IoT Devices and Arduino Basics

Basic Building Blocks of an IoT Device

• Sensors: Devices that detect physical parameters like temperature, light, motion, and convert into electrical signals.
• Actuators: Devices that receive electrical signals and produce a physical response by controlling motors, valves, lights, or other devices.
• Microcontrollers: Small computers that control and manage the overall functioning of the IoT device.

Introduction to Arduino

• An open-source platform for building electronics projects, ideal for IoT prototyping.
• Offers a microcontroller board and development environment to write code for controlling sensors and actuators.
• Users can write code for various IoT tasks like data acquisition, transmission, and actuation.

Interfacing of Sensors and Actuators with Arduino

• Arduino boards have analog and digital input/output pins for connecting sensors and actuators.
• Sensors like temperature, humidity, and pressure sensors generate analog readings that need to be converted using analog-to-digital converters (ADCs).
• Actuators like motors and LEDs are controlled by sending digital signals through specific pins.

Introduction to Raspberry Pi

• Small, affordable, and versatile computer that provides a powerful platform for developing IoT applications.
• Possesses more processing power and memory compared to Arduino boards.
• Supports various programming languages and operating systems, enabling the development of more complex IoT solutions.

Implementation of IoT with Raspberry Pi

• Runs various IoT protocols like MQTT, HTTP, and others for communication between devices.
• Can connect to cloud services like AWS, Azure, or other platforms for storing and analyzing data.
• Can be used to build smart home devices, environmental monitoring systems, and more.

Fog Computing

• A distributed computing paradigm where processing and data storage occur closer to the edge of the network.
• Offers advantages like reduced latency, improved bandwidth efficiency, and enhanced data privacy.
• Examples include edge servers, gateways, and even smart devices themselves.

IoT Data Link Layer and Network Layer Protocols

• Physical Layer (PHY) and Media Access Control (MAC): Responsible for managing communication over the wireless medium.

  • IEEE 802.11: Wi-Fi standard for wireless networking, providing high bandwidth and long range.
  • IEEE 802.15: Family of standards covering various short-range wireless technologies, including Bluetooth and ZigBee.

• WIRELESSHART: A wireless protocol for industrial automation, offering reliability and security for process control applications.

• Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE): An energy-efficient version of Bluetooth designed for low-power, short-range communication, ideal for wearables and smart home devices.

• Network Layer: Responsible for routing and addressing data packets across the network.

  • IPv6: The latest version of the Internet Protocol, offering a wider address space and enhanced security features.
  • 6LoWPAN: An adaptation of IPv6 for use in low-power, low-bandwidth networks, enabling IPv6 connectivity in resource-constrained IoT devices.

Introduction to Arduino

• Arduino is a popular microcontroller platform used for developing and prototyping electronics projects.
• Arduino boards are easy to use and program, making them a popular choice for hobbyists and makers.

Interfacing of sensors and actuators with Arduino

• Arduino can be used to interface with various sensors and actuators.
• Sensors provide data about physical conditions, such as temperature or light.
• Actuators are devices that can control physical systems, such as motors or LEDs.

Introduction to Raspberry Pi

• Raspberry Pi is a credit card-sized computer known for its versatility and affordability.
• It can be used for a wide range of tasks, including general computing, robotics, and IoT projects.

Implementation of IoT with Raspberry Pi

• Raspberry Pi can be used as the central processing unit (CPU) for an IoT system.
• It can collect data from sensors, process it, and send it to a cloud server or other devices.
• It can also control actuators based on received instructions.

Fog Computing

• Fog computing extends cloud computing services to the edge of the network, closer to data sources and users.
• It provides distributed processing and storage capabilities, eliminating latency and improving performance.

IoT data link layer & network layer protocols

• PHY/MAC layer protocols in IoT:
  • IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi): a common wireless standard for IoT devices.
  • IEEE 802.15 (Bluetooth): used for short-range communication.
• Wireless HART is a wireless protocol used for industrial automation.
• Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is a power-efficient version of Bluetooth designed for low-power devices.
• Network layer protocols:
  • IPV6: a new generation of the Internet Protocol (IP) that addresses the growing demand for IP addresses.
  • 6LOWPAN: a protocol that adapts IPV6 for use in low-power, constrained networks (e.g., IoT networks).