18 Questions
What is the main challenge of switching to IPv6?
It requires a whole-Internet upgrade of all routers and hosts
What is the size of the IPv6 header in bits?
320 bits
What is the purpose of the Flow Label field in the IPv6 header?
To identify packets belonging to a specific flow
What is a consequence of the larger address space in IPv6?
It makes IP blocklists less effective
How can groups of zeroes be omitted in an IPv6 address?
Using the '::' notation
What is the version number of IPv6 in the header?
6
What is the main reason why flat IP addressing does not scale well?
It is too slow due to the large number of possible IP addresses.
What is the purpose of the subnet mask in IP addressing?
To identify the network part of the IP address.
What is the maximum possible number of unique IP addresses in IPv4?
2^32
What is the primary benefit of using a hierarchical address scheme in IP addressing?
It reduces the complexity of the routing table.
What is the main difference between IPv4 and IPv6?
IPv6 has a larger address space than IPv4.
What is the purpose of fragmentation in IP?
To handle packets that are too large for the MTU.
What is one of the reasons why fragmentation is considered harmful?
It causes inefficient use of resources
What is the maximum transmission unit (MTU) of Host A in the given network?
1000 bytes
In IPv6 addressing, how are the 128-bit addresses represented?
8 groups of 16-bit values, separated by ':'
Why does the loss of any fragment require the retransmit of the entire datagram?
Because the receiver cannot reassemble the datagram
What is the main difference between IPv4 and IPv6 in terms of addressing?
IPv6 addresses are longer than IPv4 addresses
What is the advantage of using CIDR over traditional class-based addressing?
CIDR allows for more efficient use of IP addresses
Study Notes
IP Addressing
- IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) grants IPs to regional authorities.
- Each number in an IP address is 8 bits, with a maximum possible number of 2^8 = 255 (starting from 0).
Flat IP Addressing
- Flat IP addressing does not scale well due to routing table requirements.
- For every possible IP, the next hop needs to be specified, resulting in 2^32 possibilities (4,294,967,296) for 32-bit addresses, which is too slow.
Hierarchical Addressing
- Hierarchical addressing separates the address into a network and a host part.
- The network part is known by all routers, while the host part is known by edge (LAN) routers.
Subnets
- A subnet is a group of devices with the same network part of their IP address.
- Devices in a subnet can physically reach each other without intervening routers.
- Subnet masks, such as /24, are used to determine the subnet.
IPv4 Protocol Details
- IPv4 headers are 160 bits in size.
- IPv4 has a 32-bit address space, resulting in 2^32 possibilities (4,294,967,296).
IPv6
- IPv6 headers are 320 bits in size, double the size of IPv4.
- IPv6 has a 128-bit address space, resulting in 2^128 possibilities (4.8 * 10^28 addresses per person).
- IPv6 addresses are formatted into 8 groups of 16-bit values, separated by ':'.
IPv6 Header
- The IPv6 header includes fields for version, traffic class, flow label, payload length, next header, hop limit, source IP address, destination IP address, and more.
Deployment Challenges
- Switching to IPv6 is a whole-Internet upgrade, requiring changes to all routers, hosts, and protocols.
- Challenges include managing subnets/IP allocation within networks and performance during transition.
Consequences of IPv6
- IPv6 will make it easier for spammers/bots to acquire new IPs, making IP blocklists ineffective.
- The enormous address space of IPv6 will make it difficult to manage subnets/IP allocation.
Fragmentation
- Fragmentation is generally considered harmful due to inefficient use of resources and loss of fragments leading to degraded performance.
- Reassembly can happen either within the network or at the end-host, but the latter is preferred.
Test your understanding of IPv6 address representation, including the use of '::' to omit groups of zeroes. This quiz also covers the IPv6 header format, including fields such as version, flow label, and hop limit. Get familiar with the differences between IPv6 and IPv4 headers.
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