English Grammar: Past Tense of Regular and Irregular Verbs

Study Notes

To form simple past tense verbs from simple present tense verbs, add '-d' or '-ed' to the verb (e.g., shock + ed = shocked, call + ed = called)
Verbs that follow this rule are called regular verbs

Not all verbs follow the '-d' or '-ed' rule to form the past tense
Some verbs have a change in spellings in the past tense form (e.g., take -> took, throw -> threw, catch -> caught)
Examples of irregular verbs:
- run -> ran
- hear -> heard
- bring -> brought
- buy -> bought
- deal -> dealt
- bind -> bound

Adverbs are words that tell us something more about verbs (action words)
Adverbs are usually formed by adding '-ly' to adjectives (e.g., loud + ly = loudly, slow + ly = slowly)
Exceptions to this rule exist (e.g., 'I walk fast', not 'I walk fastly')
Examples of adverbs: loudly, slowly, beautifully, fast, neatly, nicely, softly, clearly, elegantly, carefully, regularly, gracefully

The story revolves around a young boy named Raja who is adventurous and likes to meddle with creatures like snakes and bees.
Raja's grandparents are concerned about his safety and well-being.

Raja catches a snake in a coconut shell and takes it to his grandmother.
The grandmother is shocked and alerts the grandfather, who throws the shell away.
The grandfather warns Raja not to go near snakes as they are very dangerous.

Later, Raja tries to catch a bee and gets stung on his finger.
He runs to his grandmother, showing her the sting, but she thinks it's a snake bite.
The grandfather believes the same and takes Raja to a man who he thinks can cure snake bites.

The medicine man makes Raja's grandparents believe that Raja's life is in danger due to the snake bite.
The medicine man convinces them that he can cure Raja, but Raja knows that the old man is a liar and has fooled everybody.

Discuss the theme of the story.
Relate to the feelings and behavior of reptiles and other living creatures.
Think critically about people's superstitions and blind faith in untrained medicine men.
Realize the importance of timely and effective communication.

Regular verbs: add '-d' or '-ed' to form the simple past tense (e.g., shock + ed = shocked).
Irregular verbs: do not follow the '-d' or '-ed' pattern to form the past tense (e.g., take + = took).

There are about 2000 species of snakes in the world, and only 70 are poisonous in India.
Snakes have good vision but are all colorblind.
The biggest snake in the world is the Anaconda, found in the jungles of South America, and can grow to the size of a full-grown man.
Bees live in colonies or hives of 50,000 bees on average.
Bees have an inborn ability to communicate, and their language is a language of smells and dancing.### Irregular Verbs
Examples of irregular verbs:
- take -> took
- throw -> threw
- catch -> caught
- run -> ran
- hear -> heard
- bring -> brought
- buy -> bought
- deal -> dealt
- bind -> bound
Some verbs remain the same in the past tense as they are in the present tense.

Adverbs are words that tell us something more about verbs.
Adverbs can be formed by adding 'ly' to adjectives, but there are exceptions to this rule.
Examples:
- loud -> loudly
- slow -> slowly
- beautiful -> beautifully
Some adverbs do not follow this rule, e.g. "I walk fast" rather than "I walk fastly".

There are several branches of Traditional Medicine in India, including Ayurveda, Homeopathy, and Unani.
Western Medicine (Allopathy) is different from Traditional Medicine.

Age: old
Physical features: tall, stout, white beard, grey hair, shrewd looks
Dress: long white robe and a skull-cap
Behaviour: polite and gentle
Special points: intelligent
Exercise: write a description of a person in about 6 or 7 simple sentences using hints about their age, physical features, nature, hobbies, and profession.

In an emergency, it is important to find out what happened before reacting to avoid making mistakes.
Sometimes, our wrong beliefs, lack of knowledge, and fear of even harmless things can complicate situations.

Simple past tense verbs:
- Regular verbs: shocked, snatched, warned, wanted, happened
- Irregular verbs: hid, went, thought, held, gave
Adverbs:
- neatly, nicely, softly, clearly, elegantly, carefully, regularly, gracefully