IoT Chapter Questions and Answers

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the network of physical devices, vehicles, buildings, and other items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and connectivity that enables these objects to collect and exchange data.

IPv6 is the next generation of the Internet Protocol (IP) that is designed to handle a vast number of devices connected to the internet, addressing the limitations of IPv4.

Common security challenges in IoT include: 1) Limited processing power of devices makes them vulnerable to attacks. 2) Lack of standardization and interoperability can lead to security gaps. 3) Privacy threats and data breaches can occur due to collection and storage of sensitive data.

Lightweight cryptographic algorithms are designed to minimize processing and memory usage while maintaining a reasonable level of security, suitable for resource-constrained IoT devices.

Secure communication in IoT involves guaranteeing: 1) Confidentiality: The data exchanged between devices remains private. 2) Integrity: The data remains unaltered during transmission. 3) Authenticity: The identity of the sender and receiver is confirmed.

Malicious substitution attack involves replacing a legitimate smart device with a compromised one, such as a router, during installation, providing attackers with access to the network.

DTLS (Datagram Transport Layer Security) is a protocol specifically designed for secure communication over the Datagram protocol, used in IoT for reliable and confidential data transmission.

CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol) is a lightweight communication protocol designed for resource-constrained devices in IoT, enabling efficient data transfer over wireless networks and low-power devices.

6LoWPAN aims to make IPv6 work on resource-constrained devices with limited bandwidth and power by compressing IPv6 headers, making it more suitable for the Internet of Things (IoT).

PRESENT is a lightweight block cipher designed for constrained environments with limited processing power and memory, making it suitable for securing resource-constrained IoT devices.

A Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) attack targets unprotected communication channels in IoT by intercepting and altering data exchange between devices, jeopardizing data security and privacy.

Forward secrecy ensures that old group members cannot access current communication even if the encryption keys are compromised, safeguarding ongoing communications in dynamic IoT environments.

RSA encryption, while efficient, is computationally intensive for resource-constrained IoT devices, requiring significant processing power, which can make it impractical for small devices.

PRESENT is a lightweight block cipher algorithm specifically designed for constrained environments with limited resources, commonly found in IoT devices.

Homomorphic encryption enables computation on encrypted data without the need for decryption, allowing secure data processing and analysis while maintaining privacy in IoT applications.

A Security Gateway in IoT networks acts as a firewall to prevent unauthorized access to internal networks, securing the IoT ecosystem by enforcing security policies and controlling communication flow.

A cryptographic protocol designed to provide a secure and reliable transport layer for Internet of Things (IoT) devices. It uses a secure handshake and encryption to ensure data integrity and confidentiality over unreliable network connections.

A symmetric block cipher algorithm used for data encryption in various applications, including IoT. It encrypts data in blocks of a fixed size using a shared secret key.

A cryptographic key exchange technique used in secure communications—including IoT—that allows two parties to establish a shared secret key over an insecure communication channel without revealing the key itself.

A cryptographic hash function that converts any data input into a fixed-size output known as a hash value. This hash value helps to ensure that the data's integrity is preserved and that it hasn't been altered during transmission.

Cryptographic algorithms designed specifically for resource-constrained devices like those found in the Internet of Things (IoT). These algorithms use features such as small key sizes, low power consumption, and reduced complexity to achieve efficient security with limited resources.

A security protocol designed to provide secure communication between two parties, ensuring data confidentiality, integrity, and authentication. It works by establishing a secure tunnel over an insecure network, protecting data transmitted over that tunnel.

A cryptographic method that relies on the mathematics of elliptic curves to generate public and private key pairs for encryption and digital signatures. It is considered more efficient and secure than RSA while requiring less computational power, making it well-suited for resource-constrained devices like those used in IoT.

A cryptographic algorithm designed for specific security needs in the Internet of Things (IoT). It addresses the challenge of providing a secure and efficient encryption solution for constrained devices with limited resources.

TEA is a block cipher that operates on 64-bit blocks of data and uses a 128-bit key.

IPSec's computationally intensive algorithms can be a challenge for resource-constrained IoT devices. It demands high processing power and energy, which can be problematic in resource-limited scenarios.

HIP is a protocol used to manage host identities and is integrated with IPSec for authentication and key management.

RSA is a public-key cryptosystem based on modular exponentiation, using two large prime numbers to create keys for encrypting and decrypting data.

DTLS is not compatible with multicast communication, which involves transmitting data to multiple recipients simultaneously.

Symmetric-key cryptography uses the same key for encryption and decryption, and TEA falls into this category.

Lightweight cryptography in IoT aims to strike a balance between security strength and the resource constraints of IoT devices.

PRESENT is a lightweight block cipher that uses substitution-permutation networks (SPNs), similar to AES, but with a smaller block size and key length.

Fully homomorphic encryption allows both addition and multiplication operations to be performed on encrypted data, while partially homomorphic encryption only permits one of these operations.

The Diffie-Hellman protocol enables two parties to establish a shared secret key over an insecure channel, enabling secure communication in the Internet of Things (IoT).

Group-key distribution in IoT networks provides several key features. It ensures backward secrecy, meaning past communications remain secure even if a key is compromised. It provides forward secrecy, keeping future communications secure even if a current key is compromised. It efficiently manages updates to cryptographic material, ensuring smooth transitions for security.

A significant challenge in IoT key management is securely distributing keys to constrained devices, often with limited computational power and memory.

Hash functions are cryptographic tools used to generate a unique fingerprint of a message, ensuring its integrity. Any alteration in the message will result in a different hash value, enabling detection of tampering.

RSA is an asymmetric-key encryption method, meaning it uses separate keys for encryption and decryption. This is in contrast to symmetric-key methods like TEA, AES, and PRESENT.

Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is suitable for IoT because it achieves the same security level as RSA but with shorter keys, leading to less resource consumption on constrained IoT devices.

Lightweight cryptographic hash functions like SPONGENT and PHOTON are designed to minimize hardware and energy consumption in IoT devices with limited resources, enabling secure operations without compromising device performance.