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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a protein coat that surrounds the genetic material of a virus?
Which of the following is a protein coat that surrounds the genetic material of a virus?
- Spike
- Capsid (correct)
- Envelope
- Capsomere
What distinguishes an enveloped virus from a non-enveloped virus?
What distinguishes an enveloped virus from a non-enveloped virus?
- Presence of a protein capsid
- Ability to infect bacteria
- Presence of a lipid membrane (correct)
- Type of genetic material
What is the function of the enzyme reverse transcriptase, commonly found in retroviruses?
What is the function of the enzyme reverse transcriptase, commonly found in retroviruses?
- Degrading viral RNA
- Synthesizing proteins from mRNA
- Synthesizing DNA from an RNA template (correct)
- Replicating DNA from a DNA template
In the lytic cycle, what is the immediate result of a virus infecting a host cell?
In the lytic cycle, what is the immediate result of a virus infecting a host cell?
What is a prophage?
What is a prophage?
Which of the following best describes a latent viral infection?
Which of the following best describes a latent viral infection?
How do prions differ from viruses?
How do prions differ from viruses?
What is a viroid?
What is a viroid?
In contrast to the lytic cycle, what is the key characteristic of the lysogenic cycle?
In contrast to the lytic cycle, what is the key characteristic of the lysogenic cycle?
What is the role of 'spikes' found on the surface of some viruses?
What is the role of 'spikes' found on the surface of some viruses?
Which description accurately defines a 'bacteriophage'?
Which description accurately defines a 'bacteriophage'?
What is the primary reason persistent viral infections can be challenging to treat?
What is the primary reason persistent viral infections can be challenging to treat?
Which feature is unique to retroviruses that sets them apart from other virus types?
Which feature is unique to retroviruses that sets them apart from other virus types?
If a virus lacks an envelope, what might be a consequence for its method of entry into a host cell?
If a virus lacks an envelope, what might be a consequence for its method of entry into a host cell?
What implication does the presence of a prophage have for a bacterium?
What implication does the presence of a prophage have for a bacterium?
Which of the following is NOT a component of a virus?
Which of the following is NOT a component of a virus?
Consider a newly discovered virus that integrates its RNA genome into the host cell's DNA but does not possess reverse transcriptase activity. Which of the following is the MOST likely explanation for this observation?
Consider a newly discovered virus that integrates its RNA genome into the host cell's DNA but does not possess reverse transcriptase activity. Which of the following is the MOST likely explanation for this observation?
A researcher is studying a novel bacteriophage and observes that after infecting E. coli, the bacterial cells exhibit increased resistance to specific antibiotics. What is the MOST plausible mechanism underlying this phenomenon?
A researcher is studying a novel bacteriophage and observes that after infecting E. coli, the bacterial cells exhibit increased resistance to specific antibiotics. What is the MOST plausible mechanism underlying this phenomenon?
A scientist discovers a new infectious agent that consists only of protein and causes neurodegenerative disease. Based on this information, which of the following is the MOST likely identity of the infectious agent?
A scientist discovers a new infectious agent that consists only of protein and causes neurodegenerative disease. Based on this information, which of the following is the MOST likely identity of the infectious agent?
Imagine a scenario where a scientist is attempting to culture a newly discovered virus in a laboratory setting. Initial attempts to infect various cell lines are unsuccessful. However, when the scientist introduces a specific bacterial species to the cell culture, the virus successfully infects the cells. This observation suggests that the bacterial species is MOST likely providing which crucial factor for viral infection?
Imagine a scenario where a scientist is attempting to culture a newly discovered virus in a laboratory setting. Initial attempts to infect various cell lines are unsuccessful. However, when the scientist introduces a specific bacterial species to the cell culture, the virus successfully infects the cells. This observation suggests that the bacterial species is MOST likely providing which crucial factor for viral infection?
Flashcards
What is a virus?
What is a virus?
A non-cellular infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism.
Capsid
Capsid
The protein shell of a virus, enclosing its genetic material.
Spike (virus)
Spike (virus)
Glycoprotein projections on the surface of a virus that aid in attachment to host cells.
Virus envelope
Virus envelope
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Non-enveloped virus
Non-enveloped virus
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Capsomere
Capsomere
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Persistent virus
Persistent virus
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Latent virus
Latent virus
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Retroviridae
Retroviridae
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Reverse transcriptase
Reverse transcriptase
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Lytic Cycle
Lytic Cycle
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Lysogenic Cycle
Lysogenic Cycle
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Viroid
Viroid
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Prion
Prion
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Prophage
Prophage
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Bacteriophage
Bacteriophage
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Study Notes
- Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, including viruses.
- A virus is a non-cellular infectious agent that can only replicate inside a living host cell.
- Viruses possess a capsid, which is a protein shell that encloses their genetic material (DNA or RNA).
- Some viruses have a lipid envelope surrounding the capsid, while others lack an envelope and are considered non-enveloped viruses.
- The envelope is derived from the host cell membrane during viral release.
- Capsomeres are the protein subunits that make up the capsid.
- A persistent virus establishes a long-term infection, which can be chronic or latent.
- A latent virus remains dormant within the host cell without causing immediate symptoms, but can reactivate later.
- Retroviridae is a family of viruses that includes HIV; they use reverse transcriptase to convert their RNA genome into DNA for integration into the host cell's genome.
- Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that synthesizes DNA from an RNA template.
Viral Replication Cycles
- The lytic cycle is a viral replication pathway that results in the destruction of the host cell through lysis.
- The lysogenic cycle is a viral replication pathway where the viral genome integrates into the host cell's chromosome, without causing immediate cell lysis.
- A prophage is a bacteriophage DNA that has integrated into the bacterial host's chromosome during the lysogenic cycle.
- Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria.
Other infectious agents
- Viroids are small, circular RNA molecules that infect plants.
- Prions are infectious proteins that cause neurodegenerative diseases.
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