Invertebrates Overview
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Questions and Answers

The majority of animal species are invertebrates.

True (A)

Which of the following is NOT a type of skeletal structure found in invertebrates?

  • Exoskeleton
  • Endoskeleton (correct)
  • Hydrostatic skeleton
  • None of the above

    • What is the name of the study of the animal kingdom?

    Zoology

    Animals that are attached to a surface and do not move are referred to as ______.

    <p>sessile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their corresponding definitions:

    <p>Ingestion = The process of taking in food Digestion = The breakdown of food into smaller molecules Egestion = The removal of undigested waste Excretion = The removal of metabolic waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the chemical digestion of food occur in an earthworm?

    <p>Intestine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Earthworms have an open circulatory system.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the solid waste produced by earthworms?

    <p>Casts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The earthworm's thin ______ is responsible for gas exchange.

    <p>epidermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures with their functions in an earthworm:

    <p>Gizzard = Grinds food Intestine = Absorbs digested food Aortic arches = Regulate blood pressure Nephridia = Filter waste from blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the phylum Mollusca?

    <p>Radial symmetry (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All mollusks have shells.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tongue-like structure in mollusks that is made of chitin is called a ______.

    <p>radula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the specialized cells in squid that contain pigments and are used for camouflage?

    <p>Chromatophores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of echinoderms?

    <p>Water vascular system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are characteristics of a flatworm?

    <p>Incomplete digestive tract (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Seahorses are born as miniature versions of their adult form.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the collar cells in a sponge?

    <p>Filtering food particles from the water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The type of symmetry exhibited by jellyfish and sea urchins is called ______ symmetry.

    <p>radial</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms related to annelid worms with their descriptions:

    <p>Setae = Bristles on the body that aid in movement Clitellum = A swelling on the body involved in reproduction Septa = Internal divisions between segments Prostomium = The lip-like structure at the mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these organisms exhibits bilateral symmetry?

    <p>Earthworm (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between budding and regeneration in terms of asexual reproduction?

    <p>Budding involves the formation of a new individual from an outgrowth on the parent, while regeneration involves the regrowth of lost body parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stinging cells found in cnidarians are called ______.

    <p>cnidocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tapeworms have a complete digestive tract.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organisms is an example of a free-living flatworm?

    <p>Planarian (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Describe the role of the mesoderm in embryonic development.

    <p>The mesoderm gives rise to muscle tissue, circulatory system, and other internal organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In earthworms, the ______ helps identify the anterior end of the worm.

    <p>clitellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All worms are segmented.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the Phylum Porifera?

    <p>Radial symmetry (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the presence of a cuticle in roundworms contribute to their survival?

    <p>The cuticle provides a protective, non-living layer that helps defend against environmental stressors, such as parasites and changes in pH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Invertebrates

    Animals without backbones, making up 95% of all animal species.

    Ectothermic

    Animals that rely on external environment for body temperature regulation.

    Oviparous

    Animals that develop in an egg outside the mother's body.

    Viviparous

    Animals that give live birth after developing within the mother's womb.

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    Hydrostatic skeleton

    A fluid-filled cavity providing structural support, seen in creatures like worms and jellyfish.

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    Gizzard function

    Grinds food against soil, aiding digestion.

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    Intestinal digestion

    Chemical breakdown of food by enzymes in the intestine.

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    Casts

    Indigestible materials expelled by earthworms.

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    Closed circulatory system

    Blood circulates within blood vessels, not free.

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    Dorsal blood vessel

    Major vessel carrying blood toward the anterior end.

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    Ventral blood vessel

    Major vessel transporting blood toward the posterior end.

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    Nephridia

    Tube-like structures that filter and excrete waste.

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    Respiration in earthworms

    Gas exchange happens through the moist skin surface.

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    Radula

    Tongue-like structure in mollusks for feeding.

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    Water vascular system

    System in echinoderms for movement and feeding.

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    Larval Stage

    The immature form of an organism that undergoes transformation before becoming an adult.

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    Phylum Porifera

    The phylum that includes sponges, characterized by their porous bodies.

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    Cnidocyte

    A specialized cell found in cnidarians that contains a stinging structure called nematocyst.

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    Radial Symmetry

    A body plan that can be divided into similar halves by multiple planes through the central axis.

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    Bilateral Symmetry

    A body plan that can be divided into two identical halves along a single plane.

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    Phylum Annelida

    The phylum that includes segmented worms like earthworms and leeches.

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    Regeneration

    The ability of an organism to regrow certain parts of its body.

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    Amoebocytes

    Cells in sponges that perform various functions including digestion and nutrient transport.

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    Gemmules

    A protected chamber of cells in sponges that survives adverse conditions.

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    Scolex

    The bulb-shaped head of a tapeworm that attaches to the host.

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    Setae

    Tiny bristles found on segmented worms that aid in movement.

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    Clitellum

    A thickened, glandular section of a worm's body used in reproduction.

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    Incomplete Digestive Tract

    A digestive system where food enters and exits through the same opening.

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    Phylum Nematoda

    The phylum that includes roundworms, characterized by a tubular body structure.

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    Study Notes

    Invertebrates

    • Invertebrates comprise 95% of all animal species.
    • They lack backbones.
    • They are classified into various phyla, including Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, and Annelida.
    • Ectothermic animals regulate their body temperature through external factors. Endothermic animals have internal mechanisms for regulating body temperature.

    Invertebrate Life Processes

    • Movement: Some invertebrates are sessile (attached and immobile) while others exhibit various forms of locomotion.
    • Support: They may have exoskeletons, endoskeletons, or hydrostatic skeletons.
    • Body Covering: Invertebrates can have varied body coverings, with structures and coloration playing a role in protection and identification.
    • Nutrition: Involves ingestion, digestion, egestion, and excretion—removal of waste products through diffusion.
    • Respiration: All invertebrates are aerobic, meaning their respiration requires oxygen.
    • Circulation: Methods of transporting materials throughout the body vary.
    • Response: Invertebrates exhibit stimuli-response behaviors.
    • Reproduction: Primarily, sexual reproduction occurs through fertilization (internal or external). Several have also developed asexual methods.
    • Development: Invertebrates experience diverse types of development, including oviparous (egg-laying), viviparous (live birth), and ovoviviparous (egg development within the parent).
    • Larval Stages: Many invertebrates have larval stages that differ significantly from adult forms.

    Phylum Porifera (Sponges)

    • Sponges are filter feeders.
    • They have incurrent pores (ostia) and an excurrent pore (osculum).
    • Collar cells (choanocytes) with flagella circulate water through the sponge, capturing food particles.
    • Sponges have two cell layers and support structures called spicules composed of calcium carbonate, silica, or spongin.
    • Reproduction can be asexual through budding or regeneration, or sexual through the release of sperm and eggs.

    Phylum Cnidaria (Hydra, Jellyfish, Coral)

    • Cnidarians have specialized cells called cnidocytes that contain nematocysts (stinging structures).
    • Polyp form is typically sessile, while medusa form is motile.
    • They possess a hydrostatic skeleton.
    • This phylum displays radial symmetry.
    • The hydra has two cell layers, ectoderm, and gastrodermis, separated by mesoglea.
    • The gastrovascular cavity plays a role in digestion (both intracellular and extracellular).
    • Some cnidarians reproduce asexually through budding or regeneration, and sexually via separate sexes.

    Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)

    • Free-living flatworms, like planarians, exhibit bilateral symmetry and cephalization.
    • Planarians move using cilia and have a simple nervous system.
    • Other members, like parasitic tapeworms, lack external cilia and have suckers and/or hooks for attachment.
    • Tapeworms have a scolex (head) and proglottids (segments).

    Phylum Nematoda (Roundworms)

    • Roundworms are unsegmented with a complete digestive tract.
    • Ascaris is an example of a human intestinal parasite.

    Phylum Annelida (Segmented Worms)

    • Segmented worms, like earthworms, exhibit bilateral symmetry.
    • They have setae that aid in locomotion.
    • They possess longitudinal and circular muscles for movement.
    • Earthworms have a closed circulatory system with a dorsal blood vessel, ventral blood vessel, and aortic arches (helping to regulate blood pressure).
    • They breathe through their moist epidermis.
    • They have nephridia for excretion.
    • Earthworms are hermaphroditic.

    Phylum Mollusca (Clams, Snails, Octopuses)

    • Mollusks exhibit bilateral symmetry and cephalization.
    • They often have a shell secreted by a mantle.
    • They typically possess a radula (tongue-like structure).
    • Siphon for water intake/exit.
    • Some have chromatophores for camouflage.

    Phylum Echinodermata (Starfish, Sea Urchins)

    • Echinoderms are exclusively marine invertebrates.
    • They exhibit radial symmetry, often in multiples of five.
    • They have a water vascular system with tube feet used for locomotion and feeding.
    • They demonstrate significant regeneration capability.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of invertebrates, which make up 95% of all animal species and lack backbones. This quiz covers their classification into various phyla, life processes, and physiological characteristics. Test your knowledge on how these creatures move, feed, and breathe.

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