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What is the main focus of the course 'Introduction to Urban Housing'?
What is the main focus of the course 'Introduction to Urban Housing'?
The course focuses on providing a basic introduction to housing and community development within the context of urban planning practice.
Which of the following topics is not included in the 'Introduction to Urban Housing' course outline?
Which of the following topics is not included in the 'Introduction to Urban Housing' course outline?
The course 'Introduction to Urban Housing' requires students to purchase a textbook.
The course 'Introduction to Urban Housing' requires students to purchase a textbook.
False
What is the primary focus of the 'Housing Policy Through Time - Global' section of the course?
What is the primary focus of the 'Housing Policy Through Time - Global' section of the course?
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The Ethiopian Context is not considered in the housing policy discussions.
The Ethiopian Context is not considered in the housing policy discussions.
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What is the main purpose of the 'Housing Challenge - Interventions' section of the course?
What is the main purpose of the 'Housing Challenge - Interventions' section of the course?
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The 'Eco City' approach, launched in 2003, prioritizes individual housing solutions over large-scale infrastructure projects.
The 'Eco City' approach, launched in 2003, prioritizes individual housing solutions over large-scale infrastructure projects.
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What is the main objective of the 'Integrated Housing Project' (IHDP) in Addis Ababa?
What is the main objective of the 'Integrated Housing Project' (IHDP) in Addis Ababa?
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What is the core concept of 'tenure' in the context of housing?
What is the core concept of 'tenure' in the context of housing?
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Which of the following is not considered a factor affecting the value of urban land?
Which of the following is not considered a factor affecting the value of urban land?
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In addressing housing issues, the course emphasizes the tension between the need for equity and efficiency in land tenure.
In addressing housing issues, the course emphasizes the tension between the need for equity and efficiency in land tenure.
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Which of the following best describes the 'Housing Intervention Approaches' discussed in the course?
Which of the following best describes the 'Housing Intervention Approaches' discussed in the course?
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The 'Eco City' approach emphasizes the importance of community participation and engagement in the development process.
The 'Eco City' approach emphasizes the importance of community participation and engagement in the development process.
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What is the primary objective of the 'Housing Affordability' section of the course?
What is the primary objective of the 'Housing Affordability' section of the course?
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The 'Housing Affordability Index' (HAI) only considers the obvious costs associated with rent and mortgage payments.
The 'Housing Affordability Index' (HAI) only considers the obvious costs associated with rent and mortgage payments.
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What is the main purpose of the 'Housing Actors' section of the course?
What is the main purpose of the 'Housing Actors' section of the course?
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According to the course, which of the following is not considered an obstacle to community participation in housing development?
According to the course, which of the following is not considered an obstacle to community participation in housing development?
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The course suggests that community participation in housing development has limited impact on the overall success of projects.
The course suggests that community participation in housing development has limited impact on the overall success of projects.
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What is the main focus of the 'Intervention Approaches' section of the course?
What is the main focus of the 'Intervention Approaches' section of the course?
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The 'Eco City' approach is characterized by:
The 'Eco City' approach is characterized by:
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The 'Integrated Housing Project' (IHDP) has successfully completed all its planned housing units.
The 'Integrated Housing Project' (IHDP) has successfully completed all its planned housing units.
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What is the main takeaway of the 'Project' section of the course?
What is the main takeaway of the 'Project' section of the course?
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The course emphasizes the importance of recognizing the diverse housing needs of individuals and communities within the context of urban planning.
The course emphasizes the importance of recognizing the diverse housing needs of individuals and communities within the context of urban planning.
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Study Notes
Course Information
- University: Dambi Dollo University
- College: College of Engineering and Technology
- Department: Urban and Regional Planning
- Program: Architecture
- Course Name: Introduction to Urban Housing
- Credits: 6 ECTS
- Academic Year: 2024/2025
Course Description
- Introduces housing and community development planning practice.
- Covers housing production and distribution systems, demand and supply dynamics, neighborhood change, housing and real estate finance, and social aspects of housing and development programs/policy issues.
Learning Outcomes
- Understanding global population growth and urbanization's impact on housing problems (quantity, quality, distribution).
- Knowledge of housing challenges in developing countries, focusing on the Ethiopian context.
- Understanding housing policies (intentions and outcomes over time).
- Understanding housing dynamics (demand vs. supply, affordability, housing finance, tenure).
- Insight into government interventions in housing (approaches).
Course Outline - Contents
- Introduction to Urban Housing
- Global housing problem and Ethiopian context
- Housing Policy
- Housing Demand and Supply
- Housing Finance and Affordability
- Housing Actors
- Tenure and its impact on Housing
- Housing Intervention Approaches
References
- Course relies on readings, not a textbook.
- Includes various articles and reports on urban issues, housing, and policies.
Chapter One: Introduction to Urban Housing
- Housing is defined as both a noun (stock of dwelling units) and a verb (process of creating that stock).
- Housing as a noun is characterized as a completed product.
- Housing as a verb focuses on building processes and support paradigms
Rapid Urbanization
- 54% of the world's population was urban in 2014.
- By 2050, 66% projected global urban population, with Africa's projected to reach 56% by 2015.
- Main causes include rural-urban migration, natural population increase, and city boundary changes.
- Ethiopia has a high urbanization rate (2.3%).
- Urbanization in Ethiopia was 19% of the total in 2014.
- Consequently, Ethiopia faces issues such as resource scarcity, overcrowding in slums, unemployment, and increased poverty. Addis Ababa is an example with 31.4% unemployment in 2008.
- Urban expansion and conflicts with rural areas also exist.
Poverty – Urban Inequalities
- Access to local resources,
- Spatial locations,
- Societal organizations,
- Personal relationships,
- Land ownership and tenure, and
- Environmental degradation are inequalities affecting urban poverty.
Chapter Two: Housing Policy
- Global policy phases in housing from 1960s to present, highlighting different approaches and instruments. Key findings/lessons from each period (e.g., slum clearances, upgrading initiatives, community participation).
- Ethiopian housing policy between 1886 and 1974 is described as 'capitalist' oriented.
- Housing policy 1974 to 1991 was a supply approach with land subsidies, infrastructure, technical support and low interest loans with cooperations and the AARH as key actors.
- Housing policy from 1991 to present: Subsidies, land infrastructure design, private sector involvement, cooperative housing issues.
- Ethiopia's Housing strategy of 2013: Resilient, Green, and Affordable framework.
- Resilience is defined as individuals, communities, institutions, businesses, and systems ability to adapt to stress and shocks.
Chapter Three: Housing Need – Demand and Supply
- Housing need refers to socially desirable dwelling units in terms of quality, structural quality rates of occupancy, and sanitary standards.
- Housing need includes replacement of deteriorated units to relieve overcrowding and provide housing for new families.
- Effective need is influenced by affordability and willingness to buy/construct/rent.
- The concept of 'need' versus 'demand' is critical. Needs are linked to normative standards, while demand is driven by a household's ability and choice.
Housing Need - Concept and Theory
- Housing need is a complex issue, involving societal norms, individual choices, and economic realities.
- Different factors influence access to resources and appropriate housing.
Multidimensional Housing Need
- Housing need is multidimensional, encompassing different conditions and requiring various solutions.
- A general model should acknowledge this complexity and allow flexibility in prioritizing different aspects.
- Needs are affected by value judgments and available resources
Table 2.1 Need Categories and Sub-Groups
- Categorizes diverse housing needs including those of homeless people, concealed households, affordability issues.
- Data points on overcrowding, large families and shares, children in high flats and mobility issues.
- Includes categories for house condition issues, lack of basic amenities and social needs.
Housing Demand vs Demand
- Academic discussions distinguish between housing need shortfalls and demand.
- Housing requirements often combine need and demand.
Demand and Supply (Example: Ethiopia)
- Estimated housing stock data, population growth data.
- Housing need calculations in Ethiopia.
- Current housing stock conditions and replacement needs in Ethiopia.
Housing Challenge (Ethiopia)
- 80% of the urban population live in slums.
- Majority live in inner city, government owned kebele housing that is deteriorated and occupied by low income tenants.
- 50% of estimated units need replacement by 2015 to meet MDGs.
Housing Challenge – Interventions
- Identified intervention programs (IHA-UDP, Eco-city, grand housing projects).
- Focus on settlement upgrading, infrastructure improvements and increased access to services.
Chapter Four: Housing Affordability
- Affordability in developed vs. less developed countries is differentiated (income criteria).
- Access to affordable housing often depends on various factors, including financial capability, affordability issues, willingness to pay, external and internal factors affecting provision.
- How factors like costs of land acquisition, infrastructure, design, administration, and community facilities impact affordability.
Chapter Five: Housing Actors
- Roles of state, markets, and communities in housing provision and how they interact.
- Importance of interaction and project cycle in housing provision and how this creates sustainable development.
- Key interactions obstacles (like time, finance, security and trust), and capacity issues for people to participate.
- Levels of participation from zero participation to complete community control.
Chapter Six: Tenure
- Tenure is the legal right to hold property, including land and buildings.
- Tenure is analyzed in relation to urban land ownership.
- Issues of balancing social control, private initiative, and ensuring efficiency.
- Tenure implications on individual and societal needs and equity.
Chapter Seven: Housing Intervention Approaches
- Different types of informal settlements, like inner-city settlements, peripheral squatters, and the varying reasons leading to their formation.
- Intervention approaches such as NGO-driven initiatives, community-based upgrading, and the Eco city approach.
- These can be further classified by specific characteristics and needs.
- Specific examples of intervention approaches and their effects.
- Large-scale infrastructure projects like Integrated housing projects in Addis Ababa.
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Description
Test your knowledge on urban housing and community development planning practices. This quiz covers topics such as housing production systems, neighborhood changes, and the socio-economic aspects of housing in both global and Ethiopian contexts. Evaluate your understanding of housing policies, challenges, and finance dynamics in urban settings.
