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Questions and Answers
The Inuit people wear thin and light clothing to survive the cold temperatures.
The Inuit people wear thin and light clothing to survive the cold temperatures.
False
The Inuit use dog sleds to travel on water.
The Inuit use dog sleds to travel on water.
False
The Inuit hunt seals and walruses using harpoons.
The Inuit hunt seals and walruses using harpoons.
True
The Inuit people elect a single government leader to represent them.
The Inuit people elect a single government leader to represent them.
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The Inuit diet consists mainly of vegetables and fruits.
The Inuit diet consists mainly of vegetables and fruits.
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What is the meaning of the name Haudenosaunee Confederacy?
What is the meaning of the name Haudenosaunee Confederacy?
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Which prophet started the Haudenosaunee Confederacy?
Which prophet started the Haudenosaunee Confederacy?
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How many nations originally formed the Haudenosaunee Confederacy?
How many nations originally formed the Haudenosaunee Confederacy?
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What was the goal of the Peacemaker and Hiawatha?
What was the goal of the Peacemaker and Hiawatha?
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What is the current name of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy?
What is the current name of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy?
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What role did Haudenosaunee women play in the clans?
What role did Haudenosaunee women play in the clans?
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What were Haudenosaunee men responsible for?
What were Haudenosaunee men responsible for?
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Who fought wars against other nations?
Who fought wars against other nations?
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What did the Haudenosaunee women often decide?
What did the Haudenosaunee women often decide?
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What was the role of the Grand Council in the Haudenosaunee Confederacy?
What was the role of the Grand Council in the Haudenosaunee Confederacy?
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Match the following Algonkin structures with their descriptions:
Match the following Algonkin structures with their descriptions:
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Match the following Algonkin activities with their corresponding gender roles:
Match the following Algonkin activities with their corresponding gender roles:
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Match the following Algonkin food sources with their descriptions:
Match the following Algonkin food sources with their descriptions:
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Match the following Algonkin tools with their uses:
Match the following Algonkin tools with their uses:
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Match the following Algonkin activities with their corresponding tools:
Match the following Algonkin activities with their corresponding tools:
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What was the role of the Onondaga nation in the Grand Council?
What was the role of the Onondaga nation in the Grand Council?
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Who sat behind the chief during the Grand Council meetings to advise and remind him of his responsibility?
Who sat behind the chief during the Grand Council meetings to advise and remind him of his responsibility?
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What happened if a consensus was not made during the Grand Council meetings?
What happened if a consensus was not made during the Grand Council meetings?
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What was the purpose of the Grand Council?
What was the purpose of the Grand Council?
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What is a characteristic of the decision-making process in the Haudenosaunee Confederacy?
What is a characteristic of the decision-making process in the Haudenosaunee Confederacy?
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What does the name Mohawk mean?
What does the name Mohawk mean?
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How are Mohawk chiefs chosen?
How are Mohawk chiefs chosen?
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What was the primary role of Mohawk men?
What was the primary role of Mohawk men?
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What was a popular game among Mohawk boys?
What was a popular game among Mohawk boys?
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What was the material used to cover the Longhouses?
What was the material used to cover the Longhouses?
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Study Notes
Clothing
- Inuit people wear thick and warm clothing made from animal furs to survive the cold temperatures.
- They make jackets, pants, shirts, and boots from caribou and seal skin.
- Anoraks are a type of jacket made from caribou and seal skin, and are lined with fur from foxes, polar bears, and rabbits for extra warmth.
Transportation
- Inuit people use dog sleds called qamutiks to travel large distances on land.
- Qamutiks are made from whale bones and wood.
- They use strong dogs, originally bred from wolves and dogs, which eventually became the husky breed.
- On water, they use kayaks for hunting and umiaqs (long boats similar to canoes) for getting around.
Hunting
- Inuit people hunt for food because they cannot farm due to the cold temperatures.
- They use harpoons to hunt seals, walruses, and bowhead whales.
- They also eat wild berries and fish.
- Their high-fat diet gives them the energy they need to survive the cold temperatures.
Governance
- Inuit people live in small, far-apart communities in Nunavut.
- They elect 19 people, who then choose the government leader and ministers.
- The government leader works with the Canadian government to ensure the Inuit people have a voice in Canada.
The Haudenosaunee Confederacy
- Also known as the Iroquois Confederacy or the League of Five Nations
- Means "people of the long house"
Structure and Composition
- A peaceful uniting of five nations under one government
- Originally consisted of five First Nations: Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas
- Later joined by the Tuscarora, becoming the Six Nations
Founding and Principles
- Founded by the prophet known as the Peacemaker, sent by the Creator
- Aimed to spread the Kariwiio, or good mind, and promote peace
- Worked with Hiawatha to teach the laws of peace to the Haudenosaunee
- Goal was to stop fighting between the 5 nations and promote unity and cooperation
Haudenosaunee Society
- The Haudenosaunee people used a clan system, where each First Nation was divided into clans, led by clan mothers.
- Each clan had its own longhouse, identifiable by an animal symbol (e.g., bear, wolf, turtle, etc.).
- Multiple generations lived together in one longhouse, expanding as families grew.
- Small Haudenosaunee villages had 4-5 longhouses, while large villages had 50 or more.
- A single longhouse could have 50-60 people living together.
Role of Haudenosaunee Women
- Women were equally respected as men in Haudenosaunee society.
- Clan Mothers led the clans and passed their title to female relatives when they passed away.
- Clan Mothers chose the chief and made decisions for the people, including when to hold ceremonies and what food to prepare.
- Women were responsible for giving birth, making them responsible for the future generations.
- When a woman got married, her husband would move into her family's longhouse, and their children belonged to her clan.
- Women took care of plants, growing corn, beans, and squash (the "Three Sisters" crops) that sustained the Haudenosaunee people.
Role of Haudenosaunee Men
- Men served as Chiefs and were responsible for serving on the Grand Council, the Haudenosaunee government.
- Men were in charge of hunting, fishing, cutting down trees for longhouses and canoes, and fighting wars against other nations.
- While women often decided whether to go to war, men fought the battles.
Algonkin First Nation
- The Algonkin First Nation can also be spelled Algonquin, and the word means "our allies".
- They lived in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence region in southern Ontario and Quebec.
Shelter
- Most Algonkin lived in wigwams, which are domed-shaped and smaller shelters often made of birch bark.
- Only one family lived in each wigwam.
- Some Algonkin lived in longhouses, which were larger shelters made of birch bark, and multiple families would share these longhouses.
Daily Life and Gender Roles
- A person's daily life depended on their age and gender.
- Children played outside with friends and helped out around the house.
- Boys learned hunting and fishing skills from their fathers.
- Men were responsible for hunting, fishing, and protecting the community or family in war.
- Women took care of the children, gathered plants, and managed the shelter and cooking.
Food
- The Algonkin were hunting people and ate deer, moose, small game, and fish.
- They also grew corn, squash, and berries.
- They used bows and arrows, spears, and traps to hunt.
- Maple syrup was a treat made from tree sap from maple trees.
Tools and Weapons
- Algonkin warriors fought with war clubs, spears, and tomahawks.
- Fishermen used spears to stab fish from canoes or through holes in the ice.
- To hunt larger game like deer, they set up traps using fences to direct deer movement and then speared them as they approached.
Algonkin First Nation
- The Algonkin First Nation can also be spelled Algonquin, and the word means "our allies".
- They lived in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence region in southern Ontario and Quebec.
Shelter
- Most Algonkin lived in wigwams, which are domed-shaped and smaller shelters often made of birch bark.
- Only one family lived in each wigwam.
- Some Algonkin lived in longhouses, which were larger shelters made of birch bark, and multiple families would share these longhouses.
Daily Life and Gender Roles
- A person's daily life depended on their age and gender.
- Children played outside with friends and helped out around the house.
- Boys learned hunting and fishing skills from their fathers.
- Men were responsible for hunting, fishing, and protecting the community or family in war.
- Women took care of the children, gathered plants, and managed the shelter and cooking.
Food
- The Algonkin were hunting people and ate deer, moose, small game, and fish.
- They also grew corn, squash, and berries.
- They used bows and arrows, spears, and traps to hunt.
- Maple syrup was a treat made from tree sap from maple trees.
Tools and Weapons
- Algonkin warriors fought with war clubs, spears, and tomahawks.
- Fishermen used spears to stab fish from canoes or through holes in the ice.
- To hunt larger game like deer, they set up traps using fences to direct deer movement and then speared them as they approached.
The Grand Council
- The Grand Council is a meeting where the 6 nations come together to discuss issues that affect them.
- Each nation has a role in the meeting, with the Onondaga responsible for opening the Council as the Fire Keepers.
- The Mohawk and Seneca are known as the Elder Brothers, while the Oneida and Cayuga are known as the Younger Brothers.
Process of Decision Making
- A speaker is chosen from the Mohawk, Onondaga, or Seneca nations to hold the position for the day, with a new speaker chosen the next day.
- The speaker is advised by their clan mother and faith keepers, who sit behind them during the meeting.
- The speaker calmly explains their nation's stance, while other chiefs listen and ask questions for clarification.
- If a consensus is reached, the next issue can be brought forward; if not, the issue may be set aside for further consideration.
- This process is an example of democracy in action, where everyone in the community has a voice in decision-making.
The Haudenosaunee Confederacy
- The Chiefs sat beneath the Tree of Peace, symbolizing the unity of the Confederacy.
- Everyone had a voice in the Haudenosaunee Confederacy, making it a democratic system.
The Mohawk Nation
- The name "Mohawk" means "man-eaters", given by their enemies, the Algonkin, reflecting their toughness.
- The Mohawk nation is part of the Haudenosaunee, which means "Six Nations".
- The Mohawk people still exist today.
Government
- The Mohawk nation is part of the Grand Council, a form of government.
- Mohawk chiefs are chosen by Mohawk clan mothers.
- Chiefs make decisions for the Mohawk people.
- The Haudenosaunee's form of government influenced the founding of Canada's government.
Shelter
- The Mohawk people lived in Longhouses, permanent structures made of wood and covered with elm bark.
- Longhouses could be up to a hundred feet long and house multiple families (up to 60 people).
Gender Roles
- Mohawk men were in charge of hunting, trading, and war.
- Mohawk women were in charge of farming, property, and the family.
- Women managed the clan's day-to-day activities, but the chief (leader) was always a man.
- Chiefs made military decisions and trade agreements.
- Both genders participated in storytelling, artwork, music, and providing medicine.
Hobbies and Games
- Children played with dolls and toys.
- Boys enjoyed a game of throwing a dart through a moving hoop.
- Girls liked playing with cornhusk dolls.
- Lacrosse was popular among children and young adults.
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Description
Learn about the Inuit's clothing and how it helps them survive in cold temperatures. Discover the materials they use to make their jackets, pants, and boots.
