Irrigation Systems and Filtration Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of centrifugal filters?

To capture organic materials and algae

To relieve excessive static pressure

To prevent unwanted flow reversal

To filter sand and fine gravel from water (correct)

What determines the filtration grade in disk filters?

The size of the rigid pipes

The angle of the disk alignment

The size of the grooves in the disks (correct)

The back flushing pressure

Which type of valve prevents back flow and contamination of water sources?

Centrifugal filter

Pressure relief valve

Check valve (correct)

Bypass arrangement

What is the function of the mainline in a distribution network?

To distribute water to submains Signup and view all the answers

During the filtration mode in disk filters, what occurs with the disks?

They press together to capture debris Signup and view all the answers

What materials are commonly used for making mainline pipes?

Rigid PVC and High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Signup and view all the answers

What pressure rating is commonly used for main pipes in a distribution system?

4 to 6 kg/cm2 Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary benefit of using a bypass arrangement in pressure management?

It is the most cost-effective solution Signup and view all the answers

What is a major issue associated with injecting phosphorus fertiliser through a trickle irrigation system?

Chemical or physical precipitation problems Signup and view all the answers

Which acids can be added to a trickle irrigation system to prevent clogging from insoluble phosphates?

Sulphuric acid Signup and view all the answers

What potential issue arises from mixing calcium nitrate with potassium sulphate?

Formation of insoluble calcium sulphate Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended concentration of fertilizer application for most crops in irrigated water?

100 mg/l Signup and view all the answers

What effect can high application rates of fertiliser cause in perennial crops with wide spacing?

Plant damage and nutrient imbalance Signup and view all the answers

What factors influence the fertilization schedule for drip irrigated crops?

Cultural practices and soil type Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a concern when using phosphorus fertiliser in trickle irrigation systems?

Excessive water retention Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of over-fertigation in drip irrigation?

Altered pH and potential toxicity Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the advantages of applying fertilizers through a trickle irrigation system?

It improves the penetration of fertilizers in the soil layers. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes a limitation of fertilizer application through trickle irrigation?

It can be toxic to field workers. Signup and view all the answers

What can happen to nitrogen injected in the form of ammonium phosphate when calcium and magnesium are present in irrigation water?

It forms complex precipitates that may clog the system. Signup and view all the answers

Why is urea favored as a nitrogen source in trickle irrigation systems?

It is highly soluble and does not react with water initially. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of fertilizer savings can be achieved through efficient fertilizer application methods?

30 - 40% Signup and view all the answers

Which problem is less of a concern when applying nitrogen compared to phosphorus in irrigation systems?

Chemical precipitation issues. Signup and view all the answers

What needs to be installed to prevent backflow when using trickle irrigation?

A vacuum valve Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of nitrogen makes its application through trickle irrigation more challenging?

Nitrogen forms can easily leach from the soil. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of chlorine treatment in the irrigation system?

To prevent the growth of organisms such as algae and bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a criterion for applying fertilizers through drip irrigation systems?

Ensure rapid evaporation of water Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended rate for adding bleaching powder into the water source for chlorine treatment?

2 mg/litre Signup and view all the answers

How is the sand filter cleaned in backwash mode?

By reversing the water flow Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of applying fertilizers through the drip irrigation system?

Nutrient deficiencies due to limited soil volume Signup and view all the answers

What should be ensured for uniform distribution of chemicals through drip irrigation?

Efficient mixing and knowledge of flow characteristics Signup and view all the answers

What is the next step after the chlorine treatment period is complete?

Flush out the system to remove impurities Signup and view all the answers

What must chemicals or fertilizers used in irrigation systems avoid?

Reacting adversely to salts or other chemicals Signup and view all the answers

What is a critical requirement for chemicals used in drip irrigation systems?

They must be completely soluble. Signup and view all the answers

What must be ensured when using multiple materials in a concentrated stock solution for drip irrigation?

They must not react with each other to form a precipitate. Signup and view all the answers

Where should the injection points be located in a drip irrigation system?

Both before and after the filter. Signup and view all the answers

What type of filter is advised for the discharge line from the fertilizer tank?

An inline strainer. Signup and view all the answers

What factors determine the size and capacity of a fertilizer injection system?

Concentration, rate, and frequency of application. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of water leakage at a joint in a drip irrigation system?

Damaged joints. Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to clean laterals that are unclean and result in white mixtures at the end plug?

Clean them fortnightly. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common remedy for holes in the poly tube of a drip irrigation system?

Block the holes using Goof plugs. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended action when experiencing a pressure drop due to accumulation of dirt in filters?

Clean filters every week Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if oily gum material is observed coming out of the lateral end?

Clean the laterals with water or give chemical treatment Signup and view all the answers

Which issue could cause the pressure gauge to stop functioning?

Rain water entry inside Signup and view all the answers

If there’s a drop in pressure linked to leakage, what is the first step to resolve the issue?

Arrest the leakage and close the outlet Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of more pressure at the entry of a sand filter?

No bypass in the pipeline Signup and view all the answers

What should be done if there is accumulation of sand and debris in the screen filter?

Place filter element properly and fill with required quantity of sand Signup and view all the answers

What could be a reason for the venturi not functioning during treatment and fertigation?

Excess pressure on chemical filters Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary to maintain appropriate conditions for the filters?

Backwash the filters daily for five minutes Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Drip Irrigation System

Drip irrigation applies water in small quantities (typically less than 12 liters per hour) directly to the plant roots through a network of pipes and emitters.
This method is compatible with durable, easily molded plastic pipes.
Advantages (Merits):
- Increased water use efficiency.
- Improved crop yield and quality.
- Efficient use of fertilizers through fertigation.
- Reduced weed growth and soil damage.
- Low energy requirements, suitable for automation.
- Avoidance of leaf burn in saline soils.
- Effective for undulating and slow permeable soils.
Disadvantages (Demerits):
- Dripper clogging.
- Chemical precipitation.
- Salt buildup at the wetting front.
Components and Selection:
- Head Equipment:
  - Water source (subsurface tank).
  - Pump (e.g., suction, monoblock).
  - Filters (e.g., sand, screen)
  - Fertilizer application (e.g., tank, venturi assembly).
- Distribution System:
  - Conveyance lines (main lines, sub-mains).
  - Emitters/drippers.
  - Valves (non-return, ball).
  - Water meter.
  - Water source (e.g., subsurface tank).
Installation Stages:
- Fitting head equipment.
- Connecting mains and sub-mains.
- Laying laterals with drippers.
Types of Drippers:
- Online pressure compensating drippers (uniform distribution on slopes).
- Online non-pressure compensating drippers (simple, variable discharge).
- In-line drippers/inline tubes (continuous dripper row within pipes).
Filters:
- Gravel/Media filters: Remove suspended materials (algae, sand).
- Screen filters: Additional safeguard against minor blockages, ensure clean water.
Fertigation:
- The application of fertilizers through the irrigation system.
- Eliminates manual application, improving efficiency (up to 40%).
- Improves nutrient uptake and enhances crop development.
- Limitations of fertigation:
  - Toxicity to workers.
  - Backflow into water sources requires prevention measures.
  - Insoluble fertilizers unsuitable.
Water Quality Interactions:
- Nitrogen availability can be limited by leaching, volatilization, denitrification.
- Precipitation of phosphorus with calcium and magnesium can clog emitters.
Drip Irrigation Troubleshooting:
- Problems such as leakage, water not reaching laterals, or clogging can be addressed.

Fertigation

Advantages: Eliminates manual application, leading to faster and more uniform applications of nutrients. Efficiency improvements in fertilizer usage.
Limitations: Toxicity to workers, possibility of backflow into water sources, and fertilizer incompatibility issues.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the various aspects of irrigation systems and filtration mechanisms. This quiz covers topics such as centrifugal filters, valve functions, and mainline pipes in distribution networks. Ideal for students studying agricultural engineering or water resource management.