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Questions and Answers
What is the relative lowering of vapour pressure in the given solution?
What is the molar mass of sugar if 5 g of sugar is dissolved in 108 g of water?
What is the mole fraction of sugar in the solution?
If 25g of glucose is dissolved in 450g of water, what is the vapour pressure (mm of Hg) of the solution?
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Who concluded that the solubility of a gas in a liquid solution depends upon the partial pressure of the gas?
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'The mass of a gas dissolved per unit volume of the solvent is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas in equilibrium with the solution' is known as:
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Colligative properties are dependent on which of the following?
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In the context of the given juices A, B, and C with glucose as the only sugar present, which juice will have the highest freezing point?
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Which of the following is considered a colligative property?
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What percentage by volume of Earth's atmosphere does molecular Nitrogen N2 comprise?
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Which compound is referred to as 'Indian saltpeter' in the text?
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Why are nitrates like NaNO3 and KNO3 not widespread in Earth's crust according to the text?
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In an SN2 reaction of a chiral alkyl halide, what is the configuration change observed?
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Why do tertiary alkyl halides show high reactivity in SN1 reactions?
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In a nucleophilic substitution reaction involving an optically active alkyl halide, what is the outcome in terms of enantiomers?
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Why do primary allylic halides show higher reactivity in SN1 reactions compared to other primary alkyl halides?
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What is the role of high temperature in the reaction involving CH3-CH=CH2 Cl?
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Why do primary allylic halides show higher reactivity in SN1 reactions compared to other primary alkyl halides?
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In a zero order reaction, the rate constant is:
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For a first order reaction that takes 80 minutes to complete 99.9%, what is the half-life?
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How does a catalyst increase the reaction rate?
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What is the primary focus of chemical kinetics?
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How does the rate of a reaction typically change as the reaction proceeds?
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Which factor influences the reaction rate in a solution?
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During denaturation of proteins, what happens to the primary structure?
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Which type of bond is primarily disrupted during protein denaturation?
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In the double helix structure of DNA, the two strands exhibit what kind of characteristics?
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What happens to the biological activity of a protein during denaturation?
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Which bonds are disturbed causing globules to unfold during denaturation of proteins?
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Study Notes
Solutions and Colligative Properties
- Relative lowering of vapor pressure is a colligative property dependent on the mole fraction of the solute.
- Molar mass of sugar can be calculated using the formula: molar mass = mass of sugar / (mass of water / mole fraction of water).
- Mole fraction of sugar in a solution can be calculated using the formula: mole fraction = moles of sugar / (moles of sugar + moles of water).
Gas Solubility
- Henry's law states that the mass of a gas dissolved per unit volume of the solvent is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas in equilibrium with the solution.
- Henry's law was concluded by William Henry.
Colligative Properties
- Colligative properties are dependent on the mole fraction of the solute, not the nature of the solute.
Freezing Point
- The freezing point of a solution is lowest when the mole fraction of the solute is highest.
Atmosphere
- Molecular Nitrogen (N2) comprises approximately 78% by volume of Earth's atmosphere.
Chemistry
- Potassium nitrate (KNO3) is also referred to as 'Indian saltpeter'.
- Nitrates like NaNO3 and KNO3 are not widespread in Earth's crust due to their high solubility in water.
Organic Chemistry
- In an SN2 reaction of a chiral alkyl halide, the configuration change observed is inversion of configuration.
- Tertiary alkyl halides show high reactivity in SN1 reactions due to their stability.
- In a nucleophilic substitution reaction involving an optically active alkyl halide, the outcome is a racemic mixture.
- Primary allylic halides show higher reactivity in SN1 reactions compared to other primary alkyl halides due to the stabilization of the transition state by the allyl group.
- High temperature increases the rate of the reaction involving CH3-CH=CH2 Cl by providing more energy for the reaction to occur.
Chemical Kinetics
- In a zero-order reaction, the rate constant is independent of the concentration of the reactants.
- For a first-order reaction, the half-life is constant and can be calculated using the formula: half-life = 0.693 / rate constant.
- A catalyst increases the reaction rate by providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy.
- The primary focus of chemical kinetics is to study the rates of chemical reactions.
- The rate of a reaction typically decreases as the reaction proceeds due to the depletion of reactants.
- Factors that influence the reaction rate in a solution include concentration, temperature, and catalysts.
Protein Structure and Denaturation
- During denaturation of proteins, the primary structure remains intact, but the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures are disrupted.
- Hydrogen bonds are primarily disrupted during protein denaturation.
- The double helix structure of DNA exhibits complementarity and antiparallelism.
- During denaturation of proteins, the biological activity of the protein is lost.
- Hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds are disturbed, causing globules to unfold during denaturation of proteins.
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Description
Test your knowledge on SN2 reactions of chiral alkyl halides, focusing on the inversion of configuration aspect. Explore the concept of racemization in SN1 reactions as well. Determine the correct choice between assertion and reason statements.
