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Questions and Answers
Which of the following statements accurately describes a virion?
Which of the following statements accurately describes a virion?
- It can replicate without a host cell.
- It is larger than typical bacteria.
- It contains genetic material and a protein coat. (correct)
- It is capable of independent growth in a nutrient medium.
What is necessary for a virus to produce a new generation of viral particles?
What is necessary for a virus to produce a new generation of viral particles?
- The absence of other microorganisms.
- The buildup of nutrients in a medium.
- The replication of its own proteins.
- The presence of living host cells. (correct)
Which type of genetic material can a virus contain?
Which type of genetic material can a virus contain?
- Neither RNA nor DNA.
- Only DNA.
- Both RNA and DNA. (correct)
- Only RNA.
What is a characteristic of viruses compared to bacteria?
What is a characteristic of viruses compared to bacteria?
What is the current understanding of the origin of viruses?
What is the current understanding of the origin of viruses?
How do viruses classify themselves based on their composition?
How do viruses classify themselves based on their composition?
Which statement is incorrect regarding viruses?
Which statement is incorrect regarding viruses?
Viruses utilize which of the following to synthesize their proteins?
Viruses utilize which of the following to synthesize their proteins?
Which virus is known to cause severe respiratory tract infections, particularly in infants and young children?
Which virus is known to cause severe respiratory tract infections, particularly in infants and young children?
Which of the following is an effective method for sterilizing laboratory supplies?
Which of the following is an effective method for sterilizing laboratory supplies?
What type of vaccine is produced for the prevention of several viral infections?
What type of vaccine is produced for the prevention of several viral infections?
Which of the following viruses is NOT a member of the Picornaviridae family?
Which of the following viruses is NOT a member of the Picornaviridae family?
Enteroviruses are primarily associated with which type of disease?
Enteroviruses are primarily associated with which type of disease?
Which virus is known for its association with meningitis?
Which virus is known for its association with meningitis?
Which of the following methods can be used to make drinking water safe?
Which of the following methods can be used to make drinking water safe?
What is a major characteristic of the virus family Reoviridae?
What is a major characteristic of the virus family Reoviridae?
Which of the following viruses is responsible for infantile diarrhea?
Which of the following viruses is responsible for infantile diarrhea?
Which type of vaccines are designed to stimulate an immune response without causing disease?
Which type of vaccines are designed to stimulate an immune response without causing disease?
What is the first step in the pathogenesis of a viral infection?
What is the first step in the pathogenesis of a viral infection?
Which of the following describes the process that follows the initial entry of a virus into the host?
Which of the following describes the process that follows the initial entry of a virus into the host?
What is a key feature of a viral infection affecting the brain?
What is a key feature of a viral infection affecting the brain?
What is critical for a virus to effectively spread to other cells and organs?
What is critical for a virus to effectively spread to other cells and organs?
What mechanism allows a virus to evade the immune response?
What mechanism allows a virus to evade the immune response?
Which of the following is NOT an aspect of viral pathogenesis?
Which of the following is NOT an aspect of viral pathogenesis?
What can result from viral replication in host cells?
What can result from viral replication in host cells?
What role does immunosuppression play in viral infections?
What role does immunosuppression play in viral infections?
How does rapid antigenic variation impact viral pathogenesis?
How does rapid antigenic variation impact viral pathogenesis?
Which factor contributes to the difficulty in treating viral infections?
Which factor contributes to the difficulty in treating viral infections?
Which term describes a virus particle in its infective form outside the host cell?
Which term describes a virus particle in its infective form outside the host cell?
Which of the following is NOT a member of the Herpesviridae family?
Which of the following is NOT a member of the Herpesviridae family?
What virus causes chickenpox?
What virus causes chickenpox?
Which condition is associated with the reactivation of the Varicella-Zoster virus?
Which condition is associated with the reactivation of the Varicella-Zoster virus?
In the context of virology, what is meant by 'infectious'?
In the context of virology, what is meant by 'infectious'?
Which virus is primarily associated with infectious mononucleosis?
Which virus is primarily associated with infectious mononucleosis?
Which of the following statements about the Herpesviridae family is true?
Which of the following statements about the Herpesviridae family is true?
What is a common characteristic of viruses within the Herpesviridae family?
What is a common characteristic of viruses within the Herpesviridae family?
What type of virus is usually implicated in causing genital herpes?
What type of virus is usually implicated in causing genital herpes?
Which of the following can result from the infection of Cytomegalovirus?
Which of the following can result from the infection of Cytomegalovirus?
Which of the following is a method for direct demonstration of virus or antigen in materials?
Which of the following is a method for direct demonstration of virus or antigen in materials?
What is a common feature of persistent viral infections?
What is a common feature of persistent viral infections?
What condition is likely to occur in individuals with immune tolerance during a viral infection?
What condition is likely to occur in individuals with immune tolerance during a viral infection?
Formation of virus-antibody complexes is associated with which of the following?
Formation of virus-antibody complexes is associated with which of the following?
Which mechanism aids in the prevention of neutralizing antibodies formation in viral infections?
Which mechanism aids in the prevention of neutralizing antibodies formation in viral infections?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Virology
- A virus is a microscopic particle requiring a living host to replicate, containing genetic material and a protective protein coat.
- Viruses are smaller than bacteria and cannot grow or reproduce independently outside a host cell.
Major Components of Viruses
- Viruses consist of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) that contains genetic information essential for virus replication.
- The structure of a virus in its infective form is called a virion.
Origin and Evolution of Viruses
- The exact origins of viruses remain unclear, with two hypotheses proposed regarding their evolutionary development.
Virus Classification Examples
-
Herpesviridae Family includes:
- Varicella-Zoster (Chickenpox)
- Herpes genitalis (Genital herpes)
- Cytomegalovirus
- Epstein-Barr Virus (Infectious mononucleosis)
- Human Herpesvirus (Shingles)
-
Picornaviridae Family includes:
- Enterovirus
- Rhinoviruses (Common colds)
- Hepatitis A
-
Reoviridae Family includes:
- Rotavirus (Infantile diarrhea)
-
Rhabdoviridae Family includes:
- Rabies Virus (Causes encephalitis)
Virus Transmission and Pathogenesis
- Viruses are transmitted through various routes and can affect multiple organ systems.
- Pathogenesis involves multiple steps:
- Virus enters host
- Viral replication damages host cells
- Viral spread to other cells and tissues
Mechanisms of Persistent Viral Infections
- Persistent infections can occur due to:
- Integration of viral DNA into host genome (seen in retroviruses)
- Development of immune tolerance where no neutralizing antibodies are produced
- Formation of virus-antibody complexes that evade immune detection
Diagnostic Methods for Viral Infections
- Direct demonstration of virus or antigen in samples is a primary diagnostic approach.
- Key diagnostic methods include:
- Immunofluorescence (detects specific antigens)
- Solid-phase immunoassays (detects antibodies or antigens in samples)
Infection Control Measures
- Important methods for preventing the spread of infections:
- Disinfecting surfaces and skin
- Ensuring safe drinking water
- Producing inactivated vaccines
- Employing sterilization techniques, including gamma irradiation, ethylene oxide, and steam under pressure.
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