Inuit Clothing and Survival

Clothing

• Inuit people wear thick and warm clothing to survive cold temperatures.
• They make jackets, pants, shirts, and boots from animal furs, such as caribou and seal skin.
• Anoraks are jackets made from caribou and seal skin, lined with fur from foxes, polar bears, and rabbits for added warmth.

Transportation

• Inuit people use dog sleds called qamutiks to travel large distances for hunting.
• Qamutiks are made from whale bones and wood.
• They bred strong dogs from wolves and dogs, which eventually became the husky dog breed.
• On water, Inuit people use two types of boats: kayaks for hunting and umiaqs (large canoes) for transportation.

Hunting

• Inuit people hunt for food because they cannot farm due to cold temperatures.
• They use harpoons to hunt seals, walruses, and bowhead whales.
• They also eat wild berries and fish.
• Their high-fat diet provides energy to survive cold temperatures.

Governance

• Inuit people in Nunavut live in small, far-apart communities.
• They elect 19 people, who then choose the government leader and ministers.
• The government leader works with the Canadian government to ensure Inuit people have a voice in Canada.

The Algonkin First Nation

• Also spelled Algonquin, meaning "our allies"
• Lived in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence region in southern Ontario and Quebec

Shelter

• Most Algonkin lived in wigwams, which are:
  • Domed shaped
  • Smaller shelters made of birch bark
  • Only one family lived in each wigwam
• Some Algonkin lived in longhouses, which are:
  • Larger shelters made of birch bark
  • Multiple families shared these longhouses

Daily Life and Gender Roles

• Day-to-day life depended on age and gender
• Children:
  • Played outside with friends
  • Helped out around the house
  • Enjoyed hunting and fishing with their fathers
• Men:
  • Responsible for hunting and fishing
  • Protected the community or family in war
• Women:
  • Took care of children
  • Gathered plants
  • Took care of the shelter and cooking

Food

• Algonkin were hunting people
• Ate:
  • Deer
  • Moose
  • Small game
  • Fish
• Grew:
  • Corn
  • Squash
  • Berries
• Used bows and arrows, spears, and traps to hunt food
• Enjoyed maple syrup as a treat from maple tree sap

Tools and Weapons

• Algonkin warriors fought with:
  • War clubs
  • Spears
  • Tomahawks
• Fishermen used spears to stab fish from canoes or through holes in the ice
• Hunters used traps to catch deer by:
  • Setting up fences to direct deer in one direction
  • Spearing the deer as they got closer

The Algonkin First Nation

• Also spelled Algonquin, meaning "our allies"
• Lived in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence region in southern Ontario and Quebec

Shelter

• Most Algonkin lived in wigwams, which are:
  • Domed shaped
  • Smaller shelters made of birch bark
  • Only one family lived in each wigwam
• Some Algonkin lived in longhouses, which are:
  • Larger shelters made of birch bark
  • Multiple families shared these longhouses

Daily Life and Gender Roles

• Day-to-day life depended on age and gender
• Children:
  • Played outside with friends
  • Helped out around the house
  • Enjoyed hunting and fishing with their fathers
• Men:
  • Responsible for hunting and fishing
  • Protected the community or family in war
• Women:
  • Took care of children
  • Gathered plants
  • Took care of the shelter and cooking

Food

• Algonkin were hunting people
• Ate:
  • Deer
  • Moose
  • Small game
  • Fish
• Grew:
  • Corn
  • Squash
  • Berries
• Used bows and arrows, spears, and traps to hunt food
• Enjoyed maple syrup as a treat from maple tree sap

Tools and Weapons

• Algonkin warriors fought with:
  • War clubs
  • Spears
  • Tomahawks
• Fishermen used spears to stab fish from canoes or through holes in the ice
• Hunters used traps to catch deer by:
  • Setting up fences to direct deer in one direction
  • Spearing the deer as they got closer

The Haudenosaunee Confederacy

• The Haudenosaunee Confederacy is also known as the Iroquois Confederacy or the League of Five Nations, but its proper name translates to "people of the long house".
• The confederacy is a peaceful union of five nations under one government, making joint decisions for the betterment of all communities.
• The original five nations of the Haudenosaunee Confederacy are the Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas, and the Senecas.
• The Tuscarora nation later joined the confederacy, making it the Six Nations.
• The confederacy's founding date is unknown, but it is considered ancient and immemorial.
• The Haudenosaunee Confederacy was founded by the Peacemaker, a prophet sent by the Creator, who introduced the concept of the Kariwiio (good mind).
• The Peacemaker worked with Hiawatha to teach the laws of peace to the Haudenosaunee and promote unity among the five nations.
• The goal of the confederacy was to end the fighting between the nations and promote peace, with the Chiefs of each nation joining the government that has a direct connection to the Creator.

Traditional Métis Clothing

• Inspired by European descent and First Nation culture
• Made from tanned animal skins (deerskins, moose hide) or cloth received in trades with Europeans
• Men wore animal skinned pants and jackets, women wore long dresses
• Moccasins were worn on their feet

Métis Transportation

• Horses were used for traveling great distances and hunting buffalo
• Wagons were pulled behind horses to carry supplies
• Canoes were used for traveling through lakes and rivers in warmer months
• Snowshoes and dog-pulled sleds were used in winter

Métis Hunting and Food Gathering

• Buffalo was the primary source of food, providing meat, hide, and bones for tools
• Men went on long hunting missions to find buffalo
• Alternative game included moose, elk, deer, rabbit, and wild birds
• Women gathered wild berries and edible plants

Métis Governance

• The Métis were a nomadic group, always moving in search of buffalo
• Leaders were elected during hunts to make rules and laws
• Men were the leaders and decision makers
• Women played crucial roles in butchering buffalo, stretching hides, and preparing meat for the community

Traditional Métis Clothing

• Inspired by European descent and First Nation culture
• Made from tanned animal skins (deerskins, moose hide) or cloth received in trades with Europeans
• Men wore animal skinned pants and jackets, women wore long dresses
• Moccasins were worn on their feet

Métis Transportation

• Horses were used for traveling great distances and hunting buffalo
• Wagons were pulled behind horses to carry supplies
• Canoes were used for traveling through lakes and rivers in warmer months
• Snowshoes and dog-pulled sleds were used in winter

Métis Hunting and Food Gathering

• Buffalo was the primary source of food, providing meat, hide, and bones for tools
• Men went on long hunting missions to find buffalo
• Alternative game included moose, elk, deer, rabbit, and wild birds
• Women gathered wild berries and edible plants

Métis Governance

• The Métis were a nomadic group, always moving in search of buffalo
• Leaders were elected during hunts to make rules and laws
• Men were the leaders and decision makers
• Women played crucial roles in butchering buffalo, stretching hides, and preparing meat for the community

Clothing

• Inuit people wear thick and warm clothing made from animal furs to survive cold temperatures.
• Anoraks, their jackets, are made from caribou and seal skin, and lined with fur from foxes, polar bears, and rabbits for added warmth.

Transportation

• Inuit people use dog sleds called qamutiks to travel large distances on land.
• Qamutiks are made from whale bones and wood, and pulled by strong dogs bred from wolves and dogs, which eventually became the husky dog breed.
• On water, they use two types of boats: kayaks for hunting and umiaqs, a type of large canoe, for getting around.

Hunting

• Inuit people hunt for food because they are unable to farm due to cold temperatures.
• They use harpoons to hunt seals, walruses, and bowhead whales.
• They also eat wild berries and fish, which provide them with a high fat diet that gives them energy to survive the cold temperatures.

Governance

• Inuit people live in small, far-apart communities in Nunavut.
• They elect 19 people, who then choose the government leader and ministers.
• The government leader works with the Canadian government to ensure the Inuit people have a voice in Canada.

The Algonkin First Nation

• The Algonkin people can also be referred to as Algonquin, meaning "our allies".
• They lived in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence region in southern Ontario and Quebec.

Shelter

• Most Algonkin lived in wigwams, which are domed-shaped and smaller shelters made of birch bark.
• Only one family lived in each wigwam.
• Some Algonkin lived in longhouses, which were larger shelters made of birch bark, shared by multiple families.

Daily Life and Gender Roles

• A person's day-to-day life depended on their age and gender.
• Children played outside, helped with household chores, and went hunting and fishing with their fathers.
• Men were responsible for hunting, fishing, and protecting the community or family in war.
• Women took care of children, gathered plants, and managed the shelter and cooking.

Food

• The Algonkin were a hunting people.
• Their diet consisted of deer, moose, small game, fish, corn, squash, and berries.
• They used bows and arrows, spears, and traps to hunt their food.
• Maple syrup was a treat made from the sap of maple trees.

Tools and Weapons

• Algonkin warriors used war clubs, spears, and tomahawks in battle.
• Fishermen used spears to catch fish from canoes or through holes in the ice.
• To hunt larger game like deer, they set up traps using fences to direct the deer's movement, then speared them as they approached.

Wendat First Nation

• Also known as the Huron, meaning "peninsula people"
• Lived along the St. Lawrence River in the Quebec region

Wendat Family Structure

• Divided into eight clans, which were like large families
• Followed the mother's ancestry, meaning men joined the woman's clan after marriage
• Female members of the clan shared the same mother, grandmother, or great-grandmother
• Men and women had equal power in the community

Shelter

• Lived in longhouses, made of wood and elm bark, which could be up to 150 feet long
• Entire clans of up to 60 people lived in one longhouse
• Longhouses contained beds, areas for storage, fire pits, and holes in the roof for ventilation

Transportation

• Used birch-bark canoes to travel along the St. Lawrence River
• Used dogs to drag sleds for land travel

Food and Hunting

• Farmed corn, beans, squash, and sunflowers for food
• Men hunted deer, wild turkeys, and small game using bows and arrows
• Fished the St. Lawrence River using spears, fishing poles, and large nets
• Used bows and arrows, spears, and war clubs as weapons in war

Arts and Crafts

• Made wampum out of white and purple shell beads
• Wampum beads were used for trade or to buy other things, similar to money

The Mohawk Nation

• The name "Mohawk" means "man-eaters", given by their enemies, the Algonkin, reflecting their toughness.
• The Mohawk nation is part of the Haudenosaunee, meaning "Six Nations".
• The Mohawk people still exist today.

Government

• The Mohawk nation is part of the Grand Council, a form of government that existed before Canada.
• Mohawk chiefs are chosen by Mohawk clan mothers.
• The chiefs on the council make decisions for the Mohawk people.
• The founding members of Canada's Confederation used the Haudenosaunee's form of government as a model.

Shelter

• The Mohawk people lived in Longhouses, permanent structures made of wood and covered with elm bark.
• Longhouses could be up to a hundred feet long and house multiple families, with up to 60 people.

Gender Roles

• Mohawk men were in charge of hunting, trading, and war.
• Mohawk women were in charge of farming, property, and family.
• Mohawk women managed the clan's day-to-day activities.
• The chief (leader) of the nation was always a man, responsible for military decisions and trade agreements.
• Both genders participated in storytelling, artwork, music, and providing medicine.

Hobbies and Games

• Children played with dolls and toys.
• Boys enjoyed a game where they tried to throw a dart through a moving hoop.
• Girls liked playing with cornhusk dolls.
• Lacrosse was popular among children and young adults.