Introduction to Tissue Engineering
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Questions and Answers

What are the two primary components that tissues consist of?

  • Cells and Mucous
  • Cells and Extracellular matrix (ECM) (correct)
  • Connective tissue and Cartilage
  • Muscle fibers and Neurons

Which of the following is NOT one of the four types of tissue?

  • Epithelial tissue
  • Adipose tissue (correct)
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscle tissue

What role does the extracellular matrix (ECM) play in tissue function?

  • It serves primarily as a structural filler.
  • It provides the microenvironment in which cells exist. (correct)
  • It is crucial for the movement of muscle cells.
  • It helps to transmit nerve signals.

In the context of tissue/organ injuries, what are the two primary treatment strategies mentioned?

<p>Organ transplantation and Regenerative therapies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

<p>Cells are embedded within the ECM and interact dynamically. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant limitation of using allografts in transplantation?

<p>Risks of immunological rejection and disease transmission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of graft is derived from the same species but may face issues with immunological rejection?

<p>Allograft (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following materials is classified as a natural biomaterial?

<p>Collagen (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of tissue engineering?

<p>To restore, maintain, or improve tissue function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of xenografts in transplantation?

<p>Significant risk of severe immunological rejection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of tissue engineering?

<p>To treat tissue and organ failure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a source of cells for tissue engineering?

<p>Liver cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is most closely associated with the development of heart valves in tissue engineering?

<p>Cardiac tissue engineering (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of cell-scaffold interactions in tissue engineering?

<p>They enhance cellular regeneration and tissue formation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of tissue engineering is considered essential for the creation of artificial tissues?

<p>Scaffolds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about tissue engineering is accurate?

<p>It can potentially help in organ preservation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do dental stem cells play in tissue engineering?

<p>They can contribute to the regeneration of dental tissues. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of study is closely linked with the principles of tissue engineering?

<p>Molecular biology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of ensuring adequate porosity and pore size in TE scaffolds?

<p>To allow cell and nutrient penetration for tissue in-growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which property of TE scaffolds is essential to withstand biological forces?

<p>Sufficient mechanical strength (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is biocompatibility an important characteristic of TE scaffolds?

<p>It allows for an adequate response in the host patient. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should the degradation rate of a scaffold be compatible with?

<p>The growth rate of the neotissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do surface properties play in TE scaffolds?

<p>They promote cellular adhesion and development. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Decellularization is primarily concerned with removing what from tissue?

<p>Cellular antigens (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an expected outcome of having a TE scaffold that degrades completely upon tissue regeneration?

<p>It facilitates the growth of new tissue. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a challenge associated with using biomaterials for scaffold fabrication in tissue engineering?

<p>Their biocompatibility may vary. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant benefit of using human acellular amnion as a scaffold for cultured epithelial autografts?

<p>Diminution of scarring (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the duration required for air-lifting cultivation to form multi-layers of cells on the membrane?

<p>7 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of tissue engineering (TE) in the context provided?

<p>Regenerating damaged tissues and organs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement regarding clinical trials for injured skin is true?

<p>They provide pain relief. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does tissue engineering contribute to the understanding of disease processes?

<p>By enabling better predictions of drug effects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential disadvantage of using certain transplants in medical procedures?

<p>Possibility of transplant rejection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of model does tissue engineering provide in the context of cancer research?

<p>A model for in vitro cancer studies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a key feature associated with human acellular amnion?

<p>High rate of transplant rejection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is Tissue Engineering?

Tissue Engineering aims to create functional replacements for damaged or diseased tissues or organs through a combination of cells, biological materials, and engineering principles.

Cells

The basic unit of life, found in tissues and responsible for carrying out specific functions.

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

The non-cellular component surrounding and supporting cells. It provides structural support, helps with cell communication, and contributes to tissue development.

Types of Tissue

The four main types of tissue in the body are epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Each type has a unique structure and function.

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Treatment Strategies

Organ transplantation and regenerative therapies are options for treating tissue or organ damage, defects, and diseases.

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Autograft

A type of tissue grafting where the tissue comes from the patient themselves.

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Allograft

A type of tissue grafting where the tissue comes from a donor of the same species, like another human.

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Xenograft

A type of tissue grafting where the tissue comes from a different species, like an animal.

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Tissue Engineering

The interdisciplinary field that combines engineering and life sciences to create functional tissues and organs.

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Tissue Engineering Process

A multi-step process involving the creation of cells, scaffolds, and biomaterials to engineer replacement tissues.

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Biocompatibility

The ability of a material to be compatible with living tissue, without causing harmful reactions or rejection.

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Biodegradation

The controlled breakdown of a material over time, allowing for tissue regeneration.

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Decellularization

The process of removing cells from a tissue, leaving behind a natural scaffold.

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3D Architecture

The physical structure of a material that determines how cells will interact with it.

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Mechanical Strength

The ability to withstand the forces of the body, such as pressure or movement.

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Porosity

The spaces within a material that allow for the flow of nutrients and waste.

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Pore Size

The size of the pores or openings within a material, affecting cell penetration and tissue growth.

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Surface Properties

The surface of a material that interacts with cells, influencing adhesion and growth.

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Cells in Tissue Engineering

A crucial component of tissue engineering that refers to the cells used for building new tissues. These cells can originate from various sources, such as bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, or even specific tissues like skin.

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Scaffold in Tissue Engineering

The three-dimensional structure that provides support and guidance for cells to grow and organize themselves into a functional tissue. It acts as a scaffold or framework for the cells to attach to and build upon.

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Growth Factors in Tissue Engineering

The signals and factors that influence the behavior of cells during tissue development. These can include chemical signals, physical cues, and interactions with their environment.

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Tissue Regeneration

A biological process that involves the growth, differentiation, and assembly of cells into functional tissues or organs. It is essentially the controlled development of new tissues.

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Heart Valve Tissue Engineering

The use of tissue engineering principles to create new heart valves, which can replace damaged or diseased valves. It involves using cells and scaffolds to build a functional valve.

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Skin Tissue Engineering

The use of tissue engineering to create new skin grafts to treat burns or other skin injuries.

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Bone Marrow Stem Cells

Stem cells derived from bone marrow, which can be used to create new tissues in tissue engineering.

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What is acellular amnion?

Acellular amnion is a type of tissue that comes from the amniotic sac. It is made up of extracellular matrix components and is free of living cells. It is considered a good biomaterial for tissue engineering because it is non-immunogenic. This means the recipient's body is less likely to reject it.

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What is CEA?

Cultured epithelial autograft (CEA) is a type of graft that uses skin cells taken from the patient and grown in a lab on an acellular amnion scaffold. These grafts are used to repair damaged skin.

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What is the role of acellular amnion in CEA?

Acellular amnion is used as a scaffold for CEA. It acts as a support structure that allows skin cells to attach and grow.

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What are the benefits of CEA?

Clinical trials have shown that CEA can be effective in treating burn injuries. It has been shown to reduce scarring, relieve pain, and reduce the risk of infections.

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What is the use of tissue engineering in vitro?

Tissue engineering can be used to create in vitro models of tissues and organs. These models are used to study the effects of drugs and medical therapies without using live animals.

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What is the use of tissue engineering for regeneration?

Tissue engineering can be used to create functional replacements for damaged or diseased tissues or organs. It involves using cells, biomaterials, and engineering principles to build new tissues.

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What are in vitro cancer models?

In vitro cancer models are artificial systems designed to study the growth and behavior of cancer cells. They are valuable for studying cancer biology, drug development, and testing new therapies.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Tissue Engineering

  • Tissue engineering is a field that uses engineering and life sciences principles to develop substitutes for tissues and organs.
  • This is done to restore, maintain or improve tissue function.

Tissues

  • The human body is a complex system of interconnected structures.
  • Tissues are a level of organization more complex than individual cells, composed of groups of specialized cells with related functions.
  • Four basic tissue types: muscle, nervous, connective, and epithelial

Tissue Components

  • Tissues are made up of two main components: cells and extracellular matrix (ECM).
  • Cells are the basic structural and functional units of tissues.
  • ECM provides the microenvironment where cells exist.
  • ECM components include collagen, fibronectin, laminin, and proteoglycans.

Tissue Types

  • There are four principal types of tissue: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
  • Epithelial tissue lines surfaces.
  • Connective tissue acts as packing or supports body structures.
  • Muscle tissue consists of fibers that contract.
  • Nervous tissue is made up of cells with projections (axons) to transmit electrical signals.

Tissue Engineering Applications

  • TE can regenerate damaged tissues and organs (e.g., heart, liver, pancreas, kidney, bones, cartilage, trachea, blood vessels).
  • TE can be used to develop in vitro models to study physiological and pathological processes, increasing prediction accuracy of effects of drugs and medical therapies.

Graft Transplantation

  • Autografts are tissue grafts from the same patient.
  • Allografts are tissue grafts from another person within the same species (Human-Human).
  • Xenografts are tissue grafts from a different species (Animal - Human).
  • Donor site and immunological rejection issues can occur with the grafts.

Regenerative Therapies

  • Regenerative therapies often consist of Cell therapy, Biomaterials, Biomaterials/Scaffolds, Tissue engineering and involve a variety of specialized cells (i.e. ASCS, ESCs, iPSCs, CAR T)
  • These include various techniques that generate the desired neo-tissue or organ.
  • Various organs (e.g., heart, intestines, muscles, liver and brain) are potential targets for this technique.

Biomaterials for Scaffold Fabrication

  • Decellularized tissue can be used to generate scaffolds.
  • Natural biomaterials include silk, collagen, fibrin, and gelatin.
  • Synthetic biomaterials include polymers like PEG, PGA, PLGA, PCL, and PDLLA.
  • Ceramics, including alumina, zirconia, and calcium phosphate are also commonly used.

Decellularization

  • Decellularization is the process of removing cellular antigens from a tissue.
  • It is a technique meant to minimize the risk of immune response and transplant rejection.
  • Minimal criteria to successfully decellularize a tissue include:
  • Lack of visible nuclear material after staining with DAPI or H&E
  • ≤50 ng dsDNA per mg ECM dry weight
  • ≤200 bp DNA fragment length

TE Scaffolds

  • Scaffolds are 3D structures with properties that allow cell growth, nutrient penetration, tissue integration, and vascularization.
  • Essential properties of TE scaffolds include suitable mechanical performance, biocompatibility, surface properties, and biodegradation.

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of tissue engineering, including definitions, functions, and types of tissues in the human body. You will learn about the components that make up tissues and their organizational complexity. Test your knowledge on the essential elements and classifications of tissues.

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