Ischemic Heart Disease and Angina
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Questions and Answers

What is Ischemic Heart Disease?

  • A disease that only affects the lungs
  • A condition in which the heart beats too fast
  • A condition in which there is an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand (correct)
  • A condition in which the heart pumps too much blood

    • What are the four closely related conditions/syndromes that come under Ischemic Heart Disease?

  • Atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, hypertension, and cardiac arrest
  • Myocardial infarction, heart failure, angina, and hypertension
  • Cardiac arrest, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and chronic ischemic heart disease
  • Angina, acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, and sudden cardiac death (correct)

    • Why does the heart muscle need a constant supply of oxygen?

  • To increase heart rate
  • To reduce blood pressure
  • To pump blood more efficiently
  • To function properly (correct)

    • What can happen if myocardial ischemia persists?

    <p>It can eventually lead to heart muscle damage and a heart attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a coronary artery anomaly?

    <p>A malformation of the coronary arteries that is present from birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is coronary artery spasm?

    <p>A temporary narrowing of the coronary arteries caused by a sudden contraction of the muscles in the arterial walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can trigger coronary artery spasm?

    <p>Stress, smoking, or exposure to cold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main cause of Ischemic Heart Disease?

    <p>Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of vessel lumen obstruction is generally considered critical stenosis?

    <p>70%-75%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of unstable angina and infarction?

    <p>Abrupt plaque change and thrombosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major risk factor for developing angina?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of smoking on the heart?

    <p>Damages blood vessels and decreases oxygen supply to the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of high blood pressure on the arteries?

    <p>Damages the inner lining of the arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is angina typically located?

    <p>Behind the breastbone (sternum)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of high cholesterol levels on the heart?

    <p>Contributes to the development of atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common trigger for angina pain?

    <p>Physical exertion or emotional stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of diabetes on blood vessels?

    <p>Damage blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between angina and indigestion or heartburn?

    <p>The trigger for the pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of regular exercise on the heart?

    <p>Maintains cardiovascular health and reduces the risk of CAD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a non-modifiable risk factor for angina?

    <p>Family history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are men more susceptible to angina?

    <p>The exact reason is unknown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the risk of angina in women after menopause?

    <p>It increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is T-wave inversion an abnormal change in?

    <p>The shape of the T-wave on the ECG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of managing angina?

    <p>To relieve symptoms, improve quality of life, and reduce the risk of complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of medication is prescribed to reduce the risk of blood clots forming?

    <p>Antiplatelet Agents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Nitroglycerin?

    <p>To relax and widen blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Statin medications?

    <p>To lower cholesterol levels and reduce the progression of coronary artery disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) commonly known as?

    <p>Angioplasty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG)?

    <p>To improve blood flow to the heart muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Cardiac Rehabilitation?

    <p>A program offering supervised exercise, education, and counseling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of imaging test uses sound waves to create images of the heart?

    <p>Echocardiogram</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test involves injecting a radioactive tracer into the bloodstream?

    <p>Nuclear Stress Test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a Cardiac CT Scan?

    <p>To produce detailed images of the heart and its blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of ST-segment depression on an ECG?

    <p>It indicates myocardial ischemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is considered the gold standard for diagnosing significant coronary artery disease?

    <p>Coronary Angiography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of injecting a contrast dye into the coronary arteries during Coronary Angiography?

    <p>To provide detailed information about the structure and condition of the coronary arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic change seen on an ECG during an angina episode?

    <p>ST-segment depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an Echocardiogram?

    <p>Both a and b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Ischemic Heart Disease

    • Ischemic heart disease (IHD) occurs when there is an imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand, leading to myocardial hypoxia and accumulation of waste metabolites.
    • Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries is the most common cause of IHD.
    • Four closely related conditions/syndromes that come under IHD are:
    • Angina (stable and unstable)
    • Acute myocardial infarction (MI)
    • Heart failure
    • Sudden cardiac death

    Causes of Myocardial Ischemia

    • Atherosclerotic causes of ischemia:
    • Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries
    • Non-atherosclerotic causes of ischemia:
    • Coronary artery anomalies (e.g., narrowing, abnormal origin or course of the arteries, or fistulas)
    • Coronary artery spasm (temporary narrowing of the coronary arteries caused by a sudden contraction of the muscles in the arterial walls)

    Angina Pectoris

    • Angina is a condition in which there is a temporary reduction in blood flow to the heart muscle, leading to chest pain or discomfort.
    • Angina can be stable (predictable and triggered by physical exertion) or unstable (unpredictable and triggered by emotional stress or other factors).
    • Symptoms of angina:
    • Chest pain or discomfort (usually located behind the breastbone, but can radiate to the neck, jaw, shoulders, arms, or back)
    • Shortness of breath (especially during episodes of chest pain)
    • Fatigue (particularly during or after physical activity or stressful situations)
    • Indigestion or heartburn (in some cases, angina can be mistaken for indigestion or heartburn)

    Risk Factors for Angina Pectoris

    • Non-modifiable risk factors:
    • Age (especially for men over 45 and women over 55)
    • Family history (having a close relative with coronary artery disease)
    • Sex (men are generally more susceptible to angina than pre-menopausal women)
    • Modifiable risk factors:
    • Smoking
    • High blood pressure (hypertension)
    • High cholesterol levels
    • Diabetes
    • Obesity
    • Sedentary lifestyle
    • Stress

    Diagnosis of Angina Pectoris

    • Imaging tests:
    • Echocardiogram (ultrasound test that uses sound waves to create images of the heart)
    • Nuclear stress test (uses a radioactive tracer to highlight areas of the heart with reduced blood flow)
    • Cardiac CT scan (uses computed tomography to produce detailed images of the heart and its blood vessels)
    • Coronary angiography (invasive procedure that involves injecting a contrast dye into the coronary arteries, followed by X-ray imaging)

    Management of Angina Pectoris

    • Lifestyle modifications:
    • Smoking cessation
    • Healthy diet
    • Regular exercise and weight management
    • Pharmacological management:
    • Antiplatelet agents (e.g., aspirin or clopidogrel)
    • Nitroglycerin
    • Beta-blockers
    • Calcium channel blockers
    • Statins
    • Procedures and interventions:
    • Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) (also known as angioplasty)
    • Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
    • Cardiac rehabilitation (programs that offer supervised exercise, education, and counseling)

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    Description

    Learn about the pathophysiology of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) and its effects on the myocardium. Understand the imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand.

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