Iron Deficiency Anemia Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What are the primary roles of iron in the human body?

  • Transports carbon dioxide in blood and stores glucose in liver
  • Regulates blood pressure and promotes kidney function
  • Facilitates oxygen transport in red blood cells and muscle function (correct)
  • Supports immune function and aids in digestion

    • Which of the following symptoms is NOT typically associated with iron deficiency anemia?

  • Pale skin
  • Fatigue
  • Shortness of breath
  • Hyperactivity (correct)

    • What is a possible cause of iron deficiency anemia?

  • Overactive red blood cell production
  • Excessive iron intake through diet
  • Inability to absorb iron from food (correct)
  • High levels of vitamin C

    • How can iron deficiency anemia be diagnosed?

    <p>Blood tests and physical exam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition occurs as a result of excessive accumulation of iron in the body?

    <p>Iron overload</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary intracellular iron storage protein?

    <p>Ferritin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accounts for the majority of iron elimination from the body?

    <p>Feces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which form is iron primarily found in the body?

    <p>Fe2+ (ferrous iron)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does myoglobin serve in the body?

    <p>Binding and storing oxygen in muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is NOT mentioned as a cofactor for iron?

    <p>Lactate dehydrogenase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does iron play in redox reactions?

    <p>It facilitates electron transfer processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate amount of iron lost daily through urine?

    <p>0.1 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is iron transported in the body?

    <p>Bound to transferrin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sign is NOT associated with iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Abdominal pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of iron overload?

    <p>Bronze skin pigmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is TRUE about primary haemochromatosis?

    <p>It is a hereditary condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms would NOT be expected in a patient with iron deficiency?

    <p>Hypopituitarism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sign is indicative of Bronze Diabetes?

    <p>Diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these conditions is NOT a cause of secondary haemochromatosis?

    <p>Hereditary haemochromatosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a cognitive sign of iron deficiency?

    <p>Reversible alterations of cognitive behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What symptom is NOT typically associated with iron overload?

    <p>Sore, atrophic tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of iron deficiency in the body?

    <p>Insufficient iron absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following laboratory results is indicative of iron deficiency anemia?

    <p>Increased total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended daily intake of iron for women during reproductive life?

    <p>20 mg/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which laboratory test result would most likely indicate microcytic hypochromic anemia?

    <p>Decreased mean corpuscular volume (MCV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a clinical feature of iron deficiency anemia observed in laboratory tests?

    <p>Elevated platelet count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What nutritional components can inhibit iron absorption, potentially leading to iron deficiency?

    <p>Phytates and carbonates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of iron deficiency would you expect to see low serum iron and increased total iron-binding capacity (TIBC)?

    <p>Second stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What population group requires the highest daily intake of iron?

    <p>Pregnant women</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a cause of hereditary hemochromatosis?

    <p>Excessive exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of duodenal cytochrome b in iron metabolism?

    <p>It aids in the reduction of ferric iron to ferrous iron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much iron is typically absorbed and excreted daily in a healthy adult?

    <p>1 mg/day absorbed, 1 mg/day excreted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is commonly associated with excess body iron levels?

    <p>Bronze skin pigmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is primarily responsible for the absorption of iron in the intestine?

    <p>Duodenal cytochrome b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition can decrease iron absorption?

    <p>Phytates in food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range of transferrin in blood?

    <p>3 - 4 g/l</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about iron stores in the body is incorrect?

    <p>Only excess dietary iron can be stored in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Iron Study Notes

    • Quranic Verses on Knowledge:
      • "O my Lord! Increase me in my knowledge!" (Quran 2014)
      • "O Allah! I ask You for knowledge that is of benefit."

    Anemia and Red Blood Cells

    • Normal vs. Anemic Red Blood Cells: Images show a normal concentration of red blood cells compared to lower (anemic) concentration.

    Colonoscopy and Tumours

    • Colonoscopy Visualization: A colonoscopy shows the inner lining of the colon, with a highlighted tumour area

    Major Elements in Living Matter

    • Essential Elements: Listing of major elements found in living matter: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulphur, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, Calcium, and Magnesium.

    Elements in the Human Body (Percent by Mass)

    • Oxygen Percentage: Oxygen makes up 65% of the human body by mass.
    • Carbon Percentage: Carbon accounts for 18% of the human body by mass.
    • Hydrogen Percentage: Hydrogen makes up 10% of the human body by mass.
    • Other Elements: Nitrogen (3%), Calcium (2%), and all other elements combined (2%) comprise the remaining portion.

    Elements in Earth's Crust vs. Human body

    • Comparison Table: A table comparing the percentage of elements present in the Earth's crust versus elements in the human body. Significant differences illustrate the unique composition of life.

    Elements in the Human Body (Percent by Weight)

    • Oxygen Percentage: Representing 65.0% of the human body's weight.
    • Carbon Percentage: Represents 18.5% of the human body's weight.
    • Hydrogen Percentage: Represents 9.5% of the human body's weight.
    • Nitrogen Percentage: Represents 3.2% of the human body's weight.
    • Calcium Percentage: Represents 1.5% of the human body's weight.
    • Phosphorus Percentage: Represents 1.0% of the human body's weight.
    • Potassium Percentage: Represents 0.4% of the human body's weight.
    • Sodium Percentage: Represents 0.2% of the human body's weight.
    • Chlorine Percentage: Represents 0.2% of the human body's weight.
    • Magnesium Percentage: Represents 0.1% of the human body's weight.
    • Sulfur Percentage: Represents 0.04% of the human body's weight.

    Trace Elements

    • List of Trace Elements: A list of trace elements essential for human health: Iron, Zinc, Copper, Cobalt, Iodine, Fluoride, Chromium, Manganese, Molybdenum, Selenium, Vanadium, and Silicon.

    Trace Element Functions

    • Disease Prevention: Some trace elements are crucial for preventing disease.
    • Oxygen Transport: Iron is necessary for oxygen transport.
    • Hormone Production: Iodine is essential for thyroid hormone production.

    Iron (Fe)

    • Atomic Number: Iron's atomic number is 26.

    Iron Learning Objectives

    • Functions: Function of iron.
    • Dietary Sources: Dietary sources of iron.
    • Recommended Daily Intake: Recommended daily intake of iron.
    • Distribution in the Body: Iron's distribution in the body.
    • Absorption: Absorption of iron.
    • Transport, Storage & Elimination: Transport, storage, and elimination of iron.
    • Deficiency & Overload: Iron deficiency and overload, their investigations.

    Iron Sources

    • Animal Products (Fe++): Liver, Meat, Fish, Eggs.
    • Plant Products (Fe+++): Cereal, Pulses, Soya bean, Green leafy vegetables, Dried fruit, Fresh fruits, and Potatoes.

    Anemia Recommendations

    • Vitamin B12: Animal source foods.
    • Vitamin C: Rich fruits for dessert, boosting iron absorption.
    • Dried Fruit & Nuts: Between meals.
    • Green Vegetables: Provide folic acid for red blood cells.

    Total Iron in the Body

    • Total Amount: 4 grams.

    Iron Distribution in the Body

    • Hemoglobin: 2.5 grams
    • Stores (Ferritin): 1.0 gram
    • Stores (Hemosiderin): 0.7 gram
    • Tissues (Myoglobin): 0.5 gram
    • Tissues (Haem Enzymes): 0.32 gram
    • Tissues (Non-Haem Enzymes): 0.08 gram
    • Other Tissues: 0.1 gram

    Daily Iron Metabolism

    • Dietary Intake: 12mg.
    • Small Intestine Absorption: 1mg.
    • Feces Elimination: 11mg.
    • Plasma Iron Turnover: 35mg.
    • Tissue Store: 1g.
    • Bone Marrow: 20mg.
    • All Cells: 14mg.
    • Utilization: Plasma iron turnover of 35mg.
    • Output and Losses: 1mg.

    Iron Absorption (Feedback Control)

    • Stored Iron Amount: Increases with pregnancy and iron deficiency.
    • Bone Marrow Activity: Increases with hemolysis and non-iron deficiency anemia; or providing Vitamin B12 for pernicious anemia.
    • Oxygen Tension: Increases in intestinal cells with hypoxia.

    Factors Affecting Iron Absorption

    • Iron Form: Fe++ is better absorbed than Fe+++.
    • Insoluble Complexes: Phytates, Phosphates, Oxalates, and Carbonates decrease absorption.
    • Promoters: Vitamin C, Sugars, Citric acid, Amines, and animal foods increase absorption.
    • Inhibitors: Alcohol, Tea (tannins), antacids, malabsorption, acute fever, and chronic infections decrease absorption.

    Factors Affecting Non-Haem Iron Absorption

    • Improving Absorption: Cauliflower, Tomatoes, Kiwi fruit, Meat, Fish, Poultry, Tamarillos, Citrus Fruit.
    • Inhibiting Absorption: Tannins (in tea), Dietary Fibre, Soy proteins, Phytates (in whole grains), Polyphenols, and Oxalate.

    Iron Absorption Investigations

    • Normal Ranges (for blood tests):
      • Plasma Iron: 0.8-1.6 mg/l.
      • TIBC: 3.1-5.1 mg/l.
      • Transferrin: 3-4 g/l.
      • Ferritin: > 10 ng/ml..
    • Other Investigations: Free erythrocyte protoporphyrin, hemoglobin, erythrocyte indices, and biopsy for confirmation.

    Iron Stores

    • Ferritin and Hemosiderin: Stored in liver, spleen, and bone marrow.

    Daily Iron Elimination

    • Feces: 90% of dietary iron (11mg/day).
    • Urine: Desquamated epithelial cells, WBC, and RBC (0.1mg/day).
    • Sweat: Desquamated skin cells (0.1mg/day).
    • Menstrual Blood: 20-30 mg/month.
    • Pregnancy: 400 mg/pregnancy amount.
    • Children (to puberty): 10 mg.
    • Men: 10 mg.
    • Postmenopausal Women: 10 mg.
    • Adolescents: 10-20mg.
    • Women (Reproductive): 20 mg.
    • Pregnancy: 30 mg.

    Iron Deficiency Anemia

    • MCV: Reduced.
    • MCH: Reduced.
    • MCHC: Reduced or Normal.
    • Iron: reduced or normal.
    • TIBC: Increased.
    • Transferrin Saturation: Reduced.
    • Ferritin: Reduced.
    • RDW: High.
    • Reticulocytes: High.
    • Platelets: Normal/Low.
    • WBC: Normal/Low.
    • Smear: Hypochromia, anisocytosis, microcytosis, poikilocytosis

    Iron Deficiency Signs and Symptoms

    • Cognitive: Reversible alterations in behavior.
    • Attention Span: Decreased attention span.
    • Motor Development: Impaired motor development.
    • Physical Activity: Decreased physical ability
    • Fatigue: Fatigue.
    • Irritability: Irritability.
    • Anorexia: Anorexia
    • Thermoregulation: Abnormalities in thermo-regulation.
    • Scholastic Achievement: Low scholastic achievements.
    • Immune Response: Low immunological and defensive responses.

    Iron Overload

    • Iron Poisoning: Iron-related issues.
    • Hemochromatosis: Genetic and/or acquired condition involving iron accumulation.
    • Nutritional Iron Overload (Siderosis): Iron overload from various causes/conditions
    • Organs Affected: Liver, Pituitary gland, Thyroid, Adrenal gland, Heart, Heart and circulation, and Pancreas.

    Iron Overload Causes

    • Genetic Disorder (HH): Primary (Hereditary) hemochromatosis.
    • Acquired Causes: Iron-loading anemia (e.g., with transfusions), excessive dietary iron intake, chronic liver disease (e.g., alcoholic liver disease, hepatitis B/C).

    Hemochromatosis Investigations

    • Fasting Transferrin Saturation: If raised, above 60% in males and 50% in females, then tests are required for more in-depth analysis.
    • Ferritin: Increased or normal ferritin levels should be investigated.
    • Genotyping: Testing for the HFE gene (genetic test for HH).
    • Biopsy & Hepatic Iron Index: Liver Biopsy for a thorough investigation or analysis

    Symptoms Leading to Iron Accumulation

    • No Symptoms: No symptoms in the early stages.
    • Symptoms over Time: Arthritis, abnormal liver function, diabetes, chronic abdominal pain, severe fatigue, early menopause, loss of libido, impotence, dyspnea, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, cirrhosis, liver cancer, heart failure, and bronze skin pigmentation. (Symptoms are progressive).
    • End Stage: Bronze Diabetes

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    Iron Metabolism PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on iron's vital roles in the human body and the symptoms associated with its deficiency. Examine how iron deficiency anemia can be diagnosed and the effects of excessive iron accumulation. This quiz covers essential aspects of iron health.

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