Irregular Verbs: Vowel Shift and ED verbs

• Irregular verbs do not form their past tense or past participle by adding "-ed."
• They have unique forms that must be memorized.
• Irregular verbs are categorized based on their patterns.

ED Irregular Verbs

• These verbs often end in "-d" or "-t" in the past tense.
• They may involve a change in the vowel sound of the base form.
• Examples include: bend (bent), build (built), lend (lent), send (sent), spend (spent).
• Other examples include: feel (felt), keep (kept), leave (left), sleep (slept), lose (lost), shoot (shot).
• More examples include: sit (sat), have (had), hear (heard), say (said), read (read).

Vowel Shift Irregular Verbs

• These verbs change a vowel to indicate tense.
• Examples include: begin (began, begun), drink (drank, drunk), ring (rang, rung), sing (sang, sung), swim (swam, swum).
• Additional examples include: break (broke, broken), choose (chose, chosen), speak (spoke, spoken), steal (stole, stolen), weave (wove, woven).
• More examples include: come (came, come), become (became, become), run (ran, run).

Verb Aspect

• Verb aspect describes how an event unfolds in time.
• The different verb aspects are simple, progressive, and perfect.
• Different verb aspects combine to describe duration and completion.

Simple Verb Aspect

• This aspect presents an action as a single, complete event.
• It does not specify whether the event is ongoing or completed.
• Simple aspects include simple present, simple past, and simple future.
• Simple present describes habits, facts, or general truths. Example: "I eat cereal every morning."
• Simple past describes completed actions in the past. Example: "I ate cereal this morning."
• Simple future describes actions that will happen in the future. Example: "I will eat cereal tomorrow morning."

Progressive Verb Aspect

• This aspect describes an ongoing action or state.
• It uses a form of "be" + the present participle (-ing).
• Progressive aspects include present progressive, past progressive, and future progressive.
• Present progressive describes actions happening now. Example: "I am eating cereal right now."
• Past progressive describes actions in progress at a specific time in the past. Example: "I was eating cereal when you called."
• Future progressive describes actions that will be in progress at a specific time in the future. Example: "I will be eating cereal at 8 AM tomorrow."

Perfect Verb Aspect

• This aspect describes an action completed before a specific time.
• It uses a form of "have" + the past participle.
• Perfect aspects include present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect.
• Present perfect describes actions completed at an indefinite time before now. Example: "I have eaten cereal today."
• Past perfect describes actions completed before a specific time in the past. Example: "I had eaten cereal before you arrived."
• Future perfect describes actions that will be completed before a specific time in the future. Example: "I will have eaten cereal by 8 AM tomorrow."

Perfect Progressive Verb Aspect

• This aspect combines the perfect and progressive to describe an action that has been ongoing and is either still happening or has recently finished.
• It uses "have/has/had been" + the present participle (-ing).
• Perfect progressive includes present perfect progressive, past perfect progressive, and future perfect progressive.
• Present perfect progressive describes actions that started in the past, continue into the present, and may continue further. Example: "I have been eating cereal for ten minutes."
• Past perfect progressive describes actions that were ongoing before a specific time in the past. Example: "I had been eating cereal for ten minutes when you called."
• Future perfect progressive describes actions that will have been ongoing for a period of time before a specific point in the future. Example: "I will have been eating cereal for ten minutes by the time you arrive."

Modal verbs

• Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs.

• They express necessity, possibility, permission, ability, or obligation.

• Modal verbs do not change form, regardless of the subject.

• They are always followed by the base form of the main verb.

• Common modal verbs include: can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, and would.

• "Can" - expresses ability or possibility. Example: "I can speak Spanish."

• "Could" - expresses past ability, polite requests, or possibility. Example: "I could swim well when I was younger."

• "May" - expresses possibility or permission. Example: "It may rain later."

• "Might" - expresses a weaker possibility than "may." Example: "I might go to the party."

• "Must" - expresses obligation or necessity. Example: "You must wear a seatbelt."

• "Shall" - used to make suggestions or offers (primarily in British English). Example: "Shall we go for a walk?"

• "Should" - expresses advice or recommendation. Example: "You should study for the test."

• "Will" - expresses future intention or prediction. Example: "I will travel to Japan next year."

• "Would" - expresses conditional statements, polite requests, or past habits. Example: "I would like some tea."

This lesson explains irregular verbs and their unique forms. It categorizes verbs based on their patterns, focusing on 'ED' irregular verbs and 'vowel shift' irregular verbs. Examples are provided to illustrate the concepts.