Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main challenge of switching to IPv6?
What is the main challenge of switching to IPv6?
What is the size of the IPv6 header in bits?
What is the size of the IPv6 header in bits?
What is the purpose of the Flow Label field in the IPv6 header?
What is the purpose of the Flow Label field in the IPv6 header?
What is a consequence of the larger address space in IPv6?
What is a consequence of the larger address space in IPv6?
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How can groups of zeroes be omitted in an IPv6 address?
How can groups of zeroes be omitted in an IPv6 address?
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What is the version number of IPv6 in the header?
What is the version number of IPv6 in the header?
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What is the main reason why flat IP addressing does not scale well?
What is the main reason why flat IP addressing does not scale well?
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What is the purpose of the subnet mask in IP addressing?
What is the purpose of the subnet mask in IP addressing?
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What is the maximum possible number of unique IP addresses in IPv4?
What is the maximum possible number of unique IP addresses in IPv4?
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What is the primary benefit of using a hierarchical address scheme in IP addressing?
What is the primary benefit of using a hierarchical address scheme in IP addressing?
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What is the main difference between IPv4 and IPv6?
What is the main difference between IPv4 and IPv6?
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What is the purpose of fragmentation in IP?
What is the purpose of fragmentation in IP?
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What is one of the reasons why fragmentation is considered harmful?
What is one of the reasons why fragmentation is considered harmful?
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What is the maximum transmission unit (MTU) of Host A in the given network?
What is the maximum transmission unit (MTU) of Host A in the given network?
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In IPv6 addressing, how are the 128-bit addresses represented?
In IPv6 addressing, how are the 128-bit addresses represented?
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Why does the loss of any fragment require the retransmit of the entire datagram?
Why does the loss of any fragment require the retransmit of the entire datagram?
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What is the main difference between IPv4 and IPv6 in terms of addressing?
What is the main difference between IPv4 and IPv6 in terms of addressing?
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What is the advantage of using CIDR over traditional class-based addressing?
What is the advantage of using CIDR over traditional class-based addressing?
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Study Notes
IP Addressing
- IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) grants IPs to regional authorities.
- Each number in an IP address is 8 bits, with a maximum possible number of 2^8 = 255 (starting from 0).
Flat IP Addressing
- Flat IP addressing does not scale well due to routing table requirements.
- For every possible IP, the next hop needs to be specified, resulting in 2^32 possibilities (4,294,967,296) for 32-bit addresses, which is too slow.
Hierarchical Addressing
- Hierarchical addressing separates the address into a network and a host part.
- The network part is known by all routers, while the host part is known by edge (LAN) routers.
Subnets
- A subnet is a group of devices with the same network part of their IP address.
- Devices in a subnet can physically reach each other without intervening routers.
- Subnet masks, such as /24, are used to determine the subnet.
IPv4 Protocol Details
- IPv4 headers are 160 bits in size.
- IPv4 has a 32-bit address space, resulting in 2^32 possibilities (4,294,967,296).
IPv6
- IPv6 headers are 320 bits in size, double the size of IPv4.
- IPv6 has a 128-bit address space, resulting in 2^128 possibilities (4.8 * 10^28 addresses per person).
- IPv6 addresses are formatted into 8 groups of 16-bit values, separated by ':'.
IPv6 Header
- The IPv6 header includes fields for version, traffic class, flow label, payload length, next header, hop limit, source IP address, destination IP address, and more.
Deployment Challenges
- Switching to IPv6 is a whole-Internet upgrade, requiring changes to all routers, hosts, and protocols.
- Challenges include managing subnets/IP allocation within networks and performance during transition.
Consequences of IPv6
- IPv6 will make it easier for spammers/bots to acquire new IPs, making IP blocklists ineffective.
- The enormous address space of IPv6 will make it difficult to manage subnets/IP allocation.
Fragmentation
- Fragmentation is generally considered harmful due to inefficient use of resources and loss of fragments leading to degraded performance.
- Reassembly can happen either within the network or at the end-host, but the latter is preferred.
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Description
Test your understanding of IPv6 address representation, including the use of '::' to omit groups of zeroes. This quiz also covers the IPv6 header format, including fields such as version, flow label, and hop limit. Get familiar with the differences between IPv6 and IPv4 headers.
