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Questions and Answers
A small virtual machine monitor can run directly on the hardware and provide an interface to the guest ______ systems.
A small virtual machine monitor can run directly on the hardware and provide an interface to the guest ______ systems.
operating
The virtual machine monitor is often called a ______.
The virtual machine monitor is often called a ______.
hypervisor
A block device is one with which the device driver communicates by sending entire blocks of ______.
A block device is one with which the device driver communicates by sending entire blocks of ______.
data
Paravirtualisation is a method where the operating system is aware of the underlying ______.
Paravirtualisation is a method where the operating system is aware of the underlying ______.
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Device drivers are software modules that can be plugged into an ______ to handle a particular device.
Device drivers are software modules that can be plugged into an ______ to handle a particular device.
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Virtual machines can be split up into smaller ______ machines.
Virtual machines can be split up into smaller ______ machines.
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The Device Controller works like an interface between a device and a device ______.
The Device Controller works like an interface between a device and a device ______.
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An application running on top of the existing operating system can present a ______ system.
An application running on top of the existing operating system can present a ______ system.
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The first generation of operating systems used ______ as the primary electronic device.
The first generation of operating systems used ______ as the primary electronic device.
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A processor takes input, performs some arithmetic and logical operations, and produces some ______.
A processor takes input, performs some arithmetic and logical operations, and produces some ______.
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Study Notes
I/O Devices
- Block Devices: Communicate by sending entire blocks of data; examples include hard disks, USB cameras, and Disk-On-Key.
- Character Devices: Communicate by sending and receiving single characters; examples include serial ports, parallel ports, and sound cards.
- Device Drivers: Software modules that enable the operating system to handle specific devices; they facilitate communication between the OS and I/O devices.
- Device Controller: Acts as an interface connecting a device and its driver; typically contains both mechanical and electronic components.
History of Operating Systems
- First Generation (1945-55): Utilized vacuum tubes and plug boards.
- Second Generation (1955-65): Employed transistors and introduced batch systems for processing jobs.
- Third Generation (1965-80): Based on integrated circuits and featured multiprogramming capabilities.
- Fourth Generation (Since 1980): Leveraged large scale integration, mainly for personal computers.
Processor Basics
- Processor Definition: A programmable device that executes instructions from memory, performs arithmetic and logical operations, and produces output.
- Execution Process: Fetches instructions in machine language, decodes, and executes them.
- Virtual Machines: Modern systems can create multiple virtual machines on a single physical machine, each functioning independently.
Virtualization Methods
- Hypervisor: A small virtual machine monitor running directly on hardware, allowing guest operating systems to run efficiently.
- Paravirtualisation: Requires operating systems to interact with the hypervisor for resource allocation, improving performance.
- Emulation: An application that converts requests to hardware through an existing OS, allowing for the execution of different architectures but with increased overhead.
Performance and Security in Virtualization
- Hardware Support for Virtualization: New Intel processors provide extensions for virtualization, improving performance and security.
- Covert Channels: Potential security risks in dynamic resource allocation systems can allow unauthorized communication between virtual machines.
Operating System Functions
- Security: Uses passwords and access controls to protect user data and prevent unauthorized access.
- System Performance Monitoring: Tracks overall system health and response times to enhance performance management.
- Job Accounting: Records time and resources used by tasks and users, aiding in resource management.
- Error Detection: Constant surveillance for errors to prevent malfunctioning.
- Software Coordination: Manages interpreters, compilers, and other software for user tasks.
- Memory Management: Oversees allocation and deallocation of main memory for processes, ensuring efficient use of resources.
- Processor Management: Manages CPU access among processes, implementing process scheduling for fair allocation.
Multitasking in Operating Systems
- Multitasking Definition: Executing multiple processes simultaneously through time-sharing; each process operates within a specific time quantum.
- Context Switching: Allows rapid transition between processes to create the illusion of concurrent execution.
- Time-Slicing: CPU allocates specific time slices for process execution, creating an effective multitasking environment.
Summary of Multitasking System
- System Structure: At any instant, the CPU executes one task while others are queued, achieving the appearance of simultaneous execution through quick switching.
- Requirements for Multitasking: Involves multiprogramming and effective time-sharing to run multiple tasks efficiently.
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Description
Test your knowledge on I/O devices with this quiz. The quiz covers the two main categories of I/O devices: block devices and character devices. Understand their functions and examples to solidify your understanding of computer architecture.
