Ions, pH, Water, and Molecules

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following molecules contains both an amino group and an acidic group, and is a building block for proteins like hemoglobin, insulin, and trypsin?

  • Phospholipid
  • Triglyceride
  • Carbohydrate
  • Amino acid (correct)

A molecule that has undergone at least one dehydration reaction can be classified as a monomer.

False (B)

What type of molecule forms the lipid bilayer of a cell's plasma membrane?

phospholipid

The molecule that is the major storage form of energy in animal cells is known as ____________.

<p>glycogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is a precursor to steroid hormones like testosterone and progesterone?

<p>Cholesterol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of molecules with their primary function or characteristic:

<p>Carbohydrate = Provides a primary energy source for cells Lipid = Provides long-term energy storage Protein = Provides building blocks for tissues Nucleic Acid = Stores information and facilitates protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Carbon is known for its ability to form a variety of complex molecules. What property of carbon is MOST responsible for this?

<p>Its ability to form four covalent bonds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many covalent bonds does a nitrogen atom typically form in organic molecules, and why?

<p>3 bonds, due to having 5 valence electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

An uncharged carbon atom has six protons and six neutrons. How many electrons does it have?

<p>6 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Isomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas and properties.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed when two atoms share electrons to fill their valence shells?

<p>covalent bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

A substance that minimizes changes in pH when acids or bases are added to a solution is called a ______.

<p>buffer</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following functional groups with their corresponding chemical formula:

<p>Hydroxyl = -OH Carbonyl = &gt;CO Carboxyl = -COOH Amino = -NH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom typically form?

<p>4 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following forces contributes LEAST to the stability of a protein's tertiary structure?

<p>Peptide bonds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the sequence of amino acids in a protein and the function of that protein?

<p>The sequence of amino acids encodes the information necessary for the protein to fold into a specific three-dimensional shape, which determines its function. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

ATP contains an element not found in triglycerides. Which element is it?

<p>Phosphorus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A diagram depicts a molecule with a base connected to a pentose sugar, and one to three phosphate groups attached. What does this molecule represent?

<p>Nucleotide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of, or does not contain, a steroid?

<p>A polysaccharide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which biological molecule contains nitrogen but not starch?

<p>Nitrogen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules does not exhibit hydrogen bonding?

<p>Triglyceride (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which components are found in a nucleotide?

<p>A phosphate group, a nitrogenous base, and a ribose sugar (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural component differs between RNA and DNA?

<p>The pentose sugar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nitrogenous base is typically found in RNA but not in DNA?

<p>Uracil (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Proton's charge

Positive charge

Electron's charge

Negative charge

Neutron's charge

No charge (neutral)

Atom vs. Ion (Potassium)

Same protons, different electrons

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Buffer

Resists large pH changes

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pH increase from 9 to 12

1000 times more basic

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Bond within water molecule

Covalent bond

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Bond between water molecules

Hydrogen bond

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Neutral Atom

In an atom, the positively charged protons are balanced by the negatively charged electrons, resulting in a net neutral charge.

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Water molecule attraction

The slight negative charge on oxygen and slight positive charge on hydrogen attract different water molecules.

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Effect of HCl on pH

The pH will decrease, becoming more acidic, because hydrogen chloride (HCl) is a strong acid that releases hydrogen ions ($H^+$) in water.

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Bond X (Water)

Hydrogen bond.

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Carbo-loading

Runners eat carbohydrates before a marathon to store energy in the form of glycogen, which can be broken down into glucose for quick energy during the race.

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Sucrose Formula

When glucose and fructose combine to form sucrose, a water molecule ($H_2O$) is removed through a dehydration reaction. Thus, the formula is not a direct sum.

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Phospholipid parts

A phospholipid contains a phosphate group, a glycerol molecule, and two fatty acids.

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Amino acid definition

Amino acid.

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Nucleotide

A molecule containing a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one to three phosphate groups.

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Triglyceride elements

Contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but notably lacks nitrogen.

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Nitrogen in biomolecules

RNA and proteins both have this in their primary structure.

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Hydrogen bonding

A covalent bond, but not an actual bond

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RNA vs DNA

A pentose sugar is what make the two nucleotide molecules different.

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Uracil vs. Thymine

Uracil (U) is typically only useful for RNA synthesis.

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Hydrogen bonds hold?

Guanine with Cytosine

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Glucose test-kits

Glucose tests need specific equipment.

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Study Notes

  • Electric charges of subatomic particles: protons are positive, electrons are negative, neutrons have no charge.
  • Potassium atoms and potassium ions both have the same number of protons, but a different number of electrons.
  • A buffer resists large changes in pH.
  • pH rises from 9 to 12:
    • The solution becomes 1000 times more basic.
  • Bonding within a water molecule is covalent, while bonding between two water molecules is hydrogen.
  • Hydrophilic molecules are polar and water-loving, while hydrophobic molecules are nonpolar and water-fearing.
  • Polymer and corresponding monomer: protein and amino acid.
  • Reactions producing water molecule: formation of a peptide bond between alanine and lysine.
  • Example of dehydration reaction: conversion of monosaccharides into polysaccharides.
  • Glucose, ribose, and sucrose are classified as carbohydrates.
  • Glucose, ribose, and sucrose have twice as many hydrogen atoms as oxygen atoms.
  • Bonding glucose and ribose results in a disaccharide.
  • Hydrolysis of a triglyceride gives you three fatty acids and a glycerol molecule, requiring three water molecules.
  • Unsaturated fats contain more hydrogen atoms compared to saturated fats.
  • Distinction between phospholipid and triglyceride: A phospholipid has a phosphate group, while a triglyceride has a fatty acid.
  • Cholesterol can be converted into the female sex hormone estrogen.
  • Polymer produced from a molecule: stores genetic information.
  • A substance produced from the molecule is keratin.
  • In a dehydration reaction with radioactive nitrogen-15, the nitrogen would likely be incorporated into insulin.
  • Bond X in the diagram is a peptide bond.
  • The R group makes each subunit unique from the other subunits.
  • The "H" attached to the central carbon represents the R group.
  • Hydrolysis of the molecule will produce amino acids.
  • There are 4 monomers present in the molecule.
  • Hydrogen bonding is responsible for the alpha helix structure between the subunits of the molecule.
  • Primary structure of a protein is determined by the linear sequence of amino acids.
  • Proteins have different functions due to polypeptide chains that fold differently because of hydrogen bonding and have different amino acid sequences.
  • When ATP breaks down to ADP, energy is released.
  • The element present in ATP, but not in a triglyceride, is phosphorus.
  • The molecule represents a nucleotide.
  • Structure B is a nitrogenous base.
  • Glycogen is another biological molecule that has structure B.
  • Nitrogen is present in RNA and a protein but not in starch.
  • Triglycerides do not have hydrogen bonding.
  • The components of a nucleotide may include a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base, and a ribose sugar.
  • The component that is different between RNA and DNA is the pentose sugar.
  • The base usually used to synthesize RNA, but not DNA, is uracil.
  • Components of DNA held together by hydrogen bonds: cytosine and guanine.
  • Glucose in juice can be tested using safety goggles, juice, Benedict's solution, test tube, test tube tongs, graduated cylinder, hot plate, beaker, water, rubber gloves.
  • Molecules matched to their descriptions:
    • Building block of phospholipid (5, 7).
    • Monomer of collagen / keratin (4).
    • Carbohydrates (1, 2, 3, 6, 8).
    • Precursor to testosterone/progesterone (11).
    • Long-term energy storage in plants (14).
    • In phospholipids and triglycerides (7).
    • Structural support in plant cell wall (1).
    • Primary energy source (2).
    • Molecule with amino and acidic group (4).
    • Major storage form of energy in animals (3).
    • Already undergone dehydration reaction (9, 10, 12, 13, 14).
    • Building block for hemoglobin, insulin, trypsin (4).
    • Inorganic for most chemical reactions in the body (5).

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