Ionic Bonding and Chemical Charges
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following functional groups is NOT directly involved in the formation of a peptide bond?

  • Phosphate group (correct)
  • Carboxyl group
  • Amino group
  • Sulfhydryl group (correct)

Which molecule is the backbone of triglycerides, responsible for linking three fatty acids?

  • Glycerol (correct)
  • Glucose
  • Amino acid
  • Phosphate

Which of the following is NOT a type of carbohydrate?

  • Polysaccharide
  • Steroid (correct)
  • Disaccharide
  • Monosaccharide

What is the primary function of enzymes in biological reactions?

<p>Lowering the activation energy of reactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following functional groups is associated with making a molecule acidic?

<p>Carboxyl group (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects enzyme activity?

<p>Cellular volume (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct chemical formula for glycerol?

<p>C₃H₈O₃ (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bond is formed between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid?

<p>Peptide bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which biological compound is detected using Lugol's solution in a positive test?

<p>Starch (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of lipids in biological systems?

<p>Energy storage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the formation of an ester bond, which two functional groups are involved in the reaction?

<p>Alcohol and acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of carbohydrate is found in cell walls of plants?

<p>Cellulose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common example of a phospholipid?

<p>Lecithin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the R-group in an amino acid?

<p>Determines the amino acid's polarity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chemical test is used to detect the presence of proteins in a sample?

<p>Biuret's test (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a product formed when glycerol is oxidized to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)?

<p>ATP (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of passive transport?

<p>Active Transport (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does increasing temperature affect the rate of passive transport?

<p>Increases the rate, as molecules move faster. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which oxygen enters cells for cellular respiration?

<p>Simple Diffusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of an allosteric inhibitor in an enzymatic reaction?

<p>Bind to a site other than the active site and change the enzyme's shape, altering its activity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors would INCREASE the rate of passive transport?

<p>Increase in surface area. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of charge does sodium (Na) form when it loses an electron?

<p>Cation with a +1 charge (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the charge of an ion formed by elements in Group 16 (Chalcogens) when they gain electrons?

<p>-2 charge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can you determine the charge of an ion formed by Group 1 elements?

<p>Charge is equal to the group number (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes transition metals in terms of their ionic charge?

<p>They can have multiple oxidation states (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the resultant charge for chlorine when it gains one electron?

<p>-1 charge (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes polyatomic ions?

<p>Are formed by a single group of atoms (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What charge does a Group 17 (Halogen) element typically form?

<p>-1 charge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the charge on the ion formed by calcium when it loses two electrons?

<p>+2 charge (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a base?

<p>Conducts electricity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the formation of an ionic bond?

<p>Transfer of electrons between a metal and a nonmetal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bond is responsible for holding water molecules together?

<p>Hydrogen Bond (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed when two nonmetals share electrons?

<p>Covalent Bond (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between hydrolysis and condensation reactions?

<p>Hydrolysis breaks down molecules, while condensation builds them up. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following functional groups is polar and hydrophilic?

<p>Hydroxyl group (-OH) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a redox reaction, the substance that gains electrons is called the ______.

<p>Oxidizing agent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following equations represents a neutralization reaction?

<p>HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2O (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the pH scale?

<p>A pH of 7 is neutral (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of intermolecular force?

<p>Ionic bonding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the reaction 2Na + Cl2 -> 2NaCl, which element is oxidized?

<p>Sodium (Na) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the charge of the ammonium ion (NH4+)?

<p>+1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the charge of the sulfate ion (SO42-)?

<p>-2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of strong acids?

<p>They ionize completely in water. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a redox reaction?

<p>H2O + CO2 -&gt; H2CO3 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of bonds is the strongest intermolecular force?

<p>Hydrogen Bonds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Group 1: Alkali Metals

Elements in this group lose one electron to form cations with a +1 charge. Example: Sodium (Na) becomes Na⁺.

Group 2: Alkaline Earth Metals

Elements in this group lose two electrons to form cations with a +2 charge. Example: Calcium (Ca) becomes Ca²⁺.

Transition Metals

These elements form cations with varying charges. The charge is usually provided in the question. Example: Iron (Fe) can be Fe²⁺ or Fe³⁺.

Group 17: Halogens

Elements in this group gain one electron to form anions with a -1 charge. Example: Chlorine (Cl) becomes Cl⁻.

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Group 16: Chalcogens

Elements in this group gain two electrons to form anions with a -2 charge. Example: Oxygen (O) becomes O²⁻.

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Group 15: Nitrogen Group

Elements in this group gain three electrons to form anions with a -3 charge. Example: Nitrogen (N) becomes N³⁻.

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Cations

Ions formed when elements lose electrons. They have a positive charge. Example: Na⁺, Ca²⁺.

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Anions

Ions formed when elements gain electrons. They have a negative charge Example: Cl⁻, O²⁻.

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Passive Transport

Movement of substances across a membrane without requiring energy (ATP).

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Simple Diffusion

Movement of small molecules (like oxygen or carbon dioxide) directly through the cell membrane.

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Facilitated Diffusion

Movement of large molecules across a membrane with the help of transport proteins.

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Osmosis

The movement of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration.

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Concentration Gradient

The rate of passive transport increases as the difference in concentration between two areas increases.

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Carboxyl Group (-COOH)

A chemical group that makes a molecule acidic.

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Amino Group (-NH2)

A chemical group that makes a molecule basic.

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Macromolecule

A large biological molecule formed by the polymerization of smaller monomers.

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Carbohydrates

A type of macromolecule that serves as building materials for energy. They are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

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Monosaccharides

A monomer of carbohydrates, the simplest form of carbohydrate.

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Disaccharides

A type of carbohydrate formed by the linkage of two monosaccharides.

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Oligosaccharides

A type of carbohydrate formed by the linkage of 3 to 10 monosaccharides.

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Polysaccharides

A type of carbohydrate formed by the linkage of many monosaccharides. They are complex and often serve as energy storage or structural components.

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Proteins

A type of macromolecule that is crucial for almost all cellular activities, such as enzymes, immunoglobulins, hemoglobin, keratin, and fibrin.

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Amino Acids

The monomers that make up proteins, linked by peptide bonds.

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Lipids

A type of macromolecule that provides insulation, cell membrane structure, and raw materials for hormones.

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Glycerol

A three-carbon alcohol that serves as the backbone molecule for triglycerides.

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Triglycerides

A type of lipid that is composed of a glycerol molecule linked to three fatty acid chains. It is a major form of energy storage in the body.

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Phospholipids

A type of lipid that is a major component of cell membranes. They have a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail.

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Steroids

A type of lipid that has a characteristic four-ring structure. They are important in hormone production, cell signaling, and membrane structure.

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Covalent Bond

A type of chemical bond where two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.

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Non-polar Covalent Bond

A type of bond formed between two non-metals where electrons are shared equally.

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Polar Covalent Bond

A type of bond formed between two non-metals where electrons are shared unequally.

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London Dispersion Forces

A weak attraction between molecules with temporary dipoles caused by the movement of electrons.

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Hydrogen Bond

A type of bond formed between an electropositive hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom like oxygen, fluorine, or chlorine.

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Intermolecular forces

These forces occur between molecules and are weaker than those within a molecule.

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Hydrolysis

The process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones using water.

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Condensation (Dehydration Synthesis)

The opposite of hydrolysis, where two smaller molecules combine to form a larger one, releasing a water molecule.

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Redox Reaction

A type of reaction that involves the transfer of electrons between substances.

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Oxidation

The process of losing electrons.

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Reduction

The process of gaining electrons.

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Reducing Agent

The substance that loses electrons in a redox reaction.

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Oxidizing Agent

The substance that gains electrons in a redox reaction.

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Neutralization Reaction

A reaction where an acid and a base react to produce salt and water.

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Acids

Substances that release hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water.

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Bases

Substances that release hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.

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Study Notes

Ionic Bonding and Charges

  • Elements in Group 1 (Alkali metals) lose one electron to form +1 cations (e.g., Na⁺).
  • Elements in Group 2 (Alkaline earth metals) lose two electrons to form +2 cations (e.g., Ca²⁺).
  • Transition metals can form various cations (e.g., Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺). Charges are usually specified.
  • Elements in Group 17 (Halogens) gain one electron to form -1 anions (e.g., Cl⁻).
  • Elements in Group 16 (Chalcogens) gain two electrons to form -2 anions (e.g., O²⁻).
  • Elements in Group 15 (Nitrogen group) gain three electrons to form -3 anions (e.g., N³⁻).
  • Metals form cations; nonmetals form anions.
  • Transition metals have multiple oxidation states.
  • Polyatomic ions (e.g., SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻) contain multiple atoms and have specific charges.
  • For groups 1 and 2 metals, the charge equals their group number.
  • For nonmetals (right side), subtract the group number from 8 to get the charge.

Types of Chemical Bonds

  • Dipole-Dipole Interactions: Medium strength; hold polar molecules together.
  • Ionic Bonds: Transfer of electrons between a metal and a nonmetal; creates cations (+) and anions (-).
  • Polar Covalent Bonds: Unequal sharing of electrons; creates a slightly positive and slightly negative end of the molecule.
  • Hydrogen Bonds: Strongest intermolecular bond; between electropositive hydrogen and electronegative atoms (O, Cl, F).
  • London Dispersion Forces: Weak forces holding nonpolar molecules together.
  • Covalent Bonds: Sharing of electrons between nonmetals; can be single, double, or triple bonds.
  • Intermolecular Bonds: Bonds between molecules (different from intramolecular bonds within a molecule).

Biochemical Reactions

  • Hydrolysis: Breaking down molecules using water. Example: Digestion.
  • Condensation (Dehydration Synthesis): Joining molecules and releasing water. Opposite of hydrolysis.
  • Oxidation: Losing electrons or adding oxygen; Reduction is gaining electrons or losing oxygen.
  • Redox Reactions: Electron transfer; one substance is oxidized, the other reduced.
    • Oxidizing agent gains electrons; reducing agent loses electrons.
    • Oxidation state changes are key to identifying the agents.
  • Neutralization: Acid and base reaction; produces water and salt.

Properties of Acids and Bases

  • Acids: Increase [H⁺]; sour taste, conduct electricity, turn litmus red, pH < 7.
  • Bases: Increase [OH⁻]; bitter taste, slippery feel, turn litmus blue, pH > 7.
  • pH Scale: Measures [H⁺] in solution; pH = -log₁₀[H⁺]. Strong acids/bases ionize completely.

Functional Groups in Macromolecules

  • Hydroxyl (-OH): Polar, hydrophilic; increases water solubility.
  • Sulfhydryl (-SH): Polar, hydrophilic; important in protein structure.
  • Carbonyl (C=O): Polar, hydrophilic; increases molecule polarity.
  • Carboxyl (-COOH): Acidic, polar, hydrophilic; makes the molecule acidic.
  • Amino (-NH₂): Basic, polar, hydrophilic; makes the molecule basic.
  • Phosphate (-PO₄): Acidic, hydrophilic; involved in energy transfer (e.g., ATP).

Macromolecules

  • Carbohydrates: Building materials and energy source.
    • Simple: Monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides.
    • Complex: Polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, chitin, glycogen).
  • Proteins: Involved in many cellular functions (enzymes, antibodies, etc.).
    • Made of amino acid monomers linked by peptide bonds. Structure determined by R group.
  • Lipids: Insulation, cell membrane structure, hormones.
    • Fats (triglycerides): Glycerol backbone with three fatty acids.
    • Phospholipids, steroids, waxes.
    • Glycerol: Three carbon alcohol; part of triglycerides; can be metabolized for energy. Undergoes redox reactions like conversion to DHAP. A precursor to other molecules.

Testing for Biological Compounds

  • Carbohydrates: Benedict's reagent (blue to orange/red); Iodine test (brown to purple-black).
  • Lipids: Sudan IV test (pink to red).
  • Proteins: Biuret's test (light blue to deep purple).

Bonds in Biological Molecules

  • Ester Bonds: Between an alcohol and an acid (dehydration). Involved in energy storage.
  • Phosphate Ester Bonds: Between a phosphate and a hydroxyl. Important in DNA.
  • Peptide Bonds: Between amino groups and carboxyl in amino acids.
  • Ether Bonds: Between oxygen and two carbons. Found in carbohydrates and lignin.
  • Glycosidic Bonds: Between two sugars via an oxygen bridge. In polysaccharides.

Enzymes

  • Function: Biological catalysts (proteins/RNA); lower activation energy.
  • Enzyme Activity Factors: Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, feedback inhibition.
  • Feedback Inhibition: Regulatory mechanism, product inhibits an enzyme. Negative feedback.
  • Inhibitors:
    • Competitive: Block the active site.
    • Noncompetitive: Bind elsewhere, changing shape.
    • Allosteric: Bind to an allosteric site, changing activity.

Passive Transport

  • Definition: Movement across a membrane without energy.
  • Types: Simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis.
  • Factors: Concentration gradient, membrane permeability, temperature, surface area. Examples include oxygen entering cells and water moving into plant roots.

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Test your understanding of ionic bonding and the formation of cations and anions among various groups of elements. This quiz covers essential concepts such as charge determination and the characteristics of polyatomic ions. Perfect for chemistry students looking to reinforce their knowledge of chemical bonds.

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