Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which statement accurately describes kainate receptors?

  • Kainate receptors are impermeable to Na+ and K+.
  • Kainate receptors primarily allow the flow of Ca2+ ions.
  • Kainate receptors are exclusive to the GluK1 subunit only.
  • Kainate receptors can be activated by domoic acid. (correct)

    • What is a potential consequence of excessive glutamate receptor activation?

  • Increased neuronal repair processes.
  • Decreased susceptibility to neurotoxins.
  • Excitotoxicity resulting from elevated intracellular Ca2+. (correct)
  • Enhanced synaptic transmission and plasticity.

    • Which of the following statements about GluD1 and GluD2 is correct?

  • GluD1 and GluD2 are primarily responsible for excitotoxicity.
  • GluD1 and GluD2 may play a role in synaptic plasticity. (correct)
  • GluD1 and GluD2 are only associated with epilepsy.
  • GluD1 and GluD2 are confirmed ligand-binding receptors.

    • Which neurotoxin is specifically an analogue of glutamate?

    <p>Domoic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is associated with mutations in the GluA3 subunit?

    <p>X-linked mental retardation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the NMDA receptor's activation mechanism?

    <p>Requires binding of both glutamate and glycine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What channels are NMDA receptors highly permeable to?

    <p>Ca2+ primarily, along with Na+ and K+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does ketamine play in relation to the NMDA receptor?

    <p>Open channel blocker at NMDA receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which NMDA receptor subunit mutation is associated with focal epilepsy?

    <p>GluN2A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant characteristic of AMPA receptors?

    <p>They have low potency to agonists like kainate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amantadine acts as a channel blocker at NMDA receptors. What is its other significant use?

    <p>Antiviral treatment for influenza</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Kainate receptors are associated with which of the following characteristics?

    <p>Can form homo-oligomers of GluK subunits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature differentiates AMPA receptors from NMDA receptors?

    <p>AMPA receptors have minimal permeability to Ca2+.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptors do ionotropic glutamate receptors belong to?

    <p>Ligand-gated ion channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following subunits is NOT part of the NMDA receptor composition?

    <p>GluA1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cation has high permeability at NMDA receptors?

    <p>Ca2+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ionotropic glutamate receptor primarily mediates fast excitatory neurotransmission?

    <p>AMPA receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of ionotropic glutamate receptors' structure?

    <p>They consist of four protein subunits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug acts as an open channel blocker at NMDA receptors?

    <p>Ketamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor type contains glutamate as its primary ligand?

    <p>Ionotropic glutamate receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding kainate receptors?

    <p>They allow some calcium ion permeability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance is described as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system?

    <p>L-Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action does Sodium Valproate perform in relation to glutamate?

    <p>Stimulates glutamate decarboxylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors

    • Ionotropic glutamate receptors are a type of ligand-gated ion channel, which are activated by the neurotransmitter glutamate.
    • There are three main types of ionotropic glutamate receptors: NMDA, AMPA and Kainate.
    • Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
    • Ionotropic glutamate receptors are tetramers, composed of four protein subunits.
    • The subunits can be either homo-oligomers (AMPA receptors), or hetero-oligomers (NMDA, kainate receptors).

    NMDA Receptors

    • NMDA receptors are composed of GluN1, GluN2A, GluN2B, GluN2C, GluN2D, GluN3A, and GluN3B subunits.
    • NMDA Receptors are permeable to sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and calcium (Ca2+).
    • Activation of NMDA receptors requires binding of both glutamate and the co-agonist glycine.
    • NMDA receptors have a magnesium (Mg2+) block, which is relieved upon membrane depolarization.
    • The channel is then able to conduct, allowing calcium to flow into the cell, which mediates long-term potentiation (LTP).
    • Ketamine acts as an open channel blocker at NMDA receptors, used as an anaesthetic.
    • Amantadine acts as a channel blocker at NMDA receptor, used to treat Parkinson's disease.

    AMPA Receptors

    • AMPA receptors are made up of GluA1, GluA2, GluA3 and GluA4 subunits.
    • AMPA receptors are permeable to Na+, K+, and some Ca2+.

    Kainate Receptors

    • Kainate receptors can be expressed as homooligomers of GluK1, GluK2, or GluK3 subunits.
    • Kainate receptors are permeable to Na+ and K+, with little permeability to Ca2+.

    GluD1 and GluD2

    • GluD1 and GluD2 are 'orphan' receptor subunits with no confirmed ligand.
    • May be involved in synaptic plasticity.

    Drug Targets: AMPA, Kainate, and NMDA Receptors

    • Excitotoxicity: can occur from a rise in intracellular Ca2+ due to glutamate receptor activation.
    • Neurotoxins: domoic acid, β-N-oxylaminoalanine (BOAA) and β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) all act as glutamate analogues, and can cause excitotoxicity.
    • Ischaemic neuronal death: NMDA and AMPA receptors have been shown to be involved in this pathway.
    • Phencyclidine (PCP) and Ketamine are channel blockers at NMDA receptors, used as dissociative anaesthetics.
    • Mutations in glutamate receptors have been associated with epilepsy.

    Domoic Acid Poisoning

    • Domoic acid is a neurotoxin from the seaweed Pseudo-nitzschia.
    • Found in mussels, and can cause domoic acid poisoning.

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    Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors 2024 PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the fundamental aspects of ionotropic glutamate receptors, focusing on NMDA, AMPA, and Kainate types. It delves into their structure, activation mechanisms, and ion permeability. Ideal for students or enthusiasts in neuroscience looking to deepen their understanding of these critical components of the central nervous system.

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