggered by physical exertion) or unstable (unpredictable and triggered by emotional stress or other factors).
- Symptoms of angina:
- Chest pain or discomfort (usually located behind the breastbone, but can radiate to the neck, jaw, shoulders, arms, or back)
- Shortness of breath (especially during episodes of chest pain)
- Fatigue (particularly during or after physical activity or stressful situations)
- Indigestion or heartburn (in some cases, angina can be mistaken for indigestion or heartburn)
Risk Factors for Angina Pectoris
- Non-modifiable risk factors:
- Age (especially for men over 45 and women over 55)
- Family history (having a close relative with coronary artery disease)
- Sex (men are generally more susceptible to angina than pre-menopausal women)
- Modifiable risk factors:
- Smoking
- High blood pressure (hypertension)
- High cholesterol levels
- Diabetes
- Obesity
- Sedentary lifestyle
- Stress
Diagnosis of Angina Pectoris
- Imaging tests:
- Echocardiogram (ultrasound test that uses sound waves to create images of the heart)
- Nuclear stress test (uses a radioactive tracer to highlight areas of the heart with reduced blood flow)
- Cardiac CT scan (uses computed tomography to produce detailed images of the heart and its blood vessels)
- Coronary angiography (invasive procedure that involves injecting a contrast dye into the coronary arteries, followed by X-ray imaging)
Management of Angina Pectoris
- Lifestyle modifications:
- Smoking cessation
- Healthy diet
- Regular exercise and weight management
- Pharmacological management:
- Antiplatelet agents (e.g., aspirin or clopidogrel)
- Nitroglycerin
- Beta-blockers
- Calcium channel blockers
- Statins
- Procedures and interventions:
- Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) (also known as angioplasty)
- Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
- Cardiac rehabilitation (programs that offer supervised exercise, education, and counseling)
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