Introduction to Tissue Engineering
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Questions and Answers

What are the two primary components that tissues consist of?

  • Cells and Mucous
  • Cells and Extracellular matrix (ECM) (correct)
  • Connective tissue and Cartilage
  • Muscle fibers and Neurons

    • Which of the following is NOT one of the four types of tissue?

  • Epithelial tissue
  • Adipose tissue (correct)
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscle tissue

    • What role does the extracellular matrix (ECM) play in tissue function?

  • It serves primarily as a structural filler.
  • It provides the microenvironment in which cells exist. (correct)
  • It is crucial for the movement of muscle cells.
  • It helps to transmit nerve signals.

    • In the context of tissue/organ injuries, what are the two primary treatment strategies mentioned?

    <p>Organ transplantation and Regenerative therapies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the relationship between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

    <p>Cells are embedded within the ECM and interact dynamically.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant limitation of using allografts in transplantation?

    <p>Risks of immunological rejection and disease transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of graft is derived from the same species but may face issues with immunological rejection?

    <p>Allograft</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following materials is classified as a natural biomaterial?

    <p>Collagen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of tissue engineering?

    <p>To restore, maintain, or improve tissue function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of xenografts in transplantation?

    <p>Significant risk of severe immunological rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of tissue engineering?

    <p>To treat tissue and organ failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a source of cells for tissue engineering?

    <p>Liver cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is most closely associated with the development of heart valves in tissue engineering?

    <p>Cardiac tissue engineering</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of cell-scaffold interactions in tissue engineering?

    <p>They enhance cellular regeneration and tissue formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of tissue engineering is considered essential for the creation of artificial tissues?

    <p>Scaffolds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about tissue engineering is accurate?

    <p>It can potentially help in organ preservation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do dental stem cells play in tissue engineering?

    <p>They can contribute to the regeneration of dental tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of study is closely linked with the principles of tissue engineering?

    <p>Molecular biology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of ensuring adequate porosity and pore size in TE scaffolds?

    <p>To allow cell and nutrient penetration for tissue in-growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which property of TE scaffolds is essential to withstand biological forces?

    <p>Sufficient mechanical strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is biocompatibility an important characteristic of TE scaffolds?

    <p>It allows for an adequate response in the host patient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should the degradation rate of a scaffold be compatible with?

    <p>The growth rate of the neotissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do surface properties play in TE scaffolds?

    <p>They promote cellular adhesion and development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Decellularization is primarily concerned with removing what from tissue?

    <p>Cellular antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an expected outcome of having a TE scaffold that degrades completely upon tissue regeneration?

    <p>It facilitates the growth of new tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge associated with using biomaterials for scaffold fabrication in tissue engineering?

    <p>Their biocompatibility may vary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant benefit of using human acellular amnion as a scaffold for cultured epithelial autografts?

    <p>Diminution of scarring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the duration required for air-lifting cultivation to form multi-layers of cells on the membrane?

    <p>7 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of tissue engineering (TE) in the context provided?

    <p>Regenerating damaged tissues and organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement regarding clinical trials for injured skin is true?

    <p>They provide pain relief.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does tissue engineering contribute to the understanding of disease processes?

    <p>By enabling better predictions of drug effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential disadvantage of using certain transplants in medical procedures?

    <p>Possibility of transplant rejection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of model does tissue engineering provide in the context of cancer research?

    <p>A model for in vitro cancer studies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key feature associated with human acellular amnion?

    <p>High rate of transplant rejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Tissue Engineering

    • Tissue engineering is a field that uses engineering and life sciences principles to develop substitutes for tissues and organs.
    • This is done to restore, maintain or improve tissue function.

    Tissues

    • The human body is a complex system of interconnected structures.
    • Tissues are a level of organization more complex than individual cells, composed of groups of specialized cells with related functions.
    • Four basic tissue types: muscle, nervous, connective, and epithelial

    Tissue Components

    • Tissues are made up of two main components: cells and extracellular matrix (ECM).
    • Cells are the basic structural and functional units of tissues.
    • ECM provides the microenvironment where cells exist.
    • ECM components include collagen, fibronectin, laminin, and proteoglycans.

    Tissue Types

    • There are four principal types of tissue: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.
    • Epithelial tissue lines surfaces.
    • Connective tissue acts as packing or supports body structures.
    • Muscle tissue consists of fibers that contract.
    • Nervous tissue is made up of cells with projections (axons) to transmit electrical signals.

    Tissue Engineering Applications

    • TE can regenerate damaged tissues and organs (e.g., heart, liver, pancreas, kidney, bones, cartilage, trachea, blood vessels).
    • TE can be used to develop in vitro models to study physiological and pathological processes, increasing prediction accuracy of effects of drugs and medical therapies.

    Graft Transplantation

    • Autografts are tissue grafts from the same patient.
    • Allografts are tissue grafts from another person within the same species (Human-Human).
    • Xenografts are tissue grafts from a different species (Animal - Human).
    • Donor site and immunological rejection issues can occur with the grafts.

    Regenerative Therapies

    • Regenerative therapies often consist of Cell therapy, Biomaterials, Biomaterials/Scaffolds, Tissue engineering and involve a variety of specialized cells (i.e. ASCS, ESCs, iPSCs, CAR T)
    • These include various techniques that generate the desired neo-tissue or organ.
    • Various organs (e.g., heart, intestines, muscles, liver and brain) are potential targets for this technique.

    Biomaterials for Scaffold Fabrication

    • Decellularized tissue can be used to generate scaffolds.
    • Natural biomaterials include silk, collagen, fibrin, and gelatin.
    • Synthetic biomaterials include polymers like PEG, PGA, PLGA, PCL, and PDLLA.
    • Ceramics, including alumina, zirconia, and calcium phosphate are also commonly used.

    Decellularization

    • Decellularization is the process of removing cellular antigens from a tissue.
    • It is a technique meant to minimize the risk of immune response and transplant rejection.
    • Minimal criteria to successfully decellularize a tissue include:
    • Lack of visible nuclear material after staining with DAPI or H&E
    • ≤50 ng dsDNA per mg ECM dry weight
    • ≤200 bp DNA fragment length

    TE Scaffolds

    • Scaffolds are 3D structures with properties that allow cell growth, nutrient penetration, tissue integration, and vascularization.
    • Essential properties of TE scaffolds include suitable mechanical performance, biocompatibility, surface properties, and biodegradation.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of tissue engineering, including definitions, functions, and types of tissues in the human body. You will learn about the components that make up tissues and their organizational complexity. Test your knowledge on the essential elements and classifications of tissues.

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