Introduction to Viruses (Part 2)

A fully assembled, infective virus particle containing a nucleoprotein core.

The protein shell that encloses the viral genome in vertebrate viruses.

Describes the capsid along with the viral genome packaged inside.

A lipid bilayer membrane that surrounds the nucleocapsid of some viruses. Acquired during budding from a host cell.

Protein subunits that make up the capsid of a virus.

A classification system for viruses based on their genome type and how they produce messenger RNA.

The process by which viruses replicate inside host cells, using the host's resources.

The initial step of viral infection where the virus attaches to a specific receptor on the host cell.

Enveloped viruses acquire their outer membrane by budding from a cell membrane. This process involves modification of the membrane with virus-specific transmembrane glycoproteins before budding.

Some enveloped viruses, like togaviruses, paramyxoviruses, and rhabdoviruses, can cause cell death (cytolysis) as they bud.

Flaviviruses, coronaviruses, arteriviruses, and bunyaviruses acquire their envelopes within the cell itself, budding through the RER or Golgi apparatus and then being transported to the cell surface for release.

Herpesviruses replicate in the nucleus, bud through the nuclear membrane, and accumulate in the space between the inner and outer nuclear membranes, ER cisternae, and cytoplasmic vesicles. Release occurs through exocytosis or cell lysis.

A rhabdovirus is an enveloped virus with a single-stranded RNA genome.

A technique where fluids containing virus samples and antiserum are placed in separate wells in agar. If the sample contains viral antigens, a line of precipitate forms as the fluids diffuse.

A procedure where viruses like influenza and measles bind to red blood cells causing them to clump together.

A technique used to detect the presence of viruses by observing the binding of red blood cells to cells infected with hemagglutinating viruses.

A laboratory method that amplifies specific DNA sequences using a heat-stable DNA polymerase and primers.

A group of laboratory tests used to detect antibodies or antigens in blood serum.

The process where an enveloped virus fuses its membrane with the cell membrane, allowing the viral genome to enter the cell.

The part of the virus that attaches to the cell's surface, initiating the infection process.

The viral enzyme neuraminidase helps detach viruses from host cells, allowing them to spread to other cells.

The process by which the virus releases its genetic material into the cell, allowing it to take over the cell's machinery.

The synthesis of viral proteins is crucial for the virus to replicate and spread.

Non-enveloped viruses are released from infected cells through cell lysis, essentially bursting open the cell.

Enveloped viruses acquire their envelope by budding from the cell membrane, essentially pinching off a piece of the cell's membrane.

The process of assembling new virus particles from newly synthesized viral components.

A complex process involving the assembly of viral particles, their movement through the cell, and the acquisition of a double membrane envelope from the trans-Golgi network.

The process by which viral particles are released from the cell by fusing with the plasma membrane, shedding the outer layer of the double membrane and escaping into the extracellular environment.

The process of analyzing clinical signs, postmortem findings, and histopathological changes to identify viral diseases.

Systematic monitoring for the presence and spread of viral diseases within a population or location. This involves collecting data and implementing control measures to prevent outbreaks.

Procedures used to identify and confirm the presence of a specific virus. These procedures may involve isolating the virus, detecting viral antigens or nucleic acids, or performing other tests.

Samples collected from the throat to identify respiratory viruses.

Samples collected from feces to identify enteric viruses.

Samples collected from the blood to identify viruses circulating in the bloodstream.