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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of IP version 6?

  • To define addressing and routing (correct)
  • To increase internet speed
  • To enhance network security
  • To replace HTTP

    • How many devices can IPv4 support with its 32-bit addressing scheme?

  • 4.3 billion devices (correct)
  • 1 billion devices
  • 100 million devices
  • 1 trillion devices

    • What is the main reason for replacing IPv4 with IPv6?

  • IPv4 has limited addressing capacity (correct)
  • IPv4 is too slow
  • IPv4 is too complex
  • IPv4 has security issues

    • What is the size of an IPv6 address?

    <p>128-bit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is IPv6 important?

    <p>It identifies devices across the internet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an IP address?

    <p>To identify devices across the internet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of IPv6 over IPv4?

    <p>Increased addressing capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of subnetting in IPv6?

    <p>To divide larger groups of addresses into smaller groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the total number of addresses in the IPv4 address space?

    <p>4,294,967,296</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of IPv6 in terms of address space allocation?

    <p>More efficient address space allocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the core IPv6 protocol?

    <p>To define a packet concept, addresses, and the role of hosts and routers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a routing protocol supported by IPv6?

    <p>OSPFv2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the use of NAT in IPv4 networks?

    <p>To alleviate IPv4 address exhaustion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the upgraded version of ICMP used in IPv6?

    <p>ICMPv6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using IPv6 over IPv4?

    <p>Larger address space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a feature of IPv6 headers?

    <p>They are modular and extensible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the unique local addresses used for?

    <p>For non-routing purposes over a site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a multicast address?

    <p>To deliver packets to multiple devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between multicast and anycast addresses?

    <p>Anycast packets are delivered to only one device</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the scope of unique local addresses?

    <p>Nearly globally unique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of site-local addresses?

    <p>To allow communication throughout a site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do you identify a multicast address in IPv6?

    <p>It always starts with FF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe anycast addresses?

    <p>One-to-nearest addresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are anycast addresses typically configured?

    <p>On routers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the length of IPv6 addresses?

    <p>128 bits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate number of unique addresses in IPv4?

    <p>4 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 64-bit host part in an IPv6 address?

    <p>To identify the interface's MAC address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using IPv6 over IPv4?

    <p>A larger address space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the notation used to represent IPv6 addresses?

    <p>Colon-separated hexadecimal notation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for each group of four hexadecimal digits in an IPv6 address?

    <p>Hextet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concern regarding the use of MAC addresses in IPv6?

    <p>They offer an opportunity to track user equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the format of an IPv6 address?

    <p>Eight groups of four hexadecimal digits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of stateless autoconfiguration in IPv6?

    <p>It requires minimal configuration of routers and no additional servers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a network administrator in manual configuration of IPv6 addresses?

    <p>To configure routers' interfaces with IPv6 addresses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of routers in stateless autoconfiguration?

    <p>To advertise prefixes that identify the subnet or subnets.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of link-local addresses in IPv6?

    <p>They are not sufficient for allowing communication among nodes that are attached to different links.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of forming an IPv6 address in stateless autoconfiguration?

    <p>Combining the prefix and the interface identifier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Universal/Local bit in the EUI-64?

    <p>It is inverted in the modified EUI-64 to indicate a Universal address.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is a 64-bit interface identifier commonly derived from a 48-bit MAC address?

    <p>By inserting FF-FE in the middle of the MAC address.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of inserting FF-FE in the middle of a MAC address?

    <p>A 64-bit EUI-64.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the stateful autoconfiguration model?

    <p>To assign IPv6 addresses using a DHCPv6 server</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum payload size in standard IPv6 packets?

    <p>64KiB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who handles fragmentation in IPv6?

    <p>Sending hosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What replaces the protocol field in the IPv4 header in IPv6?

    <p>Next Header field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the Universal/Local bit in an IPv6 address?

    <p>Indicates whether the address is universally unique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum size of the IPv6 packet header?

    <p>40 octets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between stateless and stateful autoconfiguration?

    <p>Stateless assigns addresses, while stateful assigns other configuration information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of PMTU discovery?

    <p>To discover the path MTU</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Next Header field in an IPv6 header specify?

    <p>The presence of an extra options header</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a dual stack implementation in IPv6?

    <p>To support both IPv4 and IPv6 while sharing most of the code</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique is used to carry IPv6 packets over the existing IPv4 infrastructure?

    <p>Tunneling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the options header in IPv6?

    <p>To carry additional IPv6 header options</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using a dual stack implementation?

    <p>It enables smoother transition from IPv4 to IPv6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of tunneling in IPv6 transition mechanisms?

    <p>To carry IPv6 packets over the existing IPv4 infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between the Next Header field and the options header in IPv6?

    <p>The Next Header field specifies the presence of an options header</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using a dual stack implementation in IPv6?

    <p>It enables smoother transition from IPv4 to IPv6 while sharing most of the code</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the IPv6 equivalent of DHCP for IPv4?

    <p>DHCPv6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) in IPv6?

    <p>To discover the MAC address used by neighbors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of IPv6 addresses start at 2000::/3?

    <p>Global unicast addresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why were broadcasts eliminated in IPv6?

    <p>Due to their cumbersome inefficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 64-bit router interface address in IPv6?

    <p>To configure a minimum /48 network ID</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of forming an IPv6 address in stateless autoconfiguration?

    <p>EUI-64</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who handles fragmentation in IPv6?

    <p>Hosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What replaces the protocol field in the IPv4 header in IPv6?

    <p>Next Header field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the protocol number used for encapsulating IPv6 packets within IPv4 packets?

    <p>41</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the technique used to automatically determine tunnel endpoints in IPv6?

    <p>Automatic tunneling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using UDP encapsulation in IPv6?

    <p>To cross multiple NAT devices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended technique for automatic tunneling in IPv6?

    <p>6to4 tunneling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of configured tunneling in IPv6?

    <p>It is more deterministic and easier to debug</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the form of translation that works when an IPv6-only host needs to access an IPv4-only service?

    <p>Dual-stack application-layer proxy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size of an IPv6 address?

    <p>128-bit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the default status of IPv6, 6to4, and Teredo in Windows Vista?

    <p>Enabled by default</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary change from IPv4 to IPv6?

    <p>Length of network addresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 64-bit host part in an IPv6 address?

    <p>To identify the interface ID</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are IPv6 addresses typically represented?

    <p>Using hexadecimal notation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concern regarding the use of MAC addresses in IPv6?

    <p>They offer an opportunity to track user equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for each group of four hexadecimal digits in an IPv6 address?

    <p>Hextet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many unique addresses are available in IPv6?

    <p>Approximately 3.4×10^38</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 64-bit network prefix in an IPv6 address?

    <p>To identify the network prefix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the length of an IPv6 address in bits?

    <p>128 bits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of IPv6 in terms of address allocation compared to IPv4?

    <p>End-to-end addressing without NAT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an advantage of IPv6 over IPv4?

    <p>Headers are modular/extensible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the core IPv6 protocol?

    <p>To define packet concepts and addresses for hosts and routers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following routing protocols is supported by IPv6?

    <p>RIPng</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of unique local addresses in IPv6?

    <p>To allow communication throughout a site while being routable to multiple local networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of ICMP version 6?

    <p>To support IPv6 networks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between multicast and anycast addresses in IPv6?

    <p>Multicast addresses are used for one-to-many communication, while anycast addresses are used for one-to-nearest communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of IPv6 in terms of address space?

    <p>IPv6 has a larger address space</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the scope of unique local addresses in IPv6?

    <p>Site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a feature of IPv6 headers?

    <p>They are modular and extensible</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between IPv6 and IPv4 in terms of address allocation?

    <p>IPv6 has a larger address space and does not require NAT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do you identify a multicast address in IPv6?

    <p>It starts with FF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of anycast addresses in IPv6?

    <p>To enable communication between the closest device</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What replaces site-local addresses in IPv6?

    <p>Unique local addresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are anycast addresses typically configured in IPv6?

    <p>On routers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe anycast addresses in IPv6?

    <p>One-to-nearest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What protocol replaces ARP in IPv6?

    <p>Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the IPv6 equivalent of the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv4?

    <p>DHCPv6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between IPv4 and IPv6 address classification?

    <p>IPv4 uses classful addressing, while IPv6 uses classless addressing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of address is eliminated in IPv6 due to its cumbersome inefficiency?

    <p>Broadcast address</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of global unicast addresses in IPv6?

    <p>2000::/3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bits are provided to create a unique 64-bit router interface address in IPv6?

    <p>16 bits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size of the unique host ID in IPv6?

    <p>64 bits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) in IPv6?

    <p>To discover the MAC address used by neighbors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used by hosts to generate addresses in stateless autoconfiguration?

    <p>Using local and non-local information advertised by routers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of inserting FF-FE in the middle of a MAC address to form an EUI-64?

    <p>To make the address universally unique</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of link-local addresses in IPv6?

    <p>They can only be used for communication among nodes on the same link</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of routers in stateless autoconfiguration?

    <p>They advertise prefixes that identify the subnet or subnets associated with a link</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Universal/Local bit in an EUI-64?

    <p>It inverts the meaning of the 7th most significant bit of the EUI-64</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of forming an IPv6 address in stateless autoconfiguration?

    <p>Combining a prefix advertised by a router with a generated interface identifier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of manual configuration of IPv6 addresses?

    <p>To manually assign IPv6 addresses to router interfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method used to modify an EUI-64 when forming an IPv6 address?

    <p>Inverting the 7th most significant bit of the EUI-64</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a global routing prefix in IPv6?

    <p>To allocate a unique block of IPv6 addresses to an organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of IPv6 link-local addresses?

    <p>FE80::/10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do organizations obtain a global routing prefix in IPv6?

    <p>By asking for and receiving one from a central authority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a global routing prefix in terms of Internet routing?

    <p>To allow Internet routers to have one route for all addresses within the block</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the similarity between IPv6 global routing prefix and IPv4 Class A, B, or C network numbers?

    <p>They are both used for public IPv4 addresses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of subdividing a global routing prefix into smaller subnets?

    <p>To organize the addresses within the block for easier management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of IPv6 link-local addresses?

    <p>They are not meant to be routed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of using a global routing prefix in IPv6?

    <p>It provides a unique block of addresses to an organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Next Header field specify in the presence of options in an IPv6 header?

    <p>The presence of an extra options header</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of transition mechanisms in IPv6?

    <p>To enable IPv6-only hosts to reach the IPv6 Internet over the IPv4 infrastructure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of a dual-stack implementation in IPv6?

    <p>It is a conservative extension of IPv4, making it easy to write a network stack that supports both</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What technique is used to reach the IPv6 Internet from an isolated host or network?

    <p>Tunneling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of PMTU discovery in IPv6?

    <p>To determine the maximum packet size for a path</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between stateless and stateful autoconfiguration in IPv6?

    <p>Stateless autoconfiguration uses router advertisements, while stateful autoconfiguration uses DHCPv6</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum size of the IPv6 packet header?

    <p>40 bytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who handles fragmentation in IPv6?

    <p>Hosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many bits are used to represent the network prefix in an IPv6 address?

    <p>64 bits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 64-bit host part in an IPv6 address?

    <p>To identify the device interface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are IPv6 addresses typically represented?

    <p>In hexadecimal notation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a concern regarding the use of MAC addresses in IPv6?

    <p>Tracking user equipment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for each group of four hexadecimal digits in an IPv6 address?

    <p>Hextet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many unique addresses are available in the IPv6 address space?

    <p>Roughly 3.4×10^38</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between IPv4 and IPv6 addresses?

    <p>Length</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the 64-bit network prefix in an IPv6 address?

    <p>It identifies the network</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of DHCPv6 in IPv6?

    <p>To configure IPv6 hosts with IP addresses, IP prefixes and other configuration data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between IPv4 and IPv6 address classification?

    <p>IPv4 uses classes, while IPv6 does not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of global unicast addresses in IPv6?

    <p>2000::/3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for eliminating broadcasts in IPv6?

    <p>Due to their cumbersome inefficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) in IPv6?

    <p>To discover the MAC address used by neighbors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum size of the IPv6 packet header?

    <p>20 bytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of routers in stateless autoconfiguration?

    <p>To advertise the prefix to hosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of PMTU discovery in IPv6?

    <p>To discover the minimum MTU along a path</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the protocol number used for IPv6 packets to be directly encapsulated within IPv4 packets?

    <p>41</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tunneling uses UDP encapsulation and is claimed to be able to cross multiple NAT boxes?

    <p>Teredo tunneling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended technique for automatic tunneling?

    <p>6to4 tunneling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of tunneling is usually more deterministic and easier to debug than automatic tunneling?

    <p>Configured tunneling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When an IPv6-only host needs to access an IPv4-only service, what is the recommended form of translation?

    <p>Dual-stack application-layer proxy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the size of an IPv6 address?

    <p>128-bit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a type of tunneling that uses protocol 41 encapsulation?

    <p>6to4 tunneling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a dual-stack application-layer proxy?

    <p>To enable IPv6-only hosts to access IPv4-only services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of stateful autoconfiguration in IPv6?

    <p>To obtain interface addresses or configuration information from a DHCPv6 server</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which field in the IPv6 header specifies the maximum time a packet can exist in the network?

    <p>Hop Limit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum size of the payload in standard IPv6 packets?

    <p>64KiB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of inserting FF-FE in the middle of a MAC address to form an IPv6 address?

    <p>Universal/Local bit is set to 1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What replaces the protocol field in the IPv4 header in IPv6?

    <p>Next Header</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum size of the IPv6 packet header?

    <p>40 octets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of PMTU discovery in IPv6?

    <p>To discover the maximum transmission unit (MTU) of the path</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the flow label field in the IPv6 header?

    <p>To enable Quality of Service (QoS) management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    IPv6 Overview

    • IPv6 address space has 2^128 (approximately 3.4 x 10^38) possible addresses, ensuring that addresses are almost always available and making NAT unnecessary.
    • IPv6 has a larger address space than IPv4, which has only 2^32 (approximately 4.3 x 10^9) possible addresses.

    Advantages of IPv6

    • More efficient address space allocation
    • End-to-end addressing without NAT
    • Fragmentation only at the source host
    • Routers do not calculate header checksum
    • No broadcast, uses multicast instead
    • Built-in security mechanisms
    • Auto-configuration of addresses
    • Headers are modular/extensible

    IPv6 Protocols

    • IPv6 protocol mirrors the same purpose as IPv4 protocol
    • Defined in RFC 2460
    • Supports routing protocols:
      • RIPng (RIP New Generation)
      • OSPFv3
      • EIGRP for IPv6
      • IS-IS for IPv6
      • MP-BGP4 (Multiprotocol BGP-4)
    • ICMP upgraded to ICMPv6

    Importance of IPv6

    • IPv4 has shortcomings, creating the need for a replacement protocol
    • IPv6 defines addressing, subnetting, headers, and routing rules differently than IPv4
    • IPv6 handles addressing with 128-bit addresses, whereas IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses

    IPv6 Addressing

    • 128-bit length, divided into 64-bit network prefix and 64-bit host part
    • Typically represented as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits, separated by colons
    • Example of an IPv6 address: 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334

    IPv6 Address Types

    • Unique local addresses (FC00::/7): intended for non-routing purposes, nearly globally unique
    • Multicast (FF00::/8): delivered to all interfaces tuned into the multicast address
    • Anycast: delivered to only one device, referred to as "one-to-nearest" addresses

    IPv6 Address Assignments Options

    • Manual configuration: network administrator can manually configure IPv6 address to routers' interfaces
    • Stateless autoconfiguration: enables a host to generate its own addresses using local and non-local information
    • Modified EUI-64 (Extended Unique ID-64): 64-bit interface identifier derived from a 48-bit MAC address

    IPv6 Addressing

    • An IPv6 address is a 128-bit alphanumeric value that identifies an endpoint device in an IPv6 network.
    • IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long (as defined by RFC 4291), whereas IPv4 addresses are 32 bits.
    • IPv6 has enough room for 3.4×10^38 unique addresses.

    IPv6 Address Representation

    • An IPv6 address is represented as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits, each group representing 16 bits (two octets, a group sometimes also called a hextet).
    • The groups are separated by colons (:).
    • An example of an IPv6 address is: 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334

    IPv6 Address Types

    • IPv6 does not use any concept like the classful network concept used by IPv4.
    • IPv6 address types include:
      • Global Unicast Addresses (2000::/3)
      • Anycast Addresses
      • Multicast Addresses
    • Broadcasts have been eliminated in IPv6 because of their cumbersome inefficiency.

    Stateful Autoconfiguration

    • In the stateful autoconfiguration model, hosts obtain interface addresses or configuration information and parameters from a DHCPv6 server.
    • Servers maintain a database that checks which addresses have been assigned to which hosts.

    IPv6 Packet Header

    • The IPv6 packet header is composed of two main parts: the header and the payload.
    • The header contains:
      • Source and destination addresses (128 bits each)
      • Version (4-bit IP version)
      • Traffic class (8 bits, Packet Priority)
      • Flow label (20 bits, QoS management)
      • Payload length in bytes (16 bits)
      • Next header (8 bits)
      • Hop limit (8 bits, time to live)

    Fragmentation

    • Fragmentation is handled only in the sending host in IPv6: routers never fragment a packet.
    • Hosts are expected to use PMTU discovery.

    Transition Mechanisms

    • Transition mechanisms are needed to enable IPv6-only hosts to reach IPv4 services and to allow isolated IPv6 hosts and networks to reach the IPv6 Internet over the IPv4 infrastructure.
    • Transition mechanisms include:
      • Dual Stack
      • Tunneling
      • Automatic Tunneling
      • Configured Tunneling
      • Proxying and Translation

    Dual Stack

    • A dual stack is a network stack that supports both IPv4 and IPv6 while sharing most of the code.
    • A host implementing a dual stack is called a dual-stack host.

    Tunneling

    • Tunneling is a technique that allows an isolated host or network to use the existing IPv4 infrastructure to carry IPv6 packets.
    • IPv6 packets can be directly encapsulated within IPv4 packets using protocol number 41.
    • They can also be encapsulated within UDP packets.

    Automatic Tunneling

    • Automatic tunneling refers to a technique where the tunnel endpoints are automatically determined by the routing infrastructure.
    • The recommended technique for automatic tunneling is 6to4 tunneling, which uses protocol 41 encapsulation.

    Configured Tunneling

    • Configured tunneling is a technique where the tunnel endpoints are configured explicitly, either by a human operator or by an automatic service known as a Tunnel Broker.
    • Configured tunneling typically uses either protocol 41 (recommended) or raw UDP encapsulation.

    IPv6 Address Space

    • The IPv6 address space has a much larger capacity than IPv4, with 2^128 possible addresses, making NAT unnecessary
    • This large address space ensures that addresses are almost always available

    Advantages of IPv6

    • More efficient address space allocation
    • End-to-end addressing without NAT
    • Fragmentation only at the source host
    • Routers do not calculate header checksum
    • No broadcast, uses multicast instead
    • Built-in security mechanisms
    • Auto-configuration of addresses
    • Headers are modular/extensible

    IPv6 Protocols

    • Primary purpose of IPv6 protocol is the same as IPv4
    • RIPv3 (RIP New Generation), OSPFv3, EIGRP for IPv6, IS-IS for IPv6, and MP-BGP4 (Multiprotocol BGP-4) are supported routing protocols

    ICMPv6 and Neighbor Discovery Protocol

    • Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) was upgraded to ICMPv6 for IPv6
    • Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) was replaced by Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) for IPv6

    Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Version 6 (DHCPv6)

    • Configures Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) hosts with IP addresses, IP prefixes, and other configuration data
    • Equivalent to Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv4

    IPv6 Address Types

    • Unicast, multicast, and anycast addresses are supported in IPv6
    • Global unicast addresses are publicly routable and start with 2000::/3
    • Link-local addresses are not meant to be routed and start with FE80::/10
    • Unique local addresses are nearly globally unique and start with FC00::/7
    • Multicast addresses start with FF00::/8
    • Anycast addresses are delivered to the closest device and are referred to as "one-to-nearest" addresses

    IPv6 Address Assignments Options

    • Manual configuration: network administrator can manually configure IPv6 addresses to routers' interfaces
    • Stateless autoconfiguration: hosts can generate their own addresses using local and non-local information advertised by routers
    • Modified EUI-64 (Extended Unique ID-64): a 64-bit interface identifier can be derived from a 48-bit MAC address, with the Universal/Local bit inverted

    IPv6 Addressing

    • An IPv6 address is a 128-bit alphanumeric value that identifies an endpoint device in an IPv6 network.
    • IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long (as defined by RFC 4291), whereas IPv4 addresses are 32 bits.
    • IPv6 has enough room for 3.4×10^38 unique addresses.

    IPv6 Address Representation

    • An IPv6 address is represented as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits, each group representing 16 bits (two octets, a group sometimes also called a hextet).
    • The groups are separated by colons (:).
    • An example of an IPv6 address is: 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334

    IPv6 Address Types

    • IPv6 does not use any concept like the classful network concept used by IPv4.
    • IPv6 address types include:
      • Global Unicast Addresses (2000::/3)
      • Anycast Addresses
      • Multicast Addresses
    • Broadcasts have been eliminated in IPv6 because of their cumbersome inefficiency.

    Stateful Autoconfiguration

    • In the stateful autoconfiguration model, hosts obtain interface addresses or configuration information and parameters from a DHCPv6 server.
    • Servers maintain a database that checks which addresses have been assigned to which hosts.

    IPv6 Packet Header

    • The IPv6 packet header is composed of two main parts: the header and the payload.
    • The header contains:
      • Source and destination addresses (128 bits each)
      • Version (4-bit IP version)
      • Traffic class (8 bits, Packet Priority)
      • Flow label (20 bits, QoS management)
      • Payload length in bytes (16 bits)
      • Next header (8 bits)
      • Hop limit (8 bits, time to live)

    Fragmentation

    • Fragmentation is handled only in the sending host in IPv6: routers never fragment a packet.
    • Hosts are expected to use PMTU discovery.

    Transition Mechanisms

    • Transition mechanisms are needed to enable IPv6-only hosts to reach IPv4 services and to allow isolated IPv6 hosts and networks to reach the IPv6 Internet over the IPv4 infrastructure.
    • Transition mechanisms include:
      • Dual Stack
      • Tunneling
      • Automatic Tunneling
      • Configured Tunneling
      • Proxying and Translation

    Dual Stack

    • A dual stack is a network stack that supports both IPv4 and IPv6 while sharing most of the code.
    • A host implementing a dual stack is called a dual-stack host.

    Tunneling

    • Tunneling is a technique that allows an isolated host or network to use the existing IPv4 infrastructure to carry IPv6 packets.
    • IPv6 packets can be directly encapsulated within IPv4 packets using protocol number 41.
    • They can also be encapsulated within UDP packets.

    Automatic Tunneling

    • Automatic tunneling refers to a technique where the tunnel endpoints are automatically determined by the routing infrastructure.
    • The recommended technique for automatic tunneling is 6to4 tunneling, which uses protocol 41 encapsulation.

    Configured Tunneling

    • Configured tunneling is a technique where the tunnel endpoints are configured explicitly, either by a human operator or by an automatic service known as a Tunnel Broker.
    • Configured tunneling typically uses either protocol 41 (recommended) or raw UDP encapsulation.

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    ch2.pdf

    Description

    This quiz covers the differences in address space between IPv4 and IPv6, including the limited availability of IPv4 addresses and the use of network address translation (NAT).

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