Irrigation and Traffic Engineering Concepts
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Questions and Answers

The period from the first irrigation during sowing to the last before harvest is known as the base period.

True (A)

Paleo irrigation refers to the watering of crops when they are fully grown.

False (B)

Delta is the total depth of water required to raise a crop over a unit area of land.

True (A)

All spillways are classified into two types only: overfall and side channel.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hydrologic cycle consists of three key components.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Steady flow and unsteady flow are basic categories for classifying the flow of water in a conduit.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Urban flooding is one of the several types of flooding described in the content.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Turbulent flow is the opposite of laminar flow.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Traffic engineering is considered the same as transportation engineering.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Regulatory signs typically have a rectangular shape with a black legend on a white background.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Warning signs are usually triangular with a red legend on a white background.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Guide signs provide directions to travelers about routes, cities, and points of interest.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Traffic engineers only focus on designing automated street signals and do not consider traffic patterns.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Recreational and cultural signs use a blue background with white messages.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All regulatory signs are coded with a specific code to ensure easy recognition.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Weight sensors are used for triggering right-turn signals during normal traffic.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Construction and maintenance operation signs usually have white text on a blue background.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Road markings are only applied to the road pavement and not on any other objects.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A standard parking space for cars is 2.5 meters by 5 meters.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Modern multi-storey car parks can operate fully mechanically using robots.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pavement edge lines are categorized as centerline of the carriageway.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The space required for a bicycle parking ranges from 1.4 to 1.8 square meters.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Angle parking is preferred in areas where space for parking is open and unrestricted.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Street lighting is essential for helping road users to see only their immediate surroundings clearly.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Road traffic leads to environmental effects such as air pollution and visual intrusion.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Highway engineering solely focuses on the construction of highways.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Philippine Highway Network includes primary, secondary, and tertiary classifications of roads.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The sight distance required for safe operation on highways is irrelevant to the design of vertical curves.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The national roads connecting major cities in the Philippines are designated with numbers from N1 to N100.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Highway pavements and foundations are unique aspects of highway engineering.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Severance is one of the environmental effects that road traffic can cause.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Buildings, slopes, and fences do not need to consider sight distance when constructed near highways.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Air transport can provide relief and rescue operations during natural and man-made calamities.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Accessibility to remote areas in the Philippines is primarily achieved through road transport.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Air travel is considered less safe than road transport due to technological advancements.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Water transport requires significant infrastructure investment like roads and railways.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A harbor is a place specifically designed for loading and unloading ships.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Wet docks are regulated by external tide actions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dry docks allow ships to be repaired while fully submerged in water.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In previous eras, it was common for people to travel from India to the U.K by air.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Evaporation is solely the process of water molecules leaving a living plant.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transpiration varies greatly in dry areas due to the root depth of plants.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hydraulic Engineers are responsible for managing the flow of air in cities.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Buoyancy is the upward force exerted by air on a submerged object.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discharge is measured in units of volume per unit time, commonly cubic meters per second.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A flood is defined as a body of water rising and overflowing land that is usually covered in water.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Short-term flood management measures are designed to provide quick relief during a flood event.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Embankments are built along high-level banks to prevent flooding.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Base Period

The time duration from the first irrigation during sowing to the last irrigation before harvest.

Crop Period

The total time required for a crop to mature, from sowing to harvesting.

Paleo Irrigation

Watering the soil before sowing to prepare it for planting.

Kor Watering

The first and usually the largest watering given to a crop when the plants are young.

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Delta

The total amount of water required to raise a crop over a unit area of land.

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Laminar Flow

Smooth, orderly flow of water where particles move in parallel layers without mixing.

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Turbulent Flow

Chaotic, irregular flow of water where particles mix and move in random directions.

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Steady Flow

Water flow with constant velocity and discharge over time.

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Evaporation

The process where liquid water changes into vapor, driven by wind and solar radiation, returning to the atmosphere.

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Transpiration

The process where plants release water vapor into the atmosphere through their leaves, specifically through tiny openings called stomata.

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Evapotranspiration

The combined process of evaporation from water and land surfaces and transpiration from plants.

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Buoyancy

The upward force exerted by a fluid (like water) on an object submerged in it.

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Discharge (Q)

The volume of water flowing through a specific point in a channel or river per unit time.

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Flood

A high volume of water overflowing onto land typically not submerged, causing damage and disruption.

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Flood Control

Measures taken to reduce the negative effects of flooding, such as damage and loss of property.

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Embankments

Structures built along riverbanks to prevent flooding by containing the water flow.

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Transport and Specialization

Efficient transport allows different areas to specialize in producing goods or services they're best at, leading to greater overall economic productivity.

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Transport and City Growth

Improved transport systems can lead to the growth of cities, as they make it easier for people to live and work in urban areas.

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Traffic Engineering

The field of managing traffic flow effectively to ensure safety and smooth movement of vehicles.

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Regulatory Signs

Traffic signs that give drivers instructions or rules, such as stop signs, yield signs, and speed limits.

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Warning Signs

Traffic signs that alert drivers to potential dangers ahead, such as curves, intersections, or slippery roads.

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Guide Signs

Traffic signs that provide directions and information about routes, destinations, and points of interest.

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Recreational and Cultural Signs

Traffic signs that indicate areas of interest for recreation or cultural experiences, such as parks, forests, or historical sites.

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What makes a Regulatory Sign?

Regulatory signs are usually rectangular with a black legend on a white background.

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Construction Signs

Signs used during construction or maintenance operations, typically with black text on an orange background.

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Road Marking Categories

Different types of markings on the road surface, including centerlines, lane markings, stop lines, pedestrian crossings, and parking-related markings.

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Centerline

A line in the middle of the road, separating opposing traffic lanes.

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Lane Marking

Lines separating different traffic lanes in the same direction.

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Stop Line

A line that indicates where vehicles must stop before proceeding through an intersection.

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Parking Space Dimensions

Different space requirements for vehicles, including cars, motorcycles, bicycles, and commercial vehicles.

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Parallel Parking

Parking a vehicle alongside the curb, with the car facing the same direction as other parked cars.

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Street Lighting

Illumination of roads and surrounding areas to enhance visibility for road users.

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Air Transport: Disaster Relief

Air transportation is vital for providing aid and rescuing people during natural disasters and emergencies because it allows for quick access to affected areas.

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Air Transport: Remote Areas

Air travel is crucial in countries like the Philippines, where many islands are only reachable by air due to difficult terrain.

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Air Transport: Safety

Air transport is considered safer than road or rail travel due to advanced technology and strict regulations for aircraft and pilots.

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Water Transport: Cost-Effective

Water transportation is economically efficient because it doesn't require the construction of roads or railways, making it relatively cheap.

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Port

What kind of facility handles the transition of goods and people between land and water transportation?

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Harbor

What provides a safe shelter for ships, protecting them from rough weather?

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Dock

What is an artificial structure designed for receiving ships, loading, and unloading cargo?

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Wet Dock vs Dry Dock

What is the difference between a wet dock, which maintains a stable water level, and a dry dock, which allows for ships to be fully submerged or completely drained for repairs?

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Environmental Effects of Traffic

Traffic negatively impacts the environment through various means, including air pollution, noise, vibrations, visual intrusion, and severance.

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Highway Engineering

A branch of engineering focused on planning, designing, constructing, operating, and maintaining highways, including unique aspects like pavement and foundation design for these roads.

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Philippine Highway Network

The system of national roads in the Philippines, managed by the Department of Public Works and Highways, categorized into primary, secondary, and tertiary roads based on their function.

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Sight Distance

The distance a driver can see ahead, whether stationary or moving objects, at a specific height above the road surface, crucial for safe driving.

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National Primary Roads

Roads in the Philippine highway network that connect major cities, often numbered N1 to N82, and are mostly single or dual carriageways.

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National Secondary Roads

Roads in the Philippine highway network serving as feeder roads to national primary roads, often connecting smaller cities and towns to the main network.

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National Tertiary Roads

Roads in the Philippine highway network serving as access roads for rural communities, often connecting local areas to the secondary roads.

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Importance of Sight Distance

Sight distance is crucial in designing highway curves, as it ensures safe operation by allowing drivers to see obstacles well in advance.

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Study Notes

Water Resources Engineering

  • Water resources engineering focuses on water use for modern needs (agriculture, industry, domestic, recreation, environment).
  • Water is found in the atmosphere, oceans, land, and soil.
  • Solar energy drives water movement between these locations.
  • The hydrologic cycle describes water's continuous circulation (evaporation, precipitation).
  • Precipitation includes rainfall, snowfall, hail, frost, and dew.
  • Runoff is water flowing over land after a storm.
  • A watershed is the area contributing to a river's flow.
  • Reservoirs are artificial or natural water bodies for storage.
  • Evapotranspiration combines evaporation and transpiration (water loss from plants).
  • Evapotranspiration depends on factors like rainfall, root depth, and growing seasons.
  • Hydraulic engineers design waterways, dams, and other water-control structures.
  • Buoyancy is an uplifting force exerted by water on submerged objects.
  • Discharge (Q) is the rate of water flow (e.g., cubic feet per second).

Flood Control

  • A flood is a large flow of water that overflows land, often causing damage.
  • Flood control involves measures to reduce flood impacts.
  • Short-term measures provide quick relief:
    • Embankments along low-lying banks
    • Raised platforms for temporary shelters.
    • Pumps to dewater flooded areas if gravity drainage is impossible.
  • Long-term measures aim for sustained effectiveness:
    • Storage reservoirs to moderate peak flow.
    • Watershed management (reducing runoff and erosion in hilly areas).
    • Flood forecasting and warning systems.
    • Spillways on dams for releasing excess water.

Irrigation

  • Irrigation artificially provides water to crops, particularly in arid areas or during dry spells.
  • Irrigation increases crop yields and reduces the risk of famine.
  • Water requirements vary by crop, climate, and soil type.
  • Irrigation is crucial for agricultural productivity.
  • Different irrigation methods exist (e.g., using channels or controlled crests).

Transportation Engineering

  • Transportation engineering is about efficiently moving people and goods.
  • It uses scientific and technological principles for planning, designing, operating, and maintaining transport systems.
  • Transportation benefits the economy by:
    • Transporting natural resources.
    • Enabling access to various places (place utility).
    • Reducing travel time (time utility).
    • Maintaining the quality of perishable goods.
    • Reducing the cost of goods.
    • Promoting agriculture & tourism.
  • Common transport modes include roads, railways, airways, and waterways.

Traffic Engineering

  • Traffic engineering aims to manage traffic flow efficiently and safely.
  • Traffic signs (regulatory, warning, guide, and service) are crucial.
  • Traffic engineering involves:
    • Developing optimal traffic patterns.
    • Managing traffic lights and signals.
    • Design and construction of roads and highways.
    • Optimizing pedestrian walkways.
  • Parking space requirements depend on vehicle type (car, bike, etc.)

Highway Engineering

  • Highway engineering is planning, constructing, and maintaining highways for vehicles.
  • Highway design includes pavements, foundations, and interchanges.
  • Philippine highway network (class types) consists of various interconnected roads.
  • Sight distance is important for safe driving.

Railway Engineering

  • Railway engineering focuses on railways' planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance.
  • Railway transportation advantages include:
    • High capacity for goods.
    • Lower energy use per unit of load compared to some modes.
    • Relatively lower chance of accidents compared to some modes.
  • Advances in technology improve efficiency and safety of railway operation.

Air Transportation

  • Air transport is fast, crucial for tourism, international trade, and military operations.
  • Air transport is advantageous for perishable items.
  • Air transport is increasingly vital for emergency response to disasters and calamities.

Water Transportation

  • Water transportation is cost-effective and suitable for large volumes of goods.
  • Water transport facilities like ports and docks are important.
  • Port facilities such as harbors, docks, and cargo handling types are essential.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts related to irrigation practices and traffic engineering. This quiz covers topics such as irrigation periods, types of flow, and the characteristics of various traffic signs. Challenge yourself with these important aspects of hydrology and transportation!

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