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What is the primary material used to make Inuit jackets, also known as anoraks?
What is the primary material used to make Inuit jackets, also known as anoraks?
What type of dogs do the Inuit people use to pull their sleds?
What type of dogs do the Inuit people use to pull their sleds?
What is the primary mode of transportation for the Inuit people on water?
What is the primary mode of transportation for the Inuit people on water?
What is the main reason why the Inuit people hunt animals?
What is the main reason why the Inuit people hunt animals?
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How many leaders are elected in Nunavut to choose the government leader and ministers?
How many leaders are elected in Nunavut to choose the government leader and ministers?
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What is the meaning of the word Algonkin?
What is the meaning of the word Algonkin?
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What type of shelter did multiple Algonkin families live in?
What type of shelter did multiple Algonkin families live in?
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What activities did Algonkin children engage in with their fathers?
What activities did Algonkin children engage in with their fathers?
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What food source did the Algonkin people consider a treat?
What food source did the Algonkin people consider a treat?
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What tool did Algonkin fishermen use to catch fish?
What tool did Algonkin fishermen use to catch fish?
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What was the primary role of Algonkin men in their community?
What was the primary role of Algonkin men in their community?
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What type of game did the Algonkin people hunt using traps?
What type of game did the Algonkin people hunt using traps?
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What was the usual makeup of a wigwam in Algonkin society?
What was the usual makeup of a wigwam in Algonkin society?
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What type of crops did the Algonkin people grow?
What type of crops did the Algonkin people grow?
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What was the primary material used to make Algonkin shelters?
What was the primary material used to make Algonkin shelters?
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What is the meaning of the name Haudenosaunee Confederacy?
What is the meaning of the name Haudenosaunee Confederacy?
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How many nations were initially part of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy?
How many nations were initially part of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy?
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Who was responsible for spreading the Kariwiio, or good mind, among the Haudenosaunee people?
Who was responsible for spreading the Kariwiio, or good mind, among the Haudenosaunee people?
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What was the main goal of the Peacemaker and Hiawatha?
What was the main goal of the Peacemaker and Hiawatha?
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What was the result of the Tuscarora joining the Haudenosaunee Confederacy?
What was the result of the Tuscarora joining the Haudenosaunee Confederacy?
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What material did the Métis use to make their clothing?
What material did the Métis use to make their clothing?
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What mode of transportation did the Métis use during the winter months?
What mode of transportation did the Métis use during the winter months?
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What was the primary source of food for the Métis people?
What was the primary source of food for the Métis people?
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What was the role of women in the Métis community?
What was the role of women in the Métis community?
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What was the nature of the Métis leadership?
What was the nature of the Métis leadership?
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Métis women wore short dresses and went hunting with their husbands.
Métis women wore short dresses and went hunting with their husbands.
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The Métis people primarily used canoes for transportation during the winter months.
The Métis people primarily used canoes for transportation during the winter months.
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The Métis people hunted only buffalo and no other animals.
The Métis people hunted only buffalo and no other animals.
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Métis men were responsible for butchering and preparing the buffalo meat.
Métis men were responsible for butchering and preparing the buffalo meat.
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The Métis people were a sedentary group, living in one place for long periods of time.
The Métis people were a sedentary group, living in one place for long periods of time.
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Inuit people use the fur of foxes, polar bears, and rabbits to make their jackets.
Inuit people use the fur of foxes, polar bears, and rabbits to make their jackets.
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The Inuit people hunt only seals and walruses, but not bowhead whales.
The Inuit people hunt only seals and walruses, but not bowhead whales.
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The Inuit people live in small communities that are close together in Nunavut.
The Inuit people live in small communities that are close together in Nunavut.
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The Inuit people eat a low-fat diet to survive the cold temperatures.
The Inuit people eat a low-fat diet to survive the cold temperatures.
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The government leader in Nunavut works independently of the Canadian government.
The government leader in Nunavut works independently of the Canadian government.
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Algonkin men were responsible for gathering plants and taking care of the shelter.
Algonkin men were responsible for gathering plants and taking care of the shelter.
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Algonkin people primarily hunted moose using traps.
Algonkin people primarily hunted moose using traps.
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Algonkin people lived in longhouses made of wood.
Algonkin people lived in longhouses made of wood.
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Algonkin children helped their mothers with cooking and taking care of the shelter.
Algonkin children helped their mothers with cooking and taking care of the shelter.
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Algonkin people used bows and arrows to hunt fish.
Algonkin people used bows and arrows to hunt fish.
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Match the following aspects of Wendat society with their descriptions:
Match the following aspects of Wendat society with their descriptions:
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Match the following Wendat shelters with their characteristics:
Match the following Wendat shelters with their characteristics:
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Match the following Wendat food sources with their descriptions:
Match the following Wendat food sources with their descriptions:
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Match the following Wendat modes of transportation with their descriptions:
Match the following Wendat modes of transportation with their descriptions:
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Match the following Wendat arts and crafts with their descriptions:
Match the following Wendat arts and crafts with their descriptions:
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Match the following aspects of Mohawk society with their descriptions:
Match the following aspects of Mohawk society with their descriptions:
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Match the following Mohawk roles with their descriptions:
Match the following Mohawk roles with their descriptions:
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Match the following Mohawk activities with their descriptions:
Match the following Mohawk activities with their descriptions:
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Match the following Mohawk dwellings with their characteristics:
Match the following Mohawk dwellings with their characteristics:
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Match the following Mohawk people with their roles:
Match the following Mohawk people with their roles:
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Study Notes
Clothing
- Inuit people wear thick and warm clothing to survive cold temperatures.
- They make jackets, pants, shirts, and boots from animal furs, such as caribou and seal skin.
- Anoraks are jackets made from caribou and seal skin, lined with fur from foxes, polar bears, and rabbits for added warmth.
Transportation
- Inuit people use dog sleds called qamutiks to travel large distances for hunting.
- Qamutiks are made from whale bones and wood.
- They bred strong dogs from wolves and dogs, which eventually became the husky dog breed.
- On water, Inuit people use two types of boats: kayaks for hunting and umiaqs (large canoes) for transportation.
Hunting
- Inuit people hunt for food because they cannot farm due to cold temperatures.
- They use harpoons to hunt seals, walruses, and bowhead whales.
- They also eat wild berries and fish.
- Their high-fat diet provides energy to survive cold temperatures.
Governance
- Inuit people in Nunavut live in small, far-apart communities.
- They elect 19 people, who then choose the government leader and ministers.
- The government leader works with the Canadian government to ensure Inuit people have a voice in Canada.
The Algonkin First Nation
- Also spelled Algonquin, meaning "our allies"
- Lived in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence region in southern Ontario and Quebec
Shelter
- Most Algonkin lived in wigwams, which are:
- Domed shaped
- Smaller shelters made of birch bark
- Only one family lived in each wigwam
- Some Algonkin lived in longhouses, which are:
- Larger shelters made of birch bark
- Multiple families shared these longhouses
Daily Life and Gender Roles
- Day-to-day life depended on age and gender
- Children:
- Played outside with friends
- Helped out around the house
- Enjoyed hunting and fishing with their fathers
- Men:
- Responsible for hunting and fishing
- Protected the community or family in war
- Women:
- Took care of children
- Gathered plants
- Took care of the shelter and cooking
Food
- Algonkin were hunting people
- Ate:
- Deer
- Moose
- Small game
- Fish
- Grew:
- Corn
- Squash
- Berries
- Used bows and arrows, spears, and traps to hunt food
- Enjoyed maple syrup as a treat from maple tree sap
Tools and Weapons
- Algonkin warriors fought with:
- War clubs
- Spears
- Tomahawks
- Fishermen used spears to stab fish from canoes or through holes in the ice
- Hunters used traps to catch deer by:
- Setting up fences to direct deer in one direction
- Spearing the deer as they got closer
The Algonkin First Nation
- Also spelled Algonquin, meaning "our allies"
- Lived in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence region in southern Ontario and Quebec
Shelter
- Most Algonkin lived in wigwams, which are:
- Domed shaped
- Smaller shelters made of birch bark
- Only one family lived in each wigwam
- Some Algonkin lived in longhouses, which are:
- Larger shelters made of birch bark
- Multiple families shared these longhouses
Daily Life and Gender Roles
- Day-to-day life depended on age and gender
- Children:
- Played outside with friends
- Helped out around the house
- Enjoyed hunting and fishing with their fathers
- Men:
- Responsible for hunting and fishing
- Protected the community or family in war
- Women:
- Took care of children
- Gathered plants
- Took care of the shelter and cooking
Food
- Algonkin were hunting people
- Ate:
- Deer
- Moose
- Small game
- Fish
- Grew:
- Corn
- Squash
- Berries
- Used bows and arrows, spears, and traps to hunt food
- Enjoyed maple syrup as a treat from maple tree sap
Tools and Weapons
- Algonkin warriors fought with:
- War clubs
- Spears
- Tomahawks
- Fishermen used spears to stab fish from canoes or through holes in the ice
- Hunters used traps to catch deer by:
- Setting up fences to direct deer in one direction
- Spearing the deer as they got closer
The Haudenosaunee Confederacy
- The Haudenosaunee Confederacy is also known as the Iroquois Confederacy or the League of Five Nations, but its proper name translates to "people of the long house".
- The confederacy is a peaceful union of five nations under one government, making joint decisions for the betterment of all communities.
- The original five nations of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy are the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and the Senecas.
- The Tuscarora nation later joined the confederacy, making it the Six Nations.
- The confederacy's founding date is unknown, but it is considered ancient and immemorial.
- The Haudenosaunee Confederacy was founded by the Peacemaker, a prophet sent by the Creator, who introduced the concept of the Kariwiio (good mind).
- The Peacemaker worked with Hiawatha to teach the laws of peace to the Haudenosaunee and promote unity among the five nations.
- The goal of the confederacy was to end the fighting between the nations and promote peace, with the Chiefs of each nation joining the government that has a direct connection to the Creator.
Traditional Métis Clothing
- Inspired by European descent and First Nation culture
- Made from tanned animal skins (deerskins, moose hide) or cloth received in trades with Europeans
- Men wore animal skinned pants and jackets, women wore long dresses
- Moccasins were worn on their feet
Métis Transportation
- Horses were used for traveling great distances and hunting buffalo
- Wagons were pulled behind horses to carry supplies
- Canoes were used for traveling through lakes and rivers in warmer months
- Snowshoes and dog-pulled sleds were used in winter
Métis Hunting and Food Gathering
- Buffalo was the primary source of food, providing meat, hide, and bones for tools
- Men went on long hunting missions to find buffalo
- Alternative game included moose, elk, deer, rabbit, and wild birds
- Women gathered wild berries and edible plants
Métis Governance
- The Métis were a nomadic group, always moving in search of buffalo
- Leaders were elected during hunts to make rules and laws
- Men were the leaders and decision makers
- Women played crucial roles in butchering buffalo, stretching hides, and preparing meat for the community
Traditional Métis Clothing
- Inspired by European descent and First Nation culture
- Made from tanned animal skins (deerskins, moose hide) or cloth received in trades with Europeans
- Men wore animal skinned pants and jackets, women wore long dresses
- Moccasins were worn on their feet
Métis Transportation
- Horses were used for traveling great distances and hunting buffalo
- Wagons were pulled behind horses to carry supplies
- Canoes were used for traveling through lakes and rivers in warmer months
- Snowshoes and dog-pulled sleds were used in winter
Métis Hunting and Food Gathering
- Buffalo was the primary source of food, providing meat, hide, and bones for tools
- Men went on long hunting missions to find buffalo
- Alternative game included moose, elk, deer, rabbit, and wild birds
- Women gathered wild berries and edible plants
Métis Governance
- The Métis were a nomadic group, always moving in search of buffalo
- Leaders were elected during hunts to make rules and laws
- Men were the leaders and decision makers
- Women played crucial roles in butchering buffalo, stretching hides, and preparing meat for the community
Clothing
- Inuit people wear thick and warm clothing made from animal furs to survive cold temperatures.
- Anoraks, their jackets, are made from caribou and seal skin, and lined with fur from foxes, polar bears, and rabbits for added warmth.
Transportation
- Inuit people use dog sleds called qamutiks to travel large distances on land.
- Qamutiks are made from whale bones and wood, and pulled by strong dogs bred from wolves and dogs, which eventually became the husky dog breed.
- On water, they use two types of boats: kayaks for hunting and umiaqs, a type of large canoe, for getting around.
Hunting
- Inuit people hunt for food because they are unable to farm due to cold temperatures.
- They use harpoons to hunt seals, walruses, and bowhead whales.
- They also eat wild berries and fish, which provide them with a high fat diet that gives them energy to survive the cold temperatures.
Governance
- Inuit people live in small, far-apart communities in Nunavut.
- They elect 19 people, who then choose the government leader and ministers.
- The government leader works with the Canadian government to ensure the Inuit people have a voice in Canada.
The Algonkin First Nation
- The Algonkin people can also be referred to as Algonquin, meaning "our allies".
- They lived in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence region in southern Ontario and Quebec.
Shelter
- Most Algonkin lived in wigwams, which are domed-shaped and smaller shelters made of birch bark.
- Only one family lived in each wigwam.
- Some Algonkin lived in longhouses, which were larger shelters made of birch bark, shared by multiple families.
Daily Life and Gender Roles
- A person's day-to-day life depended on their age and gender.
- Children played outside, helped with household chores, and went hunting and fishing with their fathers.
- Men were responsible for hunting, fishing, and protecting the community or family in war.
- Women took care of children, gathered plants, and managed the shelter and cooking.
Food
- The Algonkin were a hunting people.
- Their diet consisted of deer, moose, small game, fish, corn, squash, and berries.
- They used bows and arrows, spears, and traps to hunt their food.
- Maple syrup was a treat made from the sap of maple trees.
Tools and Weapons
- Algonkin warriors used war clubs, spears, and tomahawks in battle.
- Fishermen used spears to catch fish from canoes or through holes in the ice.
- To hunt larger game like deer, they set up traps using fences to direct the deer's movement, then speared them as they approached.
Wendat First Nation
- Also known as the Huron, meaning "peninsula people"
- Lived along the St. Lawrence River in the Quebec region
Wendat Family Structure
- Divided into eight clans, which were like large families
- Followed the mother's ancestry, meaning men joined the woman's clan after marriage
- Female members of the clan shared the same mother, grandmother, or great-grandmother
- Men and women had equal power in the community
Shelter
- Lived in longhouses, made of wood and elm bark, which could be up to 150 feet long
- Entire clans of up to 60 people lived in one longhouse
- Longhouses contained beds, areas for storage, fire pits, and holes in the roof for ventilation
Transportation
- Used birch-bark canoes to travel along the St. Lawrence River
- Used dogs to drag sleds for land travel
Food and Hunting
- Farmed corn, beans, squash, and sunflowers for food
- Men hunted deer, wild turkeys, and small game using bows and arrows
- Fished the St. Lawrence River using spears, fishing poles, and large nets
- Used bows and arrows, spears, and war clubs as weapons in war
Arts and Crafts
- Made wampum out of white and purple shell beads
- Wampum beads were used for trade or to buy other things, similar to money
The Mohawk Nation
- The name "Mohawk" means "man-eaters", given by their enemies, the Algonkin, reflecting their toughness.
- The Mohawk nation is part of the Haudenosaunee, meaning "Six Nations".
- The Mohawk people still exist today.
Government
- The Mohawk nation is part of the Grand Council, a form of government that existed before Canada.
- Mohawk chiefs are chosen by Mohawk clan mothers.
- The chiefs on the council make decisions for the Mohawk people.
- The founding members of Canada's Confederation used the Haudenosaunee's form of government as a model.
Shelter
- The Mohawk people lived in Longhouses, permanent structures made of wood and covered with elm bark.
- Longhouses could be up to a hundred feet long and house multiple families, with up to 60 people.
Gender Roles
- Mohawk men were in charge of hunting, trading, and war.
- Mohawk women were in charge of farming, property, and family.
- Mohawk women managed the clan's day-to-day activities.
- The chief (leader) of the nation was always a man, responsible for military decisions and trade agreements.
- Both genders participated in storytelling, artwork, music, and providing medicine.
Hobbies and Games
- Children played with dolls and toys.
- Boys enjoyed a game where they tried to throw a dart through a moving hoop.
- Girls liked playing with cornhusk dolls.
- Lacrosse was popular among children and young adults.
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Learn about the traditional clothing of the Inuit people, made from animal furs, and how it helps them survive in cold temperatures.
