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Questions and Answers
What type of nutrition do members of the Class Mastigophora exhibit?
What type of nutrition do members of the Class Mastigophora exhibit?
How does Euglena primarily move through water?
How does Euglena primarily move through water?
What substance is the product of photosynthesis in Euglena?
What substance is the product of photosynthesis in Euglena?
What effect does direct sunlight have on Euglena?
What effect does direct sunlight have on Euglena?
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What happens to Euglena when there is a change in light intensity?
What happens to Euglena when there is a change in light intensity?
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Which feature of Euglena's flagellum allows it to facilitate movement?
Which feature of Euglena's flagellum allows it to facilitate movement?
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How does Euglena reproduce?
How does Euglena reproduce?
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Monocystis, belonging to the Class Sporozoa, is known to be parasitic in which organism?
Monocystis, belonging to the Class Sporozoa, is known to be parasitic in which organism?
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What is the primary means of locomotion for organisms in the class Sarcodina?
What is the primary means of locomotion for organisms in the class Sarcodina?
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Which of the following is a type of stimulus that may evoke movement in Amoeba?
Which of the following is a type of stimulus that may evoke movement in Amoeba?
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In which environment do the majority of Sarcodina species primarily live?
In which environment do the majority of Sarcodina species primarily live?
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Which metabolic process is NOT exhibited by Amoeba?
Which metabolic process is NOT exhibited by Amoeba?
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What is the outcome of reaching optimum growth in Amoeba?
What is the outcome of reaching optimum growth in Amoeba?
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What disease can be caused by the Amoeba, potentially leading to fatality?
What disease can be caused by the Amoeba, potentially leading to fatality?
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What is the role of enzymes in the context of Amoeba and disease?
What is the role of enzymes in the context of Amoeba and disease?
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Which of the following best describes the growth pattern of Amoeba?
Which of the following best describes the growth pattern of Amoeba?
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What is the primary environmental requirement for protozoans?
What is the primary environmental requirement for protozoans?
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Which of the following correctly characterizes protozoans?
Which of the following correctly characterizes protozoans?
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What differentiates free-living protozoa from parasitic protozoa?
What differentiates free-living protozoa from parasitic protozoa?
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How many different species of protozoans are known to live in humans?
How many different species of protozoans are known to live in humans?
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Which statement is true regarding the classification of protozoans?
Which statement is true regarding the classification of protozoans?
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Which protozoan is known for living in the blood of higher animals?
Which protozoan is known for living in the blood of higher animals?
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What is a unique feature of spore- or cyst-bearing protozoans?
What is a unique feature of spore- or cyst-bearing protozoans?
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What is the evolutionary significance of Phylum Protozoa?
What is the evolutionary significance of Phylum Protozoa?
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What is the primary method of reproduction in Amoeba?
What is the primary method of reproduction in Amoeba?
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Which structure is used by Class Mastigophora for feeding?
Which structure is used by Class Mastigophora for feeding?
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What feature characterizes the morphology of Class Mastigophora?
What feature characterizes the morphology of Class Mastigophora?
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How does a Euglena absorb its prey?
How does a Euglena absorb its prey?
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What are the two types of cytoplasm present in Class Mastigophora?
What are the two types of cytoplasm present in Class Mastigophora?
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What is the function of the contractile vacuoles in the structures of Class Mastigophora?
What is the function of the contractile vacuoles in the structures of Class Mastigophora?
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What is the appearance of the body of organisms in Class Mastigophora due to structure development?
What is the appearance of the body of organisms in Class Mastigophora due to structure development?
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What is the role of the gullet in the feeding process of Mastigophora?
What is the role of the gullet in the feeding process of Mastigophora?
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What is the initial action taken by the infected female Anopheles mosquito that leads to Plasmodium infection in humans?
What is the initial action taken by the infected female Anopheles mosquito that leads to Plasmodium infection in humans?
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Where do Plasmodium sporozoites first invade after being injected into the human bloodstream?
Where do Plasmodium sporozoites first invade after being injected into the human bloodstream?
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What type of reproductive cycle occurs in the liver cells during the Plasmodium life cycle?
What type of reproductive cycle occurs in the liver cells during the Plasmodium life cycle?
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What structures are formed in the liver containing many merozoites?
What structures are formed in the liver containing many merozoites?
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Which stage of Plasmodium emerges in red blood cells after the initial hepatic phase?
Which stage of Plasmodium emerges in red blood cells after the initial hepatic phase?
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What is the consequence of merozoites developing into gametocytes?
What is the consequence of merozoites developing into gametocytes?
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Which organelle in Paramecium is responsible for everyday metabolic functions?
Which organelle in Paramecium is responsible for everyday metabolic functions?
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What is the shape of Paramecium when initially observed?
What is the shape of Paramecium when initially observed?
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Study Notes
Kingdom Protista
- Composed of three main types: animal-like, plant-like, and fungus-like protozoa.
- Examples include Paramecium (animal-like), Euglena (plant-like), and slime molds (fungus-like).
Phylum Protozoa
- Simplest and lowest evolutionary level among invertebrates.
- Key environmental requirement: presence of moisture; only cyst or spore forms survive drying.
Characteristics of Protozoa
- Mostly single-celled and microscopic, except in large populations.
- Two main types:
- Free-living (found in freshwater, saltwater, and moist environments).
- Parasitic (found in various animals, inhabiting digestive tracts or blood).
Classification of Protozoans
- Based on movement organs: presence or absence and their nature.
Class Sarcodina
- Locomotion via pseudopodia, formed by pushing out ectoplasm.
- Movement can be stimulated by contact, chemicals, heat, and electricity.
- Species primarily inhabit marine environments; some are parasitic.
Metabolism and Growth
- Processes include ingestion, digestion, absorption, circulation, assimilation, secretion, excretion, and respiration.
- Amoeba can cause amebic dysentery through ingestion of contaminated food/water.
Reproduction in Sarcodina
- Reproduces through binary fission when optimum growth is reached.
Class Mastigophora
- Free-living and mostly found in freshwater; sometimes not visible individually.
Morphology and Cytology of Mastigophora
- Elongated shape with a pointed posterior and blunt anterior.
- Two types of cytoplasm: ectoplasm (dense) and endoplasm (fluid).
- Features a cytostome and a gullet leading to a reservoir.
Nutrition
- Holophytic nutrition via chlorophyll, producing paramylum (starch-like substance).
- Also saprophytic, absorbing organic substances from the environment.
Locomotion
- Euglena exhibits shape changes and squirming movements; locomotion primarily via flagellum.
Behaviour and Reproduction of Mastigophora
- Euglena shows phototactic responses, swimming towards light and away from sunlight.
- Reproduces via binary fission.
Class Sporozoa
- Includes Plasmodium, responsible for malaria, and Monocystis, which is parasitic in earthworms.
Life Cycle of Plasmodium
- Entered when an infected Anopheles mosquito feeds on human.
- Sporozoites invade liver cells, undergo schizogony, and produce merozoites.
- Merozoites develop into ring forms, trophozoites, and gametocytes, which are taken up by mosquitoes, completing the life cycle.
Class Infusoria
- Example: Paramecium, lives in freshwater environments, often cigar-shaped.
- Contains a macronucleus responsible for metabolic functions.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the various classifications within the Phylum Protozoa in Invertebrate Zoology. This quiz covers key concepts about animal-like, plant-like, and fungus-like protists, focusing on important examples such as Paramecium, Amoeba, Euglena, and slime molds. Prepare to demonstrate your understanding of this fascinating group of organisms!
