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What is the minimum working pressure for the nominal diameter pipes manufactured in inches?
What is the minimum working pressure for the nominal diameter pipes manufactured in inches?
What is a typical length provided for the pipes with aluminium quick couplings?
What is a typical length provided for the pipes with aluminium quick couplings?
What is the maximum recommended flow velocity for rigid PVC pipes, according to the provided text?
What is the maximum recommended flow velocity for rigid PVC pipes, according to the provided text?
What are the nominal diameters (DN) of rigid PVC pipes?
What are the nominal diameters (DN) of rigid PVC pipes?
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What is the expected lifespan of the pipes, according to the provided text, under good management?
What is the expected lifespan of the pipes, according to the provided text, under good management?
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What is the primary factor determining sprinkler and lateral spacing in a periodic-move system?
What is the primary factor determining sprinkler and lateral spacing in a periodic-move system?
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According to Table 1, what is the maximum recommended spacing between laterals, as a percentage of the wetted diameter, in a rectangular pattern when average wind speeds are between 10-15 km/hr?
According to Table 1, what is the maximum recommended spacing between laterals, as a percentage of the wetted diameter, in a rectangular pattern when average wind speeds are between 10-15 km/hr?
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If the average wind speed in an area is above 15 km/hr and a rectangular sprinkler pattern is used, what should be the maximum spacing between sprinklers as a percentage of the wetted diameter?
If the average wind speed in an area is above 15 km/hr and a rectangular sprinkler pattern is used, what should be the maximum spacing between sprinklers as a percentage of the wetted diameter?
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According to Table 2, what is the maximum sprinkler spacing in a square pattern if the wind speed is between 6 and 11 km/hr, expressed as a percentage of the wetted diameter?
According to Table 2, what is the maximum sprinkler spacing in a square pattern if the wind speed is between 6 and 11 km/hr, expressed as a percentage of the wetted diameter?
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What is a key consideration when selecting sprinklers for the irrigation system?
What is a key consideration when selecting sprinklers for the irrigation system?
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What is the relationship between average wind speed and the percentage of wetted diameter used for spacing in a rectangular pattern, based on Table 1?
What is the relationship between average wind speed and the percentage of wetted diameter used for spacing in a rectangular pattern, based on Table 1?
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If a field requires a square sprinkler pattern and the wind speed is consistently between 13-19 km/hr, what should be the target spacing between sprinklers as a percentage of the wetted diameter, according to Table 2?
If a field requires a square sprinkler pattern and the wind speed is consistently between 13-19 km/hr, what should be the target spacing between sprinklers as a percentage of the wetted diameter, according to Table 2?
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What adjustment would you make to the spacing between sprinklers in a rectangular pattern if the wind speed increases from 10km/hr to 16km/hr?
What adjustment would you make to the spacing between sprinklers in a rectangular pattern if the wind speed increases from 10km/hr to 16km/hr?
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What is the typical length of steel threaded pipes supplied for sprinkler systems?
What is the typical length of steel threaded pipes supplied for sprinkler systems?
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What is the primary disadvantage of using plastic pipes compared to steel pipes in sprinkler systems?
What is the primary disadvantage of using plastic pipes compared to steel pipes in sprinkler systems?
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Which type of pipe is most suitable for moveable lateral lines in sprinkler irrigation?
Which type of pipe is most suitable for moveable lateral lines in sprinkler irrigation?
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For which application are steel threaded pipes most often used in sprinkler systems?
For which application are steel threaded pipes most often used in sprinkler systems?
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What is the primary function of thrust blocks in underground PVC pipelines?
What is the primary function of thrust blocks in underground PVC pipelines?
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What is the estimated average lifespan of welded hot-dip galvanized steel pipes when used on the surface in the atmosphere?
What is the estimated average lifespan of welded hot-dip galvanized steel pipes when used on the surface in the atmosphere?
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What is a key advantage of using quick coupling light steel pipes in sprinkler systems?
What is a key advantage of using quick coupling light steel pipes in sprinkler systems?
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What is the purpose of adding 2.5 percent carbon black to polyethylene pipes?
What is the purpose of adding 2.5 percent carbon black to polyethylene pipes?
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What is the typical jointing method for small-diameter uPVC pipes (up to 50 mm)?
What is the typical jointing method for small-diameter uPVC pipes (up to 50 mm)?
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What are the typical diameters (DN) available for quick coupling light steel pipes, as mentioned in the document?
What are the typical diameters (DN) available for quick coupling light steel pipes, as mentioned in the document?
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What is the estimated average lifespan for buried uPVC pipes?
What is the estimated average lifespan for buried uPVC pipes?
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Compared to light steel pipes, approximately how much lighter are quick coupling aluminum pipes?
Compared to light steel pipes, approximately how much lighter are quick coupling aluminum pipes?
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Which type of polyethylene pipe is typically used for micro-emitter laterals?
Which type of polyethylene pipe is typically used for micro-emitter laterals?
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Which of the following is NOT a required detail on a topographic map for a center pivot irrigation system?
Which of the following is NOT a required detail on a topographic map for a center pivot irrigation system?
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What does 'available moisture' refer to in the context of calculating the net depth of water application?
What does 'available moisture' refer to in the context of calculating the net depth of water application?
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Which parameter does 'drz' represent in the net depth of water application equation?
Which parameter does 'drz' represent in the net depth of water application equation?
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What does 'peak $ET_a$' refer to when calculating irrigation frequency?
What does 'peak $ET_a$' refer to when calculating irrigation frequency?
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In calculating the gross depth of water application, what is 'Ea'?
In calculating the gross depth of water application, what is 'Ea'?
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What units are used to calculate the preliminary system capacity ($Q_{prelim}$)?
What units are used to calculate the preliminary system capacity ($Q_{prelim}$)?
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What is the role of 'Nshift' in the preliminary system capacity equation?
What is the role of 'Nshift' in the preliminary system capacity equation?
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If the net depth of water application ($d_{net}$) is 60 mm and the peak $ET_a$ is 10 mm/day, what is the irrigation frequency ($I_f$)?
If the net depth of water application ($d_{net}$) is 60 mm and the peak $ET_a$ is 10 mm/day, what is the irrigation frequency ($I_f$)?
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Given a net depth of water application of 50 mm and an application efficiency of 0.8, what will be the gross depth of water application ($d_{gross}$)?
Given a net depth of water application of 50 mm and an application efficiency of 0.8, what will be the gross depth of water application ($d_{gross}$)?
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Which of the following data is NOT directly involved in calculating preliminary system capacity?
Which of the following data is NOT directly involved in calculating preliminary system capacity?
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What is the expected service life of a plastic pipe laid on the surface?
What is the expected service life of a plastic pipe laid on the surface?
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Which of these is NOT a standard size (external diameter) in millimeters for plastic pipes?
Which of these is NOT a standard size (external diameter) in millimeters for plastic pipes?
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What is the maximum recommended flow velocity in plastic pipes?
What is the maximum recommended flow velocity in plastic pipes?
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What material is layflat hose made of?
What material is layflat hose made of?
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What are the standard lengths that layflat hoses are supplied in?
What are the standard lengths that layflat hoses are supplied in?
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According to the sample computation, what was the calculated net depth of water application for a tomato crop?
According to the sample computation, what was the calculated net depth of water application for a tomato crop?
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In the sample computation, what is the calculated irrigation frequency?
In the sample computation, what is the calculated irrigation frequency?
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According to the sample computation for the side-roll system, what is the value used for the root zone depth when calculating the net depth of water application?
According to the sample computation for the side-roll system, what is the value used for the root zone depth when calculating the net depth of water application?
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Study Notes
Philippine National Standard: Design of a Pressurized Irrigation System - Part A: Sprinkler Irrigation
- This standard provides minimum requirements, criteria, and procedures for designing periodic-move and continuous-move sprinkler irrigation systems.
- References used in the standard include PNS/BAFS/PAES 217:2017 (Determination of Irrigation Water Requirements).
- Key terms defined for the standard include average pressure, design pressure, distribution uniformity, irrigation period, and sprinkler irrigation.
- Sprinkler spacing is the distance between two sprinkler heads.
- Wetted diameter is the diameter of the circular area wetted by a sprinkler at a given pressure and no wind.
- Components of a sprinkler irrigation system include pump units, filtration systems, and sprinklers. Mainlines and sub-mainlines deliver water from the pump unit to the laterals; laterals deliver water from the mainlines or sub-mainlines to the sprinklers.
- Criteria for sprinkler irrigation system design include crop type (sprinkler irrigation is suitable for crops and trees where water can be sprayed over or under the crop canopy). Irrigation should also minimize pressure changes at the sprinklers to ensure uniform irrigation. The soil type is also important. Sprinkler irrigation should not be used on soils with low infiltration rates. Soil types that form crusts are also not suitable.
- Important considerations in sprinkler irrigation are the irrigation water quality (water should be free of suspended sediments), and soil and slope types.
- Different sprinkler systems are discussed. Set systems (fixed sprinklers) and periodic-move systems (maneuverable sprinklers—hand-move and mechanical-move) are described. Continuous-move systems are also detailed, such as center-pivot and linear-move, and sprinkler spacing based on various wind conditions is covered.
- Data requirements for designing sprinkler systems include a topographic map, water resources data, climate data, and soil characteristics.
- Procedures are provided to calculate net depth of water application, irrigation frequency at peak demand, gross depth of water application, and preliminary system capacity for sprinklers systems.
- The standard details the final design procedure, including lateral movement, sprinkler selection, system capacity, the determination of pipe sizes, and the selection of other components.
- Specific considerations for continuous-move sprinkler systems are also addressed.
- Recommended materials for different parts of the sprinkler system (mainlines, submainlines, and laterals) are listed.
- Types of sprinklers, including impact sprinklers and rotor sprinklers, are explained, including their key features and operation.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the specifications and requirements for irrigation systems, including pipe dimensions, flow velocities, and optimal sprinkler spacing. This quiz covers key concepts from irrigation management and engineering standards.
